Left-hand Part Research Articles

Hermite-Hadamart Integral Inequality for Differentiable m- Convex Functions

Convexity in connection with integral inequalities is an interesting research domain in recent years. The convexity theory plays a fundamental role in the development of various branches of applied sciences since it includes the theory of convex functions that possesses two important attributes viz. a boundary point is where the maximum value is reached and any local minimum value is a global one. Convexities and inequalities are connected which has a basic character in many branches of pure and applied disciplines. The most important inequality related to convex function is the Hermite-Hadamard integral inequality. The extensions, enhancements and generalizations of this inequality has motivated the researchers in recent years. This paper is an extension of some inequalities connected with difference of the left-hand part as well as the right-hand part from the integral mean in Hermite- Hadamard’s inequality for the case of m- convex functions.

Assessing the application of the revised Remane Model to fish species in a fluvially dominated cool-temperate southern African coastal system

Estuaries are ecologically important areas which support a variety of aquatic species, particularly marine and estuarine fish species. This study represents a case study of the Orange River and Estuary (ORE) to understand patterns in fish assemblages and diversity trends that were compared to the revised Remane Model predictions in an estuary with poor marine fish species richness. A total of 30 species were recorded in the River continuum that comprised 14 freshwater, 10 marine and six estuarine species. Species diversity revealed seasonal variation in fish assemblages during the high-flow and low-flow seasons but not inter-annually. The results revealed that species diversity is lower in higher salinity areas when compared to low salinity areas. These patterns are consistent with the biogeographical trend of decreasing species richness along the South African coast from east to west, however, inconsistent with Remane predictions. The extremely low marine fish richness at its lower end and the extremely large freshwater influx at its upper end are the primary causes of the inconsistency. This may reflects the unsuitability of the Remane model for the Orange Estuary. In comparison to similar river-dominated South African estuaries, the ORE has a low marine species richness. When compared to more conventional South African estuaries, the ORE has a unique biotic environment with low fish species richness of estuarine-associated marine species adjacent to the Benguela upwelling zone and therefore the region does not offer suitable habitat for such species. As a result, the ORE is not a good candidate to test the Remane Model. The data does, however, confirm the left-hand part of the Remane model, which shows a decline in the fish species richness of freshwater fish species as salinity rises towards mesohaline and polyhaline levels.

Construction of ssDNA-Attached LR-Chimera Involving Z-DNA for ZBP1 Binding Analysis.

The binding of proteins to Z-DNA is hard to analyze, especially for short non-modified DNA, because it is easily transferred to B-DNA. Here, by the hybridization of a larger circular single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) with a smaller one, an LR-chimera (involving a left-handed part and a right-handed one) with an ssDNA loop is produced. The circular ssDNAs are prepared by the hybridization of two ssDNA fragments to form two nicks, followed by nick sealing with T4 DNA ligase. No splint (a scaffold DNA for circularizing ssDNA) is required, and no polymeric byproducts are produced. The ssDNA loop on the LR-chimera can be used to attach it with other molecules by hybridization with another ssDNA. The gel shift binding assay with Z-DNA specific binding antibody (Z22) or Z-DNA binding protein 1 (ZBP1) shows that stable Z-DNA can form under physiological ionic conditions even when the extra ssDNA part is present. Concretely, a 5′-terminal biotin-modified DNA oligonucleotide complementary to the ssDNA loop on the LR-chimera is used to attach it on the surface of a biosensor inlaid with streptavidin molecules, and the binding constant of ZBP1 with Z-DNA is analyzed by BLI (bio-layer interferometry). This approach is convenient for quantitatively analyzing the binding dynamics of Z-DNA with other molecules.

Single Base-Modification Reports and Locates Z-DNA Conformation on a Z-B-Chimera Formed by Topological Constraint

Abstract Two complementary mini single-stranded DNA circles can hybridize with each other and form Z-B-chimera with a stable left-handed duplex part under low ionic strength conditions. However, we do not know clearly whether this left-handed part has Z-DNA conformation or a new left-handed one. In this study, 2′-OMe-thG, a fluorescent nucleobase, was introduced to detect the formation of Z-DNA conformation at a fixed point of sequence simply by measuring fluorescence change under various conditions. Results showed that the base pair at the modified site formed and the corresponding duplex structure took the Z-conformation in the Z-B-chimera. Z-DNA can form at low ionic strength such as 1.0 mM MgCl2, 75 mM NaCl or 140 mM KCl, which is lower than that of physiological ionic conditions. We also found that formation of Z-DNA becomes more difficult at lower pH (pH <6). This straightforward approach can be used to investigate Z-DNA formation by observing the fluorescence. Formation of Z-B-chimera can be used as a versatile tool to understand Z-DNA characteristics as well as its biological significance.

Nonalternating purine pyrimidine sequences can form stable left-handed DNA duplex by strong topological constraint.

In vivo, left-handed DNA duplex (usually refers to Z-DNA) is mainly formed in the region of DNA with alternating purine pyrimidine (APP) sequence and plays significant biological roles. It is well known that d(CG)n sequence can form Z-DNA most easily under negative supercoil conditions, but its essence has not been well clarified. The study on sequence dependence of Z-DNA stability is very difficult without modification or inducers. Here, by the strong topological constraint caused by hybridization of two complementary short circular ssDNAs, left-handed duplex part was generated for various sequences, and their characteristics were investigated by using gel-shift after binding to specific proteins, CD and Tm analysis, and restriction enzyme cleavage. Under the strong topological constraint, non-APP sequences can also form left-handed DNA duplex as stable as that of APP sequences. As compared with non-APP sequences, the thermal stability difference for APP sequences between Z-form and B-form is smaller, which may be the reason that Z-DNA forms preferentially for APP ones. This result can help us to understand why nature selected APP sequences to regulate gene expression by transient Z-DNA formation, as well as why polymer with chirality can usually form both duplexes with left- or right-handed helix.

Dispersive analysis of low energy γ*N→πN process

We use a dispersion representation based on unitarity and analyticity to study the low energy $\gamma^* N\rightarrow \pi N$ process in the $S_{11}$ channel. Final state interactions among the $\pi N$ system are critical to this analysis. The left-hand part of the partial wave amplitude is imported from $\mathcal{O}(p^2)$ chiral perturbation theory result. On the right-hand part, the final state interaction is calculated through Omn\`es formula in $S$ wave. It is found that a good numerical fit can be achieved with only one subtraction parameter, and the eletroproduction experimental data of multipole amplitudes $E_{0+},\ S_{0+}$ in the energy region below $\Delta(1232)$ are well described when the photon virtuality $Q^2 \leq 0.1 \mathrm{GeV}^2$.

Tactile comfort characterization of knitted fabrics based on the ring-shaped style tester

The main content of this paper is to objectively characterize the tactile comfort of fabric through the ring-shaped style tester. It mainly explains the objective tactile comfort of knitted fabric through the curve parameters measured by the ring-shaped style tester and structural parameter thickness. In this paper, by adopting the methods of correlation analysis and cluster analysis, the curve parameters, including slope in the linear segments of the left-hand part of the curve ( K1), the right-hand area of the curve ( A2), the distance between the abrupt point and the peak point ( X), the linearity of the left-hand curve ( L) and the ratio of the left-hand area to the right-hand area of the curve ( C), are used. In order to verify its effectiveness, the results of subjective evaluation are compared and analyzed with the objective clustering. The experimental results show that the subjective judgment has good correlation with the objective clustering. This indicates that the curve parameters obtained through the ring-shaped style tester and structural parameters can be used to effectively represent the tactile comfort performance of fabrics.

Antiproliferative Activity of Mycalin A and Its Analogues on Human Skin Melanoma and Human Cervical Cancer Cells.

Mycalin A, a polybrominated C15 acetogenin isolated from the encrusting sponge Mycale rotalis, displays an antiproliferative activity on human melanoma (A375) and cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa) cells and induces cell death by an apoptotic mechanism. Various analogues and degraded derivatives of the natural substance have been prepared. A modification of the left-hand part of the molecule generates the most active substances. A structurally simplified lactone derivative of mycalin A, lacking the C1–C3 side chain, is the most active among the synthesized compounds exhibiting a strong cytotoxicity on both A375 and HeLa cells but not but not on human dermal fibroblast (HDF) used as healthy cells. Further evidence on a recently discovered chlorochromateperiodate-catalyzed process, used to oxidise mycalin A, have been collected.

Planar Vibrations of Rigid Structure Resting on Kinematical Supports of Yu. D. Cherepinsky

The author derives the equation of motion for a structure resting on
 kinematical pendulum supports of Yu.D.Cherepinsky. Both structure and supports are
 assumed to be rigid; no sliding is assumed during rolling. Two components of seismic
 excitation are considered (horizontal one and vertical one). Equation of motion for free
 vibrations looks like that of the free vibrations for massive pendulum support standing
 alone (it was studied earlier). It is fact the equation of motion for pendulum, but center
 of rotation, inertia moment and stiffness are varying with time. This equation may be
 simplified to the linear one by skipping the second order terms. The equation of
 motion for seismic response after linearization is the extension of the Mathieu-Hill’s
 equation, where horizontal component is responsible for the right-hand part (in the
 conventional Mathieu-Hill’s equation it is zero), and vertical component creates
 parametric excitation in the left-hand part. In fact, vertical seismic acceleration
 modifies gravity acceleration g, which controls the effective natural frequency for
 pendulum. Thus, there might appear dynamic instability (though without infinite
 response due to the finite duration of excitation). The author presents numerical
 example.

A Wide-Angle Circularly Polarized Tapered-Slit-Patch Antenna With a Compact Rectifier for Energy-Harvesting Systems [Antenna Applications Corner

A tapered-slit-patch antenna with wide-angle circularly polarized (CP) radiation and a compact rectifier was investigated for energy-harvesting systems. A tapered-slit octagonal-shaped patch radiator was implemented to realize the CP microstrip antenna with wide-angle radiation using a proximity-coupled feed. Eight tapered slits with length difference of 1.3% were embedded along the octagonal directions symmetrically on the microstrip radiator from the patch's center. The antenna prototype showed a gain of more than 5.8 dBic across the CP bandwidth of 7 MHz (894-901 MHz) with a 3-dB axial ratio (AR) beamwidth of more than 180°. A compact composite right/left-handed (CRLH)-based rectifier operating at 900 MHz was designed to be used along with the antenna for radio-frequency (RF) energy-harvesting system. A microstrip line forms the righthanded part of the CRLH transmission line (TL), and the lumped components form the left-handed part of the CRLH TL. The proposed rectifier was compact with size of 0.18λ 0 × 0.075λ 0 × 0.0002λ 0 at 900 MHz with a high RF-dc conversion efficiency of 43%.

Dirac Spinors and Their Application to Bianchi-I Space-Times in 5 Dimensions

We consider a five-dimensional Einstein--Cartan spacetime upon which Dirac spinor fields can be defined. Dirac spinor fields in five and four dimensions share many features, like the fact that both are described by four-component spinor fields, but they are also characterized by strong differences, like the fact that in five dimensions we do not have the possibility to project on left-handed and right-handed chiral parts unlike what happens in the four-dimensional instance: we conduct a polar decomposition of the spinorial fields, so to highlight all similarities and discrepancies. As an application of spinor fields in five dimensions, we study Bianchi-I spacetimes, verifying whether the Dirac fields in five dimensions can give rise to inflation or dark-energy dominated cosmological eras or not.

A dual-band efficient circularly polarized rectenna for RF energy harvesting systems

A multilayered circularly polarized (CP), dual-band, stacked slit-/slotted-patch antenna with compact size and with compact rectifier is offered for RF energy harvesting systems. The compact dual-band CP antenna size is able to achieve by stacking slotted-circular-patch (SCP) on the substrate above the tapered-slit-octagon patch (TSOP). Dual-band CP radiation is realized by stacking the SCP on the TSOP and the microstrip feedline with metallic-via to SCP. Eight-tapered-slit with length difference of 6.25% are embedded along the octagonal directions symmetrically on the TSOP from the patch's center and two unequal size circular slots are embedded in diagonal axis onto SCP to produce dual-orthogonal modes with almost equal magnitude for CP waves. The designed antenna is realized measured gain of greater than 5.2 dBic across the band (0.908-0.922 GHz) with maximum gain of 5.41 dBic at 0.918 GHz and gain of greater than 6.14 dBic across the band (2.35-2.50 GHz) with maximum gain of 7.94 dBic at 2.485 GHz. An overall antenna volume is 0.36λ o × 0.36λ o × 0.026λ o (λ o is free space wavelength at 0.9 GHz). A compact composite right-/left-handed (CRLH) based rectifier with dual-band at 0.9 and 2.45 GHz is designed, prototyped, and measured. The right-handed (RH) part of the CRLH transmission line (TL) is formed by a microstrip line. The left-handed (LH) part of the CRLH-TL is formed by lumped components. The measured RF-DC conversion efficiency is 43% at 0.9 GHz and 39% at 2.45 GHz with rectifier size of 0.18λ o × 0.075λ o × 0.0002λ o at 0.9 GHz.

Optimal design of triaxial weave fabric composites under tension

Triaxial weave fabrics are increasingly used in ultralight structures, such as the wings of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and deployable antenna on spacecraft. The tensile strength to stiffness ratio for these applications is important, requiring an optimal weave pattern; in this paper Genetic Algorithms are used to improve these designs. The mechanical response is obtained using the minimum total complementary potential energy principle where the yarns are approximated as curved beams in a micromechanical unit cell. Leading Genetic Algorithms are benchmarked to determine which perform best. The results form a disconnected Pareto front where the left hand part can be used for flexible structures but is difficult to find. An overall improvement in strength to stiffness ratio of 1191% is made with 643 designs found better than a current example. The selection of the Genetic Algorithm is shown to be crucial with only MLSGA-NSGAII regularly finding the entire Pareto front.

Kwantitatief er en ze

Abstract Quantitative er and ze This paper reconsiders the syntax of indefinite quantitative er and its definite counterpart ze. Quantitative er ‘there’ is obligatory in Dutch when the only visible element in a nominal group is a numeral. I argue that quantitative er is the pronominalization of a lower projection of the nominal group (DP-low) that contains directly modifying adjectives and complements of N but not relative clauses and PP-adjuncts. Quantitative ze is the pronominalization of a higher projection of the nominal group (DP-high) that contains DP-low and the layers to which PP-adjuncts and relative clauses attach. Both quantitative er and ze are weak pronouns that, like all weak pronouns, move to the left-hand part of the middle field. This analysis explains the parallel syntactic distribution of quantitative er and ze and the differences in modifiability of the two pronouns. New evidence for the claim that quantitative er involves pronominalization, not ellipsis, comes from the obligatory lack of gender agreement between the nominal group and the relative pronoun in an asso-ciated relative clause. New evidence for the parallel analysis of er and ze comes from optional haplology when there are two instances of quantitative ze in one clause.

$$\left( p,q\right) $$ p , q -Hermite–Hadamard inequalities and $$\left( p,q\right) $$ p , q -estimates for midpoint type inequalities via convex and quasi-convex functions

In this paper, we prove the correct \(\left( p,q\right) \)-Hermite–Hadamard inequality, some new \(\left( p,q\right) \)-Hermite–Hadamard inequalities, and generalized \(\left( p,q\right) \)-Hermite–Hadamard inequality. By using the left hand part of the correct \(\left( p,q\right) \)-Hermite–Hadamard inequality, we have a new equality. Finally using the new equality, we give some \(\left( p,q\right) \)-midpoint type integral inequalities through \(\left( p,q\right) \)-differentiable convex and \(\left( p,q\right) \)-differentiable quasi-convex functions. Many results given in this paper provide extensions of others given in previous works.

Q-Hermite Hadamard inequalities and quantum estimates for midpoint type inequalities via convex and quasi-convex functions

In this paper, we prove the correct q-Hermite–Hadamard inequality, some new q-Hermite–Hadamard inequalities, and generalized q-Hermite–Hadamard inequality. By using the left hand part of the correct q-Hermite–Hadamard inequality, we have a new equality. Finally using the new equality, we give some q-midpoint type integral inequalities through q-differentiable convex and q-differentiable quasi-convex functions. Many results given in this paper provide extensions of others given in previous works.

Enantioselective Allylations of Selected α,β,γ,δ-Unsaturated Aldehydes by Axially Chiral N,N’-dioxides. Synthesis of the Left-hand Part of Papulacandin D

Enantioselective Allylations of Selected α,β,γ,δ-Unsaturated Aldehydes by Axially Chiral N,N’-dioxides. Synthesis of the Left-hand Part of Papulacandin D

Ultrasmall Dual-Band Metamaterial Antennas Based on Asymmetrical Hybrid Resonators

A new type of hybrid resonant circuit model is investigated theoretically and experimentally. The resonant model consists of a right hand (RH) patch part and a composite right and left handed (CRLH) part (RH + CRLH), which determines a compact size and also a convenient frequency modulation characteristic for the proposed antennas. For experimental demonstration, two antennas are fabricated. The former dual-band antenna operating at f-1=3.5 GHz (Wimax) and f+1=5.25 GHz (WLAN) occupies an area of 0.21λ0×0.08λ0, and two dipolar radiation patterns are obtained with comparable gains of about 6.1 and 6.2 dB, respectively. The latter antenna advances in many aspects such as an ultrasmall size of only 0.16λ0×0.08λ0, versatile radiation patterns with a monopolar pattern at f0=2.4 GHz (Bluetooth), and a dipole one at f+1=3.5 GHz (Wimax) and also comparable antenna gains. Circuit parameters are extracted and researched. Excellent performances of the antennas based on hybrid resonators predict promising applications in multifunction wireless communication systems.

Causal Role of Motor Simulation in Turn-Taking Behavior.

Even during passive observation, seeing or hearing somebody execute an action from within our repertoire activates motor cortices of our brain. But what is the functional relevance of such "motor simulation"? By combining a musical duet task with a real-time repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation protocol, we provide evidence indicating that the dorsal premotor cortex plays a causal role in accurate turn-taking coordination between a pianist and their observed interaction partner. Given that turn-taking behavior is a fundamental feature of human communication, we suggest that simulation is a foundational mechanism underlying the temporal dynamics of communicative joint action.

Chiral symmetry breaking as a geometrical process

This paper is an extension for spinor fields the recently developed Dynamical Bridge formalism which relates a linear dynamics in a curved space to a nonlinear dynamics in Minkowski space. This leads to a new geometrical mechanism to generate a chiral symmetry breaking without mass, providing an alternative explanation for the absence of right-handed neutrinos. We analyze a spinor field obeying the Dirac equation in a curved space which is constructed by its own current. This way, both chiralities of the spinor field satisfy the same dynamics in the curved space. Afterward, the dynamical equation is re-expressed in terms of the flat Minkowski space and then each chiral component behaves differently. The left-handed part of the spinor field satisfies the Dirac equation while the right-handed part is trapped by a Nambu–Jona-Lasinio type potential.