Occlusion Of Left Internal Carotid Artery Research Articles

P.122 Left temporal aneurysm resection: surgical approach in Pial-Pial collateral formation from the posterior temporal artery secondary to left internal artery occlusion

Background: The formation of pial-pial collateral network aneurysms due to carotid occlusion is a rare neurological phenomenon. This case details a 69-year-old male who developed a pial-pial collateral network aneurysm secondary to left internal carotid artery occlusion, leading to intracranial hemorrhage. Methods: The patient presented with altered consciousness due to left temporal intracerebral hemorrhage, subdural hematoma, and intraventricular hemorrhage. Cerebral angiography revealed an occluded left internal carotid artery, with superficial temporal artery (STA) and superior orbital artery anastomosis, and extensive pial-pial collaterals from the posterior temporal artery. A 4 mm aneurysm arising from this collateral network was identified. Surgical intervention involved a left temporal craniectomy and excision of the aneurysm, prioritizing the preservation of the STA. N.B., Informed patient consent was obtained in this study. Results: Successful aneurysm removal and preservation of collateral pathways were confirmed by postoperative imaging. The patient exhibited rapid neurological improvement; by postoperative day (POD) one, the patient showed limited response to stimuli. He was extubated by POD4 and discharged on POD27, where he conversed well, was independently ambulatory, and needed minimal to no assistance in activities of daily living. Conclusions: This case highlights the need for careful preoperative planning and intraoperative precision, especially in preserving vital collateral vascular pathways.

Ruptured pial-pial collateral aneurysm associated with left internal carotid artery occlusion: nuances of surgical management. Illustrative case.

Carotid occlusion often leads to the formation of a collateral network. On rare occasions, due to hemodynamic influence, aneurysms can occur. Here, the authors describe a 69-year-old male presenting with intracerebral hemorrhage secondary to a ruptured aneurysm within such a network. The patient presented to the emergency department with an altered level of consciousness. Imaging showed a left temporal lobe hemorrhage extending into the ventricle, subdural hematoma, and evidence of contrast extravasation. Digital subtraction angiography revealed an occluded left internal carotid artery with the left middle cerebral artery territory reconstituted by flow through an external carotid artery-internal carotid artery anastomosis. The latter was formed by the superficial temporal artery-superior orbital artery, as well as pial-pial collaterals from the posterior temporal artery. Notably, a 4-mm aneurysm arising from the pial-pial collateral network was identified. Surgical intervention involved a left temporal craniectomy and aneurysm excision, with special attention paid to preserving the anastomotic flow through the superficial temporal artery. This case underscores the importance of recognizing and preserving collateral vascular pathways in cases of carotid occlusion with an associated aneurysm. It emphasizes the necessary balance between managing aneurysm risk and maintaining cerebral perfusion, highlighting the need for careful preoperative planning and intraoperative caution.

Acute bilateral middle cerebral artery occlusion treated with thrombectomy via the anterior communicating artery in a patient with chronic left cervical internal carotid artery occlusion: a case report

Acute bilateral middle cerebral artery occlusion treated with thrombectomy via the anterior communicating artery in a patient with chronic left cervical internal carotid artery occlusion: a case report

Abstract 16013: Non-Bacterial Thrombotic Endocarditis and Recurrent Cerebrovascular Accidents in Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Myocarditis

Background: Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE) is a rare condition associated with cancer, hypercoagulable state, and systemic emboli including stroke. This report presents a case of NBTE associated with metastatic lung adenocarcinoma and recurrent strokes despite anticoagulation for prior pulmonary embolism (PE) and highlights the challenges in management of NBTE. Case: 66-year-old man with stage IV non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma treated with pembrolizumab complicated by immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) myocarditis treated with high dose steroids and PE treated with rivaroxaban, presented with diplopia and gait instability. MRI brain revealed a left corona radiata infarct and rivaroxaban was switched to apixaban. Three weeks later, the patient developed left internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion, and underwent emergent thrombectomy. A transesophageal echocardiogram revealed a new 1.8 cm mass on the mitral valve with negative blood cultures. Anticoagulation was switched to therapeutic enoxaparin. Cardiothoracic surgery was consulted, though patient opted for palliative care. Decision making: Patient presented with recurrent multifocal strokes despite treatment with multiple direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), just weeks after ICI myocarditis. The challenges here were approach to anticoagulation in a patient with recurrent strokes despite anticoagulation, the risk of hemorrhagic conversion of stroke, and the mechanism of stroke. The mitral valve mass was presumed to be NBTE, due to his metastatic malignancy and negative blood cultures. However, a recent history of ICI-myocarditis raised the possibility of an immune mediated mechanism of NBTE, given the growing association of auto-immune diseases and NBTE. Conclusion: NBTE is a rare complication of metastatic disease that can commonly lead to stroke and is treated with optimal anticoagulation and addressing the underlying malignancy. However, this case highlights the failure of multiple oral anticoagulants to treat NBTE and raises the question of additional mechanisms of NBTE beyond malignancy and hypercoagulable state. Further studies are required to elucidate a common immune mediated mechanism of NBTE and ICI myocarditis.

Abstract Number ‐ 178: Optimizing Skin to Device at Occlusion Time Utilizing A Non‐exchange Technique with Novel Steerable Microcatheter

Introduction Vascular tortuosity and difficult access to the target vessel during mechanical thrombectomy is one of the reasons for failed reperfusion. The 021 Bendit adjustable micro catheter is a torqueable microcatheter with an adjustable, 360 rotating, bendable tip. Its unique structure provides it with trackability and support allowing it to be used as a select catheter for the guide and to directly access the target vessel without a guidewire. This feature can result in significant reduction in groin puncture to recanalization time, with possible implications on patient outcomes. It is also designed to fit in a standard sized aspiration catheter and allow delivery of a stentriever device if needed. Herein we describe the first US experience in 021 Bendit adjustable microcatheter in vessel selection and intracranial navigation in patients with large vessel occlusions. Methods We describe our experience with three patients who presented with large vessel occlusions for mechanical thrombectomy in July 2022. The system with guide catheter loaded with aspiration catheter and Bendit adjustable microcatheter was used to directly select the target vessels starting at the arteriotomy site, off the aortic arch and its support was used to advance the guide catheter into the cervical segment. It was then delivered to the intracranial circulation where it was used to deliver the aspiration catheter. Results Patient A is a 73‐year‐old man with a left M1 occlusion. The Bendit microcatheter was advanced through a 071 intermediate catheter and through a 088 guide catheter and was used to select the left common carotid artery. Time between device entering the body to clot touch time of 18 minutes. Patient B is a 57‐year‐old man who presented with a left cavernous internal carotid artery occlusion. The Bendit microcatheter was advanced through a 071 intermediate catheter and a 088 guide catheter was used to successfully select the left common carotid artery.Time between device entering body and bendit being at first lesion is 3 minutes. Patient C is a 60‐year‐old woman with a basilar occlusion. A 088 guide catheter was advanced over 071 intermediate catheter which was advanced over the Bendit microcatheter into the aortic arch. The Bendit microcatheter was maneuvered to select the right subclavian artery and the right vertebral artery, the system was subsequently advanced over the Bendit microcatheter intracranially. Time between groin puncture to aspiration device at the clot was 5 minutes. Conclusions The Bendit steerable microcatheter can be used to maneuver through the aortic arch and successfully select the target vessel without an exchange and without a guidewire. This approach can dramatically reduce access to recanalization time and ultimately neurologic outcomes in patients undergoing mechanical thrombectomy. As more experience is obtained, best practices will be able to achieve consistently lower times.

Parallel stent retriever mechanical thrombectomy of an acute internal carotid artery occlusion refractory to standard techniques: A case report

Although mechanical thrombectomy for acute large vessel occlusion is generally effective, some occlusions are refractory. We report a patient in whom the parallel stent retriever technique using two Trevo stent retrievers (Stryker Neurovascular, Fremont, California, USA) was required to treat an intracranial and epidural internal carotid artery occlusion after other techniques had failed. A 68-year-old woman presented with an acute left internal carotid artery occlusion 4 days after mechanical thrombectomy of a left middle cerebral artery occlusion. She was not a candidate for intravenous thrombolysis because of a recent cerebral infarction. Attempts at mechanical thrombectomy using a stent retriever, contact aspiration, or combined contact aspiration and stent retriever were unsuccessful. The parallel stent retriever technique using two 6 × 25-mm Trevo stent retrievers enabled coverage of the entire thrombus, and successful reperfusion was achieved (extended Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction grade 2b). After the procedure, the patient was able to walk without assistance. Her modified Rankin Scale score was 2 at 90 days follow-up. Microscopic examination of the retrieved thrombi demonstrated red blood cells, fibrin, and partial endothelialization. The parallel Trevo stent retriever technique has the potential as rescue therapy for refractory large-vessel occlusion. However, complications arising from this technique remain uncertain. Further studies are needed to determine the effect of this technique in terms of recanalization and clinical safety.

NO CLOT, NO PROBLEM? NOT EXACTLY

NO CLOT, NO PROBLEM? NOT EXACTLY

Acute Ischemic Stroke Caused by Detachment of Cardiac Papillary Fibroelastomas

Cardiac papillary fibroelastomas are associated with a high risk of systemic embolization in spite of benign nature. We report a case of 85-year-old patient with left supraclinoid internal carotid artery occlusion who treated with aspiration thrombectomy. Despite of the absence of residual mass on echocardiography, we could analyze pathologic specimens using retrieved embolus and confirmed cardiac papillary fibroelastoma as a rare cause of stroke.

Asymptomatic Carotid Bruit/Carotid Artery Stenosis

Stroke used to be the third leading cause of death in the United States, behind coronary artery disease and cancer. However, a 2011 report states that stroke has now dropped to the fourth leading cause of death. Nearly 80% of strokes are ischemic, but only 15% of stroke patients have warning transient ischemic attacks. The management of patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis is controversial; in this review, a stepwise approach to the management of asymptomatic carotid bruit/extracranial carotid artery stenosis is provided. Specifically, this review covers clinical evaluation, carotid bruits, vascular risk evaluation, imaging modalities, natural history of asymptomatic carotid artery disease, carotid plaque progression, natural history of asymptomatic carotid stenosis with evidence of clinically silent cerebral emboli, recommendations for carotid intervention/medical therapy, level 1 evidence supporting carotid endarterectomy in asymptomatic patients, and decision making for medical therapy alone versus intervention. Figures show color Doppler image with Doppler sampling from the right common carotid artery (CCA) and internal carotid artery (ICA), color duplex image with Doppler sampling of the distal left CCA and proximal ICA, color duplex ultrasound image of a plaque at the carotid bifurcation, magnetic resonance angiography showing severe stenosis of the right ICA and occluded left ICA, computed tomographic angiography showing severe stenosis of the left ICA with calcification, diagram for management of patients with both carotid stenosis and coronary artery disease, and protocol of management of asymptomatic bruit/carotid artery stenosis. Tables list the annual risk of stroke, prevalence of carotid stenosis in patients with bruits and in healthy volunteers, duplex velocity criteria for carotid stenosis, consensus criteria, validation of consensus criteria: duplex ultrasonography versus angiographic stenosis, risk factors for stroke, ranking of modifiable stroke risk factors, asymptomatic randomized trials comparing medical with medical and surgical treatment (stenosis > 60%), and a summary of specialty/societal guidelines. This review contains 7 highly rendered figures, 9 tables, and 91 references

Asymptomatic Carotid Bruit/Carotid Artery Stenosis

Stroke used to be the third leading cause of death in the United States, behind coronary artery disease and cancer. However, a 2011 report states that stroke has now dropped to the fourth leading cause of death. Nearly 80% of strokes are ischemic, but only 15% of stroke patients have warning transient ischemic attacks. The management of patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis is controversial; in this review, a stepwise approach to the management of asymptomatic carotid bruit/extracranial carotid artery stenosis is provided. Specifically, this review covers clinical evaluation, carotid bruits, vascular risk evaluation, imaging modalities, natural history of asymptomatic carotid artery disease, carotid plaque progression, natural history of asymptomatic carotid stenosis with evidence of clinically silent cerebral emboli, recommendations for carotid intervention/medical therapy, level 1 evidence supporting carotid endarterectomy in asymptomatic patients, and decision making for medical therapy alone versus intervention. Figures show color Doppler image with Doppler sampling from the right common carotid artery (CCA) and internal carotid artery (ICA), color duplex image with Doppler sampling of the distal left CCA and proximal ICA, color duplex ultrasound image of a plaque at the carotid bifurcation, magnetic resonance angiography showing severe stenosis of the right ICA and occluded left ICA, computed tomographic angiography showing severe stenosis of the left ICA with calcification, diagram for management of patients with both carotid stenosis and coronary artery disease, and protocol of management of asymptomatic bruit/carotid artery stenosis. Tables list the annual risk of stroke, prevalence of carotid stenosis in patients with bruits and in healthy volunteers, duplex velocity criteria for carotid stenosis, consensus criteria, validation of consensus criteria: duplex ultrasonography versus angiographic stenosis, risk factors for stroke, ranking of modifiable stroke risk factors, asymptomatic randomized trials comparing medical with medical and surgical treatment (stenosis > 60%), and a summary of specialty/societal guidelines. This review contains 7 highly rendered figures, 9 tables, and 91 references

Thrombosis or vasospasm: The utility of intraoperative neuromonitoring during TCAR.

Transcarotid artery revascularization (TCAR) has become more prevalent as a treatment modality for carotid stenosis. Many centers perform TCAR without any adjunctive neuromonitoring, for example, somatosensory-evoked potential (SSEP) and electroencephalogram (EEG). We present a case of transcarotid artery revascularization (TCAR) performed with concomitant somatosensory-evoked potential (SSEP) and electroencephalogram (EEG) neuromonitoring in the setting of concerning intraoperative angiographic images. TCAR was undertaken for a 58year-old man presenting with symptomatic left carotid stenosis and right ICA occlusion. Based on his comorbidities, pre-existing conditions, and the need for dual antiplatelet therapy, TCAR was offered as an alternative to standard carotid endarterectomy. Intraoperatively, following stent delivery, no flow was appreciated through the carotid stent or distal ICA. Neuromonitoring remained stable and was reassuring for distal ICA spasm with no-reflow phenomenon. The patient tolerated the procedure well and has had no stent-related complications through 10months of follow-up. This case highlights the utility of neuromonitoring with TCAR as an adjunct to intraoperative decision-making in the setting of suspected internal carotid artery (ICA) vasospasm versus thrombosis after stent delivery.

A case of a ruptured true aneurysm of the left posterior communicating artery, 17 years following after occlusion of the left internal carotid artery occlusion

A case of a ruptured true aneurysm of the left posterior communicating artery, 17 years following after occlusion of the left internal carotid artery occlusion

Anesthetic Management for Spine Surgery in a Patient with Left Internal Carotid Artery Occlusion and Penetrating Aortic Ulcer: A Case Report

A key challenge of anesthesia is to provide patients with safe and optimized anesthetic management to improve prognosis and minimize mortality and morbidity. To this end, the anesthesiologist should comprehensively understand the patient’s physical status through pre-anesthetic assessment and carefully monitor the patient during surgery. Several types of novel patient-monitoring devices may be useful to achieve this purpose. We report a case of anesthetic management in a patient with left internal carotid artery occlusion and penetrating aortic ulcer.

Limb-Shaking Transient Ischemic Attack Presenting with Myoclonus

Limb-shaking transient ischemic attack is a rare disease, associated with the steno-occlusion of the internal carotid artery. It is caused by hemodynamic dysfunction in the anterior circulation. It is difficult to observe patients directly in clinical settings since they visit the hospital after symptoms have subsided which usually last less than 5 minutes. Here we report a atient who developed right arm dominant myoclonus related to left internal carotid artery occlusion along with a recorded video.

Ipsilateral hypoperfusion caused by intracerebral steal phenomenon after carotid artery stenting: a case report

BackgroundAbnormal hypoperfusion on the surgical side after carotid artery stenting is rare. Neurological deterioration caused by it is deceptive, which can easily lead to misdiagnosis. The mechanism of hypoperfusion has rarely been demonstrated. We present here a fully studied case with a high probability of intracerebral steal phenomenon.Case presentationA 68-year-old male with severe right internal carotid artery stenosis and left internal carotid artery occlusion underwent right stenosis stent implantation. Restlessness and left limb hemiplegia occurred within 24 h after the procedure, which was similar to hyperperfusion syndrome. However, postoperative computerized tomography perfusion (CTP) revealed abnormal hypoperfusion in the right hemisphere. Transcranial Doppler (TCD) also showed decreased flow velocity in the right middle cerebral artery, and increased flow velocity in the right anterior cerebral artery. We considered that intracerebral steal phenomenon might be the cause, then hypervolemic therapy was accepted and the symptoms completely resolved after 3 days.ConclusionsIpsilateral hypoperfusion is rarely seen after carotid artery stenting. Intracerebral steal phenomenon may be the underlying mechanism. CTP or TCD is helpful for the early detection of this adverse event.

Elderly Man With Persistent Headache

A 68-year-old man presented to the emergency department with a persistent headache for 2 months. Vital signs showed a temperature of 36.7°C (98.06°F) and a normal pulse rate and blood pressure. The physical examination result was normal. Color Doppler ultrasonography of the neck vessels showed left internal carotid artery occlusion (Figure 1 and Video). Computed tomography (CT) showed multiple lacunar infarcts and 3-dimensional CT angiography revealed left internal carotid artery occlusion (Figure 2).

Gross Total Resection of a Recurrent in-and-around Cavernous Sinus Meningioma through a Combined Transcavernous Anterior and Middle Infratemporal Fossa Approach with Extracranial-Intracranial Bypass.

Objectives The study aims to describe surgical management of an invasive cavernous sinus meningioma with a combination of several skull base approaches and bypass surgery. Design This study is an operative video. Results Resection of the recurrent skull base meningioma is still challenging, especially if the tumor involves or encases the carotid artery. Cerebral bypass surgery is an essential adjunct in the armamentarium of skull base surgery when vessel reconstruction is required. In this paper, we describe our experience of successful treatment of an invasive recurrent skull base meningioma, which involved the entire cavernous sinus and the internal carotid artery. A 46-year-old woman presented with a 2-year history of gradually worsening left-sided exophthalmos and visual impairment. The patient had previously undergone two craniotomies for resection of the left-sided spheno-orbital meningioma. Pathological diagnosis was chordoid meningioma, which is classified as an intermediate-grade meningioma. The second surgery had been performed for a rapid tumor regrowth 6 months after the first surgery. The patient lost her left-side vision after the second surgery. Aggressive tumor regrowth was confirmed with extension into the left orbit, infratemporal fossa, and cavernous sinus with engulfment of the carotid artery. A balloon occlusion test revealed intolerance of the left internal carotid artery occlusion. Considering the patient's age, tumor behavior, and intolerance of the carotid artery of the lesion side, we scheduled gross total resection of the tumor with vessel reconstruction. Conclusion Although cerebral bypass surgery is a technically challenging procedure, it plays an important role in the surgical management of the complex vessel-engulfing tumor. The link to the video can be found at https://youtu.be/GCmpxK3hW18 .

Young Male with Bilateral ICA Dissection: Beyond CADISS Trial

Objective: To report a case of young male with stroke and bilateral internal carotid artery (ICA) dissection. Background: Cervical Artery Dissection in Stroke Study trial has provided some insight on management of patients with ICA dissection. However, there is a need to modify the management strategies as per specific clinical scenario. Design/Methods: Case report and literature review. Results: A 45-year-old male presented with 1 month old history of acute onset numbness of right half of the body with slurring of speech. Computed tomography angiography showed complete occlusion of left cervical ICA just beyond origin with presence of fusiform dilatation and spiral flap in right extracranial cervical ICA. The patient was started on antiplatelets and taken for endovascular procedure using 2-mesh-based carotid stents. Patient was discharged after 3 days on antiplatelet therapy. At 1-year follow-up, there were no fresh symptoms. Conclusion: This case emphasizes the role of successful endovascular management of carotid dissection in a young male. These clinical situations may not be fully represented in trials, and a case-based approach is required.

A Case of Mechanical Thrombectomy for Acute Occlusion of the Left Internal Carotid Artery Later than 24 Hours after Onset.

Mechanical thrombectomy is performed on ischemic stroke patients with acute major cerebral artery occlusion within 24 hours of symptom onset. We report a case of delayed mechanical thrombectomy for acute left internal carotid artery occlusion. A 76-year-old woman suddenly presented with dysarthria and right hemiparesis was admitted to her previous hospital. She was treated by conservative therapy. The next day, she was transferred to our hospital 26 hours after onset with a diagnosis of ischemic stroke due to left carotid artery acute occlusion. Contrast CT revealed left carotid artery occlusion. Arterial fibrillation was detected. Mechanical thrombectomy through the right brachial artery was immediately performed. Complete recanalization was achieved without hemorrhagic complication. Her postoperative course was uneventful. In this case, delayed mechanical thrombectomy for acute major cerebral artery occlusion was safely performed 24 hours after symptom onset.

Long-term results of surgical brain revascularization in patients with chronic cerebral insufficiency

The study objective is to evaluate long-term effectiveness of extracranial-intracranial (EC-IC) bypass in patients with symptomatic occlusion of the internal carotid artery (ICA).Materials and methods. From 2013 to 2015, 129 patients (aged 41 to 78, average age – 60 years) were applied EC-IC bypass on the side of ICA symptomatic occlusion at the Department of Neurosurgery of N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine. We revealed right ICA occlusion in 54 patients, left ICA occlusion – in 67, bilateral occlusion – in 8. Symptomatic ICA occlusion was 5 times more often in men. We assessed neurological status in 1, 2, and 3 years using modified Rankin Scale, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, and Rivermead Mobility Index. Computed tomography (CT) angiography of extracranial and intracranial arteries, ultrasound of the anastomosis zone, single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) were performed.Results. In the early postoperative period, according to CT angiography and ultrasound, the anastomosis functioned in 125 (97 %) patients; improvement of regional cerebral perfusion according to SPECT was observed in all examined patients (n = 62). We examined 31 patients in the remote postoperative period. According to CT angiography and ultrasound, anastomosis functioned in 30 (97 %) patients, 30 (97 %) patients demonstrated positive dynamics of neurological status and brain perfusion. There were no repeated ischemic-type cerebral circulatory disorders and repeated transient ischemic attacks in the long-term postoperative period.Conclusion. Positive dynamics after EC-IC bypass was revealed both in early and in distant periods (within 1–3 years). During the surgery, it is necessary to take into account cases of ischemic strokes or transient ischemic attack, ICA occlusion according to CT angiography, a decrease in cerebrovascular reserve (<10 %) according to brain SPECT when tested with acetazolamide. To prevent complications, EC-IC bypass should not be used in patients with severe neurological impairments and concomitant pathology. Properly selected patients and postoperative drug therapy helps prevent repeated ischemic cerebral circulatory disorders.Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.Informed consent. All patients gave written informed consent to participate in the study.