Left Oviduct Research Articles

Reproductive tract morphometry of Hyla rabbits fed diet containing graded levels of watermelon rind and wheat offal as absorbent

The evaluation of breeding and fertility potential of animals demands understanding of basic morphometric characteristics of their reproductive organs which, among other factors, may be affected by nutrition. This study was conducted to assess the effects of feeding graded levels of watermelon rind and wheat offal as absorbent on morphometric characteristics of the reproductive organs of Hyla rabbits. Forty-five Hyla rabbits of both sexes (15 bucks and 30 does) with nine animals per treatment (3 bucks and 6 does in each treatment) in a completely randomized design were randomly assigned to the dietary treatment containing 0 %, 10 %, 20 %, 30 %, and 40 % of watermelon rind and wheat offal. The data collected included weight and length of the reproductive tract of the rabbits. The morphometric characteristics of reproductive tract of the rabbits were not significantly affected by the dietary treatment, however, there were significant effect (p > 0.05) of the dietary treatment on the weight of the left oviduct, paired oviduct, and the paired ovary of the rabbits. The experimental diets significantly affected (p < 0.05) penis length and width, the right spermatic cord and the length of the right scrotal. The diets had no significant effect (p<0.05) on the weight of reproductive tracts of buck except on the paired spermatic cord. The experimental diets can be a good alternative for the highly competitive and costly grains in the diet of Hyla rabbits without any adverse effect on the growth of reproductive organs and consequently on the fertility and other activities related to reproduction of Hyla rabbits. Keywords: morphology, rabbits, reproduction, watermelon rind, wheat offal

Anatomical and Histological Study of the Female Reproductive System of Green Freshwater Turtle (Chelonia mydas) During Breeding Season in Iraq

Turtles are found in large numbers in Iraqi rivers, due to the availability of a suitable environment for reproduction and food. The breeding season begins from May to the end of October. The current study aimed to evaluate the anatomical and histological characteristics of the green freshwater turtle (Chelonia mydas) during the breeding season in Iraq. The samples included eight adult turtles within the age range of 11-14 years that were collected from Shatt Al-Hilla (Iraq) at month June. To investigate the reproductive system histological techniques and hematoxylin and eosin staining were used and before that the animals were anesthetized with chloroform. The results indicated two active ovaries and oviducts which fill the whole abdominal cavity. The mean weights of left and right ovaries and left and right oviducts in the turtles with average weights of 698 ± 0.05 g were 19.5 ± 0.01 g, 22 ± 0.022 g, 3.3 ± 0.05 g, and 4 ± 0.05 g respectively. The mean lengths of carapace, left ovary, right ovary, left oviduct, and right oviduct were 24 ± 0.08 cm, 15.9 ± 0.01 cm, 17± 0.04 cm, 13 ± 0.022 cm, 14 ± 0.056 cm. Anatomically the oviducts include the infundibulum, magnum, isthmus, uterus, and vagina. The infundibulum indicated a funnel-shaped membrane while the magnum was the muscular coiled long tube. The isthmus was shorter and less coiled than the magnum, the uterus appeared as the widest, thickest, and less coiled dark tube and swollen into the posterior to form a cyst-like part, and the vagina was muscular in structure. Histologically, the magnum and uterus were formed from mucosa, muscularis, and serosa. In both parts of the magnum and uterus, were branched crypt-like depressions that appeared devoid of sperm. The widespread distribution of this species in Iraqi rivers could be due to the activity of the ovaries and oviducts during the breeding season, which extends for 6 months. Keywords: Chelonia mydas, Ovary, Oviduct, Turtle

MORPHOFUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF COWS WITH HEMORRHAGIC ENDOMETRITIS

The article presents the results of studies of the morphofunctional characteristics of the reproductive system of cows with hemorrhagic endometritis. In the ovaries of cows, the number of primary follicles is reduced, but the number of atretic follicles is increased. The area of protoplasm and nuclei in the left ovary increases by 23.8% and 13.01% compared to the norm, in the right – by 63.4% and 41.4%, respectively. The functional activity of follicular epithelial cells in the left ovary decreases by 4.2%, in the right – by 14.6%. In case of hemorrhagic endometritis, the mass of the right ovary is 30.76% less, and the mass of the left ovary is within the normal range. The length of both oviducts is within the physiological norm. The width of the left and right oviducts is 39.93% and 13.89% less than normal. In general, the wall thickness of the left oviduct decreases by 13.3% compared to that in clinically healthy cows, while the right one, on the contrary, thickens by 33.6%. At the same time, there is a thickening of the mucous layer of the left oviduct by 37.6% compared to the norm. The submucosal and muscular layers are thinner by 43.6% and 38.4%, respectively. In the right oviduct, a thickening of the submucosal layer by 55.5% was noted, and the thickness of the muscular layer was within the normal range. The area of protoplasm and nuclei of the surface epithelium in the left oviduct decreases compared to those in clinically healthy cows by 11.7% and 10.2%, in the right – by 31.3% and 45.2%, respectively. The functional activity of cells in the left oviduct increased by 7.7%, in the right – by 35.4%.

Laser ablation of the equine oviductal papilla as a novel contraceptive technique

Reproductive control of wild horses has frustrated land management groups for decades. GnRH and Zona Pellucida vaccines have a limited duration of efficacy, intrauterine devices are unpredictably retained, and attempts to ovariectomize mares in the western United States were met with public outcry in 2018. The development of a non-surgical permanent sterilization technique has the potential to revolutionize management of wild equids on public lands. The objectives of this study were to develop a safe and effective sterilization technique for reproductively healthy mares. We hypothesized that laser ablation of the oviductal papillae would be an effective method of permanent sterilization. Seven light-breed reproductively healthy mares (5-21yrs) were enrolled in the study. On enrollment, mares were sedated for hysteroscopy, and the endometrium and oviductal papillae were examined using a 103cm flexible endoscope (Olympus GIF-160 Gastroscope, Center Valley, PA) attached to an Olympus EVIS EXERA CV-160 video processor. In five mares, a 600 μm laser fiber was advanced through the biopsy channel and a diode laser (Dornier Medilas D, Dornier MedTech America, Inc., Kenneasaw, GA) was used to deliver direct contact pulses of 3 to 5 seconds in duration to the oviductal papilla. The endoscope was then guided up the contralateral horn and the process repeated. In two control mares, the oviductalpapillae were visualized, but no laser ablation was performed. All mares received 5 mg dinoprost IM and a uterine lavage within 4 hours post-procedure. Transrectal ultrasound was performed every 2-3 days until a 35mm follicle was detected, and then mares were bred using semen from a fertile stallion. Pregnancy status was determined by transrectal ultrasound 14 days post-ovulation, luteolysis was induced, and mares were rebred on 2-4 consecutive cycles. Control mares conceived on 6 out of 9 cycles (67% pregnancy rate). Pregnancy rate was significantly lower in the treatment group (5%, 1 out of 20 cycles, p=0.003). The first mare that was laser ablated conceived on the 4th cycle, and repeat hysteroscopy determined that the left oviduct was not effectively ablated. The third mare was diagnosed with peritonitis via abdominocentesis 6 hours post hysteroscopy. The mare was treated with broad spectrum antibiotics and recovered uneventfully. Three mares were re-bred two years after the procedure and did not conceive. In conclusion, when laser ablation of the oviductal papillae was appropriately performed, scar tissue formation effectively prevented pregnancy for a minimum of four months post-procedure. Laser ablation of the oviductal papillae is a promising technique for permanent sterilization of the mare and a follow-up long-term fertility study is warranted in a larger group of mares is warranted.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ПАТОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ИЗМЕНЕНИЙ ПРИ СКЛЕРОЗЕ ЯИЧНИКОВ НА МОРФОФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНЫЕ ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ ЯЙЦЕПРОВОДОВ У КОРОВ

The article presents the research findings of the effect of pathological changes caused by ovarian sclerosis on the morphofunctional parameters of oviducts in cows. The primary reason for symptomatic infertility in cows is functional disorders of the ovaries. The epithelial tissue of the reproductive organs in animals plays a vital role in their reproductive function. Histological and morphological changes in a cow's uterus are closely connected to changes in the ovaries. Specifically, ovarian sclerosis can disrupt the functional activity of the uterine horn's epithelial cells. When studying the morphofunctional state of oviducts damaged by ovarian sclerosis in cows, we found histological and morphofunctional changes therein associated with changes in the ovaries. The left ovary was more often sclerotized than the right one. The total wall thickness of the left and right oviducts in the setting of ovarian sclerosis thickened compared to the norm. In this scenario, the submucosa in the left oviduct measures 22.3% below the standard thickness, whereas in the right one, it is notably thicker by 38.4%. The muscular layer of the left and right oviducts is thicker than norm by 38.7% and 104.2% respectively. The area of protoplasm and the nuclei of the surface epithelium in the left oviduct decreased by 12.95% and 22.2%, respectively, compared with the norm. The functional activity of the surface epithelium cells in the left oviduct damaged by ovarian sclerosis was lower than that in clinically healthy cows.

Biometrical and histological study of reproductive organs of indigenous cattle in Bangladesh

Reproductive anatomy is vital for successful reproductive management and has significance for application of assisted reproductive biotechnology. This study was carried out to characterize biometrically and histologically reproductive organs of 50 slaughtered female cattle (<3 years; n=25, 3 to ≤5 years; n=25). The measurements (length, weight and width) of the right segment of the studied reproductive organs were greater compared to the left segment. No significant difference (p>0.05) was observed between left and right ovary length, width and weight within and between age groups. The length of ovaries were 1.92±0.19 cm and 1.95±0.04 cm at <3 years; 2.16±0.21 cm and 2.17±0.19 cm at 3 to ≤5 years; width were 1.09±0.14 cm and 1.17±0.10 cm at <3 years and 1.31±0.10 cm and 1.46±0.11 cm at 3 to ≤5 years and the weight were 1.77±0.41 gm and 2.20±0.57 gm at <3 years; 1.79±0.45 gm and 2.54±0.14 gm at 3 to ≤5 years in the left and right ovaries, respectively. Oviduct length, width and weight did not differ significantly (p>0.05) between the left and right oviducts within and between the age groups. Oviduct length (16.36±0.78 and 17.58±0.97 cm), width (0.21±0.02 and 0.26±0.33 cm) and weight (0.72±0.03 and 0.81±0.11 gm) was found for the right oviduct at <3 years and 3 to ≤5 years and for left oviduct length, width and weight were 16.20±0.65 and 16.64±0.86 cm; 0.19±0.02 and 0.23±0.03 cm; and 0.69±0.04 and 0.79±0.13 gm, at <3 years and 3 to ≤5 years, respectively. However, uterine horn length differed significantly (p<0.05) between age groups in the left (16.18±1.18 vs 27.45±2.98 cm) and the right horn of the uterus (17.45±1.40 cm vs 28.35±2.88 cm). On the other hand, uterine horn width and weight were not differed significantly between the left and right segments within and between the age groups. Uterus body length and weight were significantly (p<0.05) higher at 3 to ≤5 years compared to <3 years old cow. The average weight, length and width of uterine body were 44.40±7.33 gm vs 21.49±5.91 gm; 7.89±0.61 cm vs 5.87±0.43 cm; 3.46±0.27 cm vs 2.76±0.34 cm at <3 years and 3 to ≤5 years, respectively The whole uterus weight was also differed significantly (p<0.05) at <3 years (47.18±14.92 gm) and 3 to ≤5 years (86.07±11.98 gm). Histological studies showed ideal characteristics of cattle oviduct and uterus. In nutshell, the right ovary was larger in length, wider in diameter, and heavier in weight as compared to left one in indigenous cattle of Bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science 51 (4): 169-177

Reproductive characterization of the female Mexican turkey (Meleagris gallopavo L.)

Objective: To describe the anatomy, morphology, physiology, and reproductive characteristics of female turkeys. Design/methodology/approach: An analysis of the practical experiences of 10 years with Mexican native turkeys was conducted and complemented with scientific literature. We focused on reproductive aspects, anatomy, physiology and assisted reproduction. Results: Information on the breeding of Mexican native turkeys is scarce, few families in rural areas are dedicated to raising this poultry. Therefore, empirical knowledge on their management is being lost. The female turkey begins oviposition at 6 months of age with a body weight between 2 and 4 kg. The structures that make up their reproductive system are the ovary, developing follicles, left oviduct, and cloaca. The reproductive activity is initiated by photo receptors located in the retina and pineal gland, triggering follicle stimulating and luteinizing hormones release. Egg formation lasts from 24 to 26 hours. During the first year, females lay between 36 to 54 eggs in clutches of 12 to 18 eggs and in the second year from 30 to 45 eggs. Chloequez is prolactin induced. As for assisted reproduction, artificial insemination techniques in female turkeys are uncommon. Limitations on study/implications: Few rural families raise turkeys and since they lack economic resources, reproductive strategies are not used to improve their production. Findings/conclusions: The anatomical, morphological, physiological and reproductive characteristics of the native female turkeys from Mexico were documented. In native turkeys, artificial insemination techniques are not of common use, but their implementation may be adequate to conserve genetic material from animals with outstanding characteristics.

Oviductal prolapse associated with a leiomyoma in a Hermann’s tortoise (Testudo hermanni)

A twelve-year-old, female Hermann’s tortoise (Testudo hermanni) was presented with an oviductal prolapse after showing tenesmus for three days prior to presentation. Radiography revealed a soft tissue opacity in the caudal coelomic cavity that ultrasonographically presented as a congested, invaginated tubular structure and was deemed to comprise the left oviduct. After repositioning the oviductal prolapse, coelioscopy confirmed that the invaginated structure consisted of the anterior part of the left oviduct and incorporated a part of the ipsilateral mesovarium and mesosalpinx. A transplastron osteotomy was carried out to perform unilateral salpingectomy and bilateral ovariectomy. A definitive diagnosis of an oviductal leiomyoma was made based on histopathological and immunohistochemical examination of the invaginated part of the oviduct. In the present case, the authors highlight that neoplastic disorders should be considered as a cause of oviductal invagination and prolapse in chelonians. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of the diagnosis and successful treatment of an oviductal leiomyoma in a Hermann’s tortoise.

18 Histomorphometric comparison of right and left oviduct structure from alpaca (Vicugna pacos)

One of the phenomena that occurs during pregnancy in camelids is that nearly all fetuses occupy the left uterine horn, even though both ovaries ovulate with equal frequency. However, there are no reports on morphometric differences between the alpaca left and right oviducts, which could indicate an effect on gamete transport. The present study was carried out to measure and compare inner and outer measurements of the left and right oviduct regions from alpaca. One hundred twenty transverse sections (5µm) of oviducts were studied from 5 adult females, all with dominant ovarian follicle collected in the slaughterhouse. The oviducts were divided into 5 regions: tubal uterus junction (UTJ), isthmus (Is), ampullary isthmus junction (AIJ), ampulla (A), and infundibulum (In), processed and stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Stained slides were studied under the trinocular microscope at 40× magnification, and the images obtained under the microscope were transferred to a computer. The luminal area, number of primary folds, height of primary folds, height of epithelium, thickness of the muscular layer, inner diameter of circular muscular layer, and thickness of the serosa layer were measured using the Motic Images Plus 2.0 software. These measurements for each 5 regions were compared between left and right oviducts using ANOVA test and the association of the parameters with Pearson correlation analysis using SPSS vs.22 software (IBM Corp.). Ampulla luminal area (399 553.5±152 551.2µm2), thickness of the muscular layer of the region UTJ (280.9±55.0µm), thickness of the muscular layer of the Isthmus region (175.4±28.9µm), and inner diameter of circular muscular layer of the UTJ region (1003.4±102.9µm) of the right side were larger (P<0.05) than those on left side. On the left side, we observed the opposite (P<0.05) in the AIJ region, with a greater height of epithelium (9.9±2.6µm) and thickness of the serosa layer (106.5±52.7µm) compared with the right side. Also, we observed a negative correlation between the thickness of the muscular layer and number of primary folds (r=−0.63; P<0.001) and between thickness of the muscular layer and height of primary folds (r=−0.18; P=0.007). In conclusion, the regions of the right and left oviductal structure present some different morphometrics that could influence the transport of gametes and embryos in South American camelids. It is necessary to carry out secretomic and gene expression studies at the oviduct level, and to expand the number of replicates to correlate the ovary with the presence of a dominant follicle and the reported measurements.

Morphometric study of Nigerian indigenous hen treatment with clomiphene citrate (clomid®)

The study was carried out to know the effect of Clomiphene citrate on the reproductive organ weight of Nigerian indigenous hens. Forty-Eight (48) matured hens (26 weeks old) were used for this trial. The hens were randomly divided into four (4) treatment groups of 12 birds per treatment and further replicated into three (3) giving 4 birds per replicate in a completely randomized design and clomiphene citrate (Clomid®) was administered at 0mg, 10mg, 20mg and 30mg levels for 5 days represented as T1 , T2 , T3 and T4 respectively. Treatment1 (T1 ) contained no clomiphene citrate, served as the control. The birds were fed ad libitum with breeders mash and water served throughout the duration of the study From the result recorded in this experiment on the reproductive organ weight, there were significant differences (P<0.05) ranked among the treatment groups in all the parameters measured. Treatment3 (T3 ) (85.30g) ranked highest in the experiment on the full reproductive organ weight, followed by T1 (85.01). Treatment2 (T2 ) recorded the least value of 80.02g in the full reproductive organ weight, Treatment1 T1 recorded the highest value (18.02) in left Oviduct, paired Oviduct (28.03g), left Ovary and paired Ovary (50.00g), while the least value in T2 were recorded as follows: (12.75g), (24.30g), (42.00g) and (47.00g) in left Oviduct, paired Oviduct, left Ovary and Paired Ovary respectively. from the above measured parameters, it could be deduced that at 20mg clomiphene citrate administration, the reproductive organ weight is enhanced which means that under dosage of 10mg and over dosage of 30mg is not encouraged to the reproductive organ weight of Nigerian indigenous hens.

P1704 An unusual mass in the right heart

Abstract A 39 year old patient after removal of the uterus, the left oviduct and the right appendages due to Tu (massive fibroids). The histopathological examination revealed: leiomyomatosis intravascularis masiva (multifocal, intravenous smooth muscle cell hyperplasia without necrosis, cellular atypia and mitotic activity. Vascular invasion within the uterus, parametrium, mesovarium, perinodule tissues). The patient was admitted to the Gynaecology Clinic on the 9th postoperative day due to pain in the right lumbar region. The angio-CT of the thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities revealed a tumour/thrombus in the right internal iliac vein, common iliac vein and inferior vena cava (VCI). Then, the patient underwent transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) revealing an additional mass in the VCI entering the right atrium (RA), periodically passing through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle (RV). The mass was of irregular shape, free-floating and did not obstruct the right ventricle inflow. Due to a suspicion of thrombus, an attempt at pharmacological treatment was initiated: initially LMWH at a therapeutic dose, followed by UFH iv. (controlled by APTT). Follow-up echocardiography: the image has not changed, the mass is still in the same location. The patient then underwent a surgical treatment: the pathological mass with a length of 35 cm was removed from VCI and RA with extracorporeal circulation. The histopathological examination confirmed: numerous foci of intravenous leiomyomatosis in the form of smooth muscle hyperplasia penetrating into the light of numerous vessels, mainly venous. Discussion Uterine fibroids are the most common benign tumours of the reproductive tract in premenopausal women, they are also the most common cause of hysterectomy. They are formed as a result of benign proliferation of myometrial smooth muscle cells. A special, though very rare, form is intravenous leiomyomatosis (IVL) - caused by abnormal growth of benign tumours, arising from smooth muscle, into venous vessels. Although histopathologically they are benign tumours, due to the possible invasion of large vessels they can be highly "aggressive" and extend into the heart chambers and pulmonary arteries (intracardiac leiomyomatosis - ICLM). Possible symptoms of ICLM: dyspnoea (30-37%), peripheral oedema (20-28%), chest pain (12-30%), palpitation (10-17%), fainting (11%). Approximately 13% of patients have no symptoms at all. In the differential diagnosis of masses in the right heart cavities, the following should be taken into account : thrombus, myxoma, metastases of malignant neoplasms, in particular renal cancer, as well as: liver cancer, adrenal cancer, lymphoma, leiomyosarcoma. Conclusion IVL should be taken into account as a differential diagnosis in case of a free-floating mass in the right heart chambers, originating from the inferior vena cava, among premenopausal women with a history of hysterectomy. Abstract P1704 Figure. mass in the right atrium

Avian eggshell thinning caused by transovarian exposure to o,p'-DDT: changes in histology and calcium-binding protein production in the oviduct uterus.

Reproductive disorders in birds are the most characteristic effects of DDT contamination of wildlife. Experimental exposure of avian eggs to the estrogenic substance o,p'-DDT causes abnormal development of the reproductive tract (shortening of the left oviduct and aberrant development of the right oviduct) and eggshell thinning in mature birds, but it is still not known how eggshell thinning occurs in the abnormal oviduct. To fill this information gap, we examined the histology of the uterine part of the oviduct in Japanese quail treated in ovo with o,p'-DDT or a synthetic estrogen, diethylstilbestrol (DES), and we performed immunohistochemical staining for the calcium-binding proteins CALB1, SPP1, and TRPV6. Both o,p'-DDT-treated and DES-treated quail had few, and scattered, gland cells in the left uterus, unlike vehicle controls, in which gland cells tightly occupied the lamina propria. The aberrantly developed right uterus retained all the components of the normal left uterus, but in immature form. Immunostaining for CALB1, SPP1, and TRPV6 was greatly reduced by both o,p'-DDT and DES; SPP1 and TRPV6 immunostaining patterns, in particular, differed distinctly from those in the controls. These findings suggest that CALB1, SPP1, and TRPV6 are molecular factors, decreased production of which is responsible for eggshell thinning. Our findings also could contribute to understanding of the eggshell formation mechanism in birds.

Light and Scanning Electron Microscopic Examination of the Chicken Oviduct during the Embryonic and Posthatching Stages.

The present study aimed to study the sequence of developing the oviduct of the Alexandria chicken during the embryonic and posthatching period by using the light and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) examination. The Mullerian duct began to appear as left and right urogenital ridges composed of stratified cuboidal epithelium at the ventrolateral aspect of the mesonephros at the 5-day-old embryo. At the 6-day-old embryo, the left urogenital ridge canalized and the tubal wall surrounded a circular lumen composed of three cellular components; inner simple columnar epithelium, multilayers of mesenchymal cells, and outer stratified cuboidal epithelium. At the 8-day-old embryo, the inner tubal layer became composed of simple-to-pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, the density of the mesenchymal cells increased, and the outer layer became simple squamous epithelium at the medial aspect of the duct and stratified epithelium at the lateral aspect of the duct. The left oviduct of the 1-day-old chick resembled the oviduct of 8-day-old embryo except the SEM observations of the tunica mucosa of the 1-day-old chick which showed extensive mucosal folds with many straight cilia. At the 1-week-old chick, the left oviduct showed a folded lumen surrounded by simple columnar ciliated epithelial layer followed by a layer of mesenchymal cells, many layers of smooth muscles surrounded the mesenchymal cells layer and outer simple squamous epithelium layer. At the 1-month-old chick, the left oviduct wall was composed of five layers surrounded by a star-shaped lumen.

Influence of litter size on insulin sensitivity in multiparous sows.

The objectives were to examine effects of litter size on insulin sensitivity in multiparous sows at the end of pregnancy. Twelve sows were allocated in two treatments after weaning: control (CTR) or ligature of the left oviduct (LIG). At 68 d of the subsequent pregnancy, catheters were implanted in a jugular vein, in a carotid artery, and in the main vein draining one uterine horn. A blood flow probe was fitted around the artery irrigating the same uterine horn. A meal test, a tolerance test, and an euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp test were performed at 108 ± 3 d of pregnancy. Serial blood samples were drawn simultaneously from the uterine vein and the carotid artery before and during the tests. The number of fetuses in the studied uterine horn was lower (3.7 vs. 8.0, P < 0.001), and piglets at birth were heavier (1.71 vs. 1.31 kg, P = 0.04) in the LIG sows than in the CTR sows. Treatment did not affect uterine blood flow (UBF), but UBF/fetus in the uterine horn was greater for the LIG treatment (0.67 vs. 0.34 L/min, P = 0.002). During meal test, glycemia, glucose uptake in the uterine horn and glucose uterine uptake/fetus were similar in both groups of sows, while insulin levels were higher in the LIG sows (P = 0.04). The decrease of NEFA concentrations was similar across treatments. Glucose half-life did not differ between treatments (13.4 min as a mean; P = 0.63) during tolerance test, but area under the insulin curve was greater in the LIG sows (P = 0.02). The glucose infusion rate during euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamps was lower in the LIG sows than in CTR sows (6.1 ± 0.2 vs. 7.8 ± 0.1 mg glucose.kg-1 min-1; P = 0.01). The LIG sows are less sensitive to insulin than the CTR sows without adjustment of maternal glycemia and glucose tolerance. Insulin sensitivity adaptation to litter size in late pregnancy of sows would rather be connected to growth rate than to number of fetuses.

Comparative Histomorphology of the Ovary and the Oviduct in Rabbits and Pigeons

Introduction Knowledge of the evolutionary relationship between different classes of vertebrates can be obtained through a comparative study of their structures, forms, functions, and of the mode of development of the structures. Birds and mammals are vertebrates with different modes of reproduction, that is, oviparity in birds and viviparity in mammals. The aim of the present study is to compare the histomorphology of the ovaries and of the oviducts/uterine tubes in rabbits and pigeons. The present study highlights the histological and morphological differences that bring about the production of eggs in birds and the production of fully developed fetuses in mammals. Materials and Methods Five rabbits and five domestic pigeons were anesthetized with chloroform and sacrificed. The ovaries and the oviducts/uterine tubes were dissected and fixed in Bouin fluid and processed for a light microscopic study. Results The result showed paired ovaries and uterine tubes in rabbits that unite at the isthmus to form a single uterus that opens into the vagina, with only the left ovary and oviduct appearing as a compact body with distinct infundibulum, magnum, isthmus, uterus and vagina in pigeons. Photomicrographs of the ovaries of rabbits showed parenchyma cells with primary follicles, while the ovaries of pigeons showed developing follicles and yolk granules. Both the oviducts of rabbits and of pigeons showed a highly folded mucosa with a thick muscular wall. Conclusion The differences observed in the structures of the ovaries and of the oviducts of rabbits and pigeons might be due to their different reproductive functions in parturition (viviparity and oviparity, respectively).

Dual functioning ovaries and atresia in chickens. Is it a coincidence?

During the course of a QTL study involving an intercross between White Plymouth Rock chickens and Red Jungle Fowl, certain reproductive anomalies such as atresia and double ovary-oviduct became evident. Observed in reciprocal pedigreed F1 crosses were 2 full-sib pullets with dual functioning ovaries. One also had complete functioning left and right oviducts. The other had asymmetrical reproductive tracts with a typical left oviduct and a rudimentary right oviduct. In addition, there were 3 females with atresia. Although they had different sires and dams, their grandparents were related, and all 5 traced to a common ancestor. Pedigrees, photos, and biological aspects of these conditions are presented and discussed.

Morphological and histochemical features of the cloaca of Turkey hen Meleagris Gallopavo

The study includes six adult healthy hen turkey. The cloaca has three compartments separated by two circular folds and next to rectum is the coprodeum which the largest and measured (2.5±0.2cm) in length and (2.1±0.1cm) in diameter. The middle and smallest is the urodeum that measured about (1.01±0.2cm) in length and (1.2±1cm.) in diameter, that receives the ureter and left oviduct. Posteriorly, the proctodeum that measured about (1.4±0.1cm) in length and (1.6±1cm.) in diameter. The coprodeum mucosa has short and flat villi. The urodeum mucosa has tall branching pyramidal mucosal villi. The mucosa of proctodeum has lost the villi pattern. The three compartments were lined with mucous secreting columnar cells, most of these epithelial cells were positive for Alcian blue (2.5pH) stain and few were positive for PAS stain. The epithelial tubular glands showed positive reaction for Alcian blue satin only. The lamina propria of these compartments was cellular loose connective tissue displayed numerous of lymphatic nodules. The muscular mucosa is lost in proctodeum only. Tunica muscular is composed of two layers of smooth muscles fibers in coprodeum and urodeum and turned into skeletal type in proctodeum. The mean height of mucosal villi has significantly increased in urodeum.

ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF INTERNAL GENITAL ORGANS ZAANEN BREE

Goal. Goat breeding is a promising branch of animal husbandry, which is rapidly developing. The scientific literature has little information about the essential features and differences in the structure of the genital apparatus of goats. With the increase in the number of livestock and selection work in goat breeding, knowledge of the characteristics of the reproductive system is of great importance. Due to lack of knowledge of the structure of the reproductive organs of small cattle, the effectiveness of artificial insemination decreases and inefficient sperm of producers is used, since the complex structure of the cervix of the goat is an obstacle in the artificial introduction of sperm. Therefore, considering the need for further introduction of the method of artificial insemination into practice of goat breeding, the study of the peculiarities of the structure of the internal genital organs of goats is timely and necessary.&#x0D; Materials and methods.The study of anatomical features of the structure of the internal genital organs of goats was carried out on animals of the Zaanen breed, imported into the village. Galaiki Tarashchansky district of the Kiev region from Latvia. The material for study was the genitals obtained from goats aged 6-7 years. After the slaughter and bleeding, the genitals were separated into goats. They were then placed in an enameled cuvette and measured with a measuring tape, ruler and caliper. The linear dimensions of the ovaries, the diameter and length of the uterine horns according to the large curvature, the length of the uterine body, the length and diameter of the cervix, the number and structural features of the folds of its mucous membrane, the amount of caruncle, their height and diameter were measured.&#x0D; As mentioned earlier, the development of anatomical and physiological basis for artificial insemination of small ruminant animals was carried out mainly on sheep. Therefore, we compared the size of the ovaries, oviducts and uterus in goats of the Zaanen breed of Latvian selection and, according to the literature, the results of studies of similar sheep organs were analyzed.&#x0D; As a result of the studies of the morphological parameters of the genitalia of the goats, the following data were obtained: the mass of the left ovary – 0,6 ± 0,06 g, the right – 1,1 ± 0,04 g: the length of the left ovary – 2,0 ± 0,06 Cm, the length of the right – 2,3 ± 0,04 cm. The length of the left oviduct was – 14,2 ± 0,16 cm, and the right – 14,4 ± 0,15 cm. Accordingly, the length of the left horn of the uterus was – 13,7 ± 0,63 cm, the right – 12.2 ± 0,75 cm. The diameter of the left horn of the uterus is – 2.3 ± 0,07 cm, the right horn of the uterus is – 2,8 ± 0,08 cm.&#x0D; The morphological parameters of the unpaired genitals of goats were as follows:&#x0D; The length of the uterus body was – 1,8 ± 0,15 cm, the cervix was – 5,9 ± 0,29 cm, the cervix diameter was – 1,8 ± 0,08 cm; the number of folds in the cervix is – 4,7 ± 0,50. The height of the caruncle is – 0,5 ± 0,06 cm, their diameter is – 0,7 ± 0,10 cm, the amount of caruncle is – 96,5 ± 1,70, the area of the caruncle is on average – 0,4 ± 0,10 cm2.&#x0D; Conclusions. As a result of the carried out researches the anatomical and morphometric characteristics of internal sexual organs of goats are given. These data make it possible to expand and supplement knowledge on the morphology of the reproductive system of farm animals, which must be taken into account in artificial insemination of goats. The data obtained by us are somewhat different from the results of the studies of other authors, but do not contradict them.

Changes in progesterone receptor isoforms expression and in the morphology of the oviduct magnum of mature laying and aged nonlaying hens

The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in the morphology and expression of progesterone receptor (PR) isoforms in different cell subpopulations of the magnum region of the left oviduct of mature laying and aged nonlaying hens through histomorphometric and immunohistological methods. Histological results demonstrated several changes in the oviduct magnum of mature and aged hens, mainly in the mucosal tissue. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that both PR isoforms are expressed in all cell types of the oviduct magnum of mature laying hens. In contrast, in each cell type of the oviduct magnum of aged nonlaying hens only one PR isoform (PR-A or PR-B) was expressed. The results indicate that PR percentage and the PR-A and PR-B ratio change according to the cell type of the oviduct magnum and in an age-specific manner, and suggest that these variations contribute to the regulation of progesterone actions in the oviduct magnum with the normal aging of the animal.

Effect of Annona senegalensis leaves on morphometric parameters of reproductive organs in rabbits

The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of the leaves of Annona senegalensis on morphometric parameters of the female reproductive organs in rabbits. A total of 120 rabbits were divided into four batches A, B, C and D of 30 animals each. Lots B, C an d D received 10, 20 and 30 g leaves of Annona Senegalensis / kg of feed respectively, while lot A (control group) was fed with the staple feed (without Annona senegalensis leaves). At the end of the experiment, the animals were dissected and morphometric parameters of the different genital organs were measured. The results sho wed that the average live weight, the average lengths of the left oviduct and the average lengths of the vagina did not vary significantly between different experimental groups (p&gt; 0.05). On the other hand, the weight of the right ovary, the left and right uterus, right oviduct, vagina and reproductive system varied significantly between batches (p &lt;0.05). , the right oviduct length of Lot D was the longest (15.52 cm ± 2.83) with a shorter right uterus (5.87 cm ± 1.43) compared to other lots.