Left-hand Rule Research Articles

Analysis of the Formation Mechanism of Short Circuit Marks

In this study , short -circuit processes were analyzed via simulations and experiments by applying a principle that can interpret the short-circuit marks, which are the most basic inspection criteria in fire-scene investigation. According to Fleming's left-hand rule, a Lorentz force is generated when current and magnetic fields are applied. Railgun, one of the typical applications, utilizes the same basic principle for generating trajectories. Using the same concept, it was interpreted that the molten copper balls generated during a short-circuit process scatter in the load direction similar to a ballistic launch. The simulation and experimental results also confirmed that the copper balls were scattered in the load direction owing to the Lorentz force. Although it is impossible to examine the source and load during a fire-scene investigation process, the study findings will aid in predicting the load by observing the portion where the copper bulbs are relatively frequent. Thus, based on an estimation of the cause of fire, it will be possible to infer reliable results through fire-scene investigation.

The spatial requirements of the left-hand rule: a novel instrument for assessing the coordination of egocentric and allocentric frames of reference

ABSTRACT This paper explores the spatial dimension of Fleming’s Left Hand Rule (LHR), commonly-used in Physics instruction for determining the direction of force using the left hand’s thumb, forefinger and middle finger. A new instrument was developed to gauge students’ ability to coordinate their fingers in 3D space (egocentric frame of reference) based on representations of tasks on paper/screen (allocentric frame of reference). The LHR scores from a sample of 530 Grade 10 and 11 students revealed a significant correlation to standard spatial reasoning measures, with a reliability of 0.77. About 90% of the students scored less than 10 points out of 22, highlighting the relevance of the spatial skills required for articulating the LHR. Science students performed significantly better than non-Science students. The manipulation of the LHR was strongly influenced by the degree of angular disparity between the body frame and task-defined frame and the kinaesthetic constraints required to rotate the triad of fingers as a perpendicular frame.

A conceptual electrophoresis-mediated protein identification method by frictional coefficient during motion under electrical and magnetic interference

Protein Identification (PI) based on conventional Mass Spectrometry (MS) is prone to errors. These errors are a result of the inability to solubilize the protein, interference of detergents, usage of wrong protease enzymes, inability to cleavage of the target protein by proteases, and interference of endogenous or exogenous contaminant molecules and calibrants. Conventional Mass Spectrometric PI is solely based on ionization and mass trajectory of protein in a vacuum. Therefore, it is crucial to develop and modify the existing technique not to be entirely dependent on the ionization and mass of the protein molecule in a vacuum. Other than the mass and an overall electrostatic charge of a protein, characteristic steric hindrance on a protein while travelling through a Polyacrylamide Gel matrix, can be used for accurate identification of proteins in Mass Spectrometry. A concept for a modified Mass Spectrometric method based on a Polyacrylamide Gel platform, to utilize the steric hindrance and friction coefficient of the moving protein under the influence of electric field and magnetic fields is proposed in the article. The theoretical approach of the concept is based on the laws of motion, electrical fields, electromagnetism, and Fleming's Left Hand Rule. In this concept, on a Polyacrylamide Gel platform, in an electric field, protein is accelerated to a constant velocity characteristic of the protein introduced to a magnetic field where the radius of the circular trajectory and ratio of mass and overall surface charge of the accelerated protein is measured. This article directs attention to the modificati on of Mass Spectrometry to improve reliability and accuracy in protein identification.

Intrinsic Spin-Momentum Dynamics of Surface Electromagnetic Waves in Dispersive Interfaces.

Intrinsic spin-momentum locking is an inherent property of surface electromagnetic fields and its study has led to the discovery of phenomena such as unidirectional guided waves and photonic spin lattices. Previously, dispersion was ignored in spin-momentum locking, resulting in anomalies contradicting the apparent physical reality. Here, we formulate four dispersive spin-momentum equations, revealing in theory that transverse spin is locked with kinetic momentum. Moreover, in dispersive metal or magnetic materials spin-momentum locking obeys the left-hand screw rule. In addition to dispersion, structural features can affect substantially this locking. Remarkably, an extraordinary spin originating from coupling polarization ellipticities is uncovered that depends on the symmetry of the field modes. We further identify the properties of this spin-momentum locking with diverse photonic topological lattices by engineering their rotational symmetry akin to that in solid-state physics. The concept of spin-momentum locking based on photon flow properties translates easily to other classical wave fields.

Parallel-motion-type eddy current damper model of rectangular magnet and conductor

Eddy currents in a conductor moving in a non-uniform magnetic field in a static coordinate system are expressed as the superposition of the term by the partial derivative of the magnetic vector potential with respect to time and by the gradient of scalar potential in a stationary-conductor coordinate system. In this study, we proposed the general equation of “gradient of scalar potential is zero” condition (GSPZ condition) throughout the conductor. Additionally, under satisfying the GSPZ condition, we propose the method of obtaining the magnetic damping force from both the magnetic flux densities and the eddy currents calculated using the Biot-Savart law and Fleming's left-hand rule for the parallel-motion-type eddy current damper (GSPZ-A method). The precision of the GSPZ-A method is similar to that of the three-dimensional finite element method (3D-FEM); however, the effect of the secondary magnetic field was not considered. In this study, the GSPZ condition for the parallel-motion-type eddy current damper of a rectangular magnet and conductor of arbitrary dimensions was established. Furthermore, the GSPZ condition was applied to two types of eddy current dampers—one composed of the single square magnet and the other of the combined square magnet with oppositely aligned magnetic poles. The magnetic damping forces calculated using the GSPZ-A method were compared with those obtained from the 3D-FEM and experiments. As a result, the errors from the GSPZ-A method to 3D-FEM for the single and combined magnets were 10 and 0.4 %, respectively.

Curved, expanded and inclined patterns of dynamic double slit/cross‐double slit/grating experiments

Young's 1D-double-slit experiments have been extended to 2D-cross-double-slit experiments, in which more than one 1D-double-slits are crossed at the same spot and each 1D-double-slit creates the interference pattern independently. In this article, the varieties of the double-slit/cross-double-slit/grating experiments are presented. The universal novel phenomena are: (1) the interference/diffraction patterns (hereafter referred as “patterns”) are curved; (2) the patterns are expanded; and (3) the patterns created by the tilt-double slits are inclined to the axis perpendicular to the axis the diaphragm rotates around. The directions of the patterns curved towards are determined by whether the diaphragm rotates clockwise or counter-clockwise. To determine the directions, right-hand rule and left-hand rule are proposed. The degrees of the expansions depend on both the original orientation of the double slit and the angle of the diaphragm rotates. The formulars to calculate the expansion and the inclination of the patterns are derived. The experimental observations support the formulars. The novel phenomena not only make the Feynman's mystery more mysterious, but also provide the comprehensive data/information to theoretical study of the mystery of double slit experiments. Furthermore, the novel phenomena may have potential applications, for example, in antenna system. The phenomenon of the expanded Airy pattern is presented.

Assessment of Student Learning of Operational Procedures in Electromagnetism

In the Chinese high school physics curriculum, three operational procedures are introduced in electromagnetism, namely right-hand grip rule, left-hand rule, and right-hand rule. This often led to confusion for student to differentiate these rules, and thus often focus on the surface characteristics of the problem or be misled by unrelated details. This study adopts the conceptual framework representation to model student understanding, and use it to guide the design of an assessment test on operational procedures in electromagnetism. The conceptual framework maps out the key concepts and their connections within a student’s knowledge structure. In this study, an assessment tool of operational procedures in electromagnetism was developed and tested among Chinese high school students and college freshmen. Based on the testing results of the assessment, students have memory behaviors when using the right-hand grip rule, the left-hand rule and the right-hand rule, and students’ understanding of electromagnetism can be summarized into three progression levels including novice-like, intermediate-mixed, and expert-like. Therefore, in order to help students develop integrated knowledge structures and deeper understanding, the cross product is an important central idea that needs to be emphasized in instruction.

A new optimization algorithm applied in electromagnetics — Maxwell’s equations derived optimization (MEDO)

In this paper, a novel global optimization algorithm, named as Maxwell’s equations derived optimization (MEDO), is proposed. Using the Maxwell’s equations to analyse the behaviors of the time-varying current, the Ampere force is obtained from Fleming’s left hand rule. MEDO introduces an ‘Ampere force’ term, which is derived from Maxwell’s equations and is rigorous in physics, to drive the variables to the global optimal solution in the search space. In addition, introducing ‘gravity’ to MEDO can increase the stability of the optimizations. 11 classical benchmarks are tested, and results show that MEDO can always converge to numerical optimal solutions. To evaluate the proposed MEDO in solving the electromagnetic problems, four practical engineering applications are considered including the linear antenna array synthesis, frequency selected surface optimization, numerical dispersion reduction for finite-difference method, and parameters extraction of typical waveform. These examples are significant in electromagnetics, but tough to be solved because of their high dimensionality and strong nonlinearity. Numerical results show that MEDO can outperform several classic optimization methods, like wind driven optimization (WDO) and particle swarm optimization (PSO). Therefore, the electromagnetics-inspired MEDO is robust and of great potential in solving the electromagnetic optimization problems.

Frame-indifference of cross products, rotations, and the permutation tensor

ABSTRACT Under improper transformations, the traditional transformation laws for cross products, the permutation tensor, and rotations are incorrect. For a cross product, using a counter-example the left-hand rule is proved wrong. The unique rule for a cross product is the right-hand rule. Coordinate systems have handedness, while a cross product is frame-indifference. Since the permutation tensor is defined as a triple product including a cross product, the law for the permutation tensor is false. For a rotation, its pseudovector representation is incorrect, because the mirror is an auxiliary device to produce the virtual image rather than a new coordinate system or reference frame.

Cara Kerja dan Penggunaan Motor Direct Current (DC)

The motor DC is an electromagnetic process on the mechanical and electrical work that the system will be changed the electrical energy as input to the mechanical energy as output response. The Flemming left hand rule to electromagnet field and the current directions have been indicated of the rotor rotation due the speed of marine vehicle. Ward Leonard Rectifier as generator excitation controls the power system on the submarine. We shown on this paper about mini model SOTO NG, BPPT and others example to known the application in the field.Keywords: motor DC, electromagnetism, Flemming, piston tank, submarine.

Implementation of RAM Based Neural Networks on Maze Mapping Algorithms for Wall Follower Robot

A wall follower robot will recognize its environment by knowing the position of the surrounding wall. The goal is that the robot has a good safe navigation system without damaging the walls. For navigation systems, robots use the Maze Mapping method with the left-hand rule, while to study the wall distance pattern is a RAM-based artificial neural network method. The neural network has 3 RAM nodes to process the received environmental patterns. The left sensor, the right sensor, and the front sensor have 8 bits of the input pattern, the pattern will be optimized into 4 bits stored in the RAM node, so that the computing process in the robot becomes faster and simpler [1][4]. RAM discriminator design has 3 RAM nodes. Each RAM node has 4 bit words (x = 4), with a total of 12 input vector bits (n = 12). Each RAM discriminator will receive 48 binary input patterns. The results of environmental polo testing, the wall follower robot can complete the labyrinth path which has 8 intersections and a dead end with a distance of 595 cm, then the next 4 intersections with a distance of 360 cm.

Cell organelle-based analysis of cell chirality

ABSTRACTThe maintenance of tight endothelial junctions requires the establishment of proper cell polarity, which includes not only the apicobasal and front-rear polarity but also the left-right (L-R) polarity. The cell possesses an intrinsic mechanism of orienting the L-R axis with respect to the other axes, following a left-hand or right-hand rule, termed cell chirality. We have previously reported that endothelial cells exhibit a clockwise or rightward bias on ring-shaped micropatterns. Now we further characterize the chirality of individual endothelial cells on micropatterns by analyzing the L-R positioning of the cell centroid relative to the nucleus-centrosome axis. Our results show that the centroids of endothelial cells preferably polarized towards the right side of the nucleus-centrosome axis. This bias is consistent with cell chirality characterized by other methods. These results suggest that the positioning of cell organelles is intrinsically L-R biased inside individual cells. This L-R bias provides an opportunity for determining cell chirality in situ, even in vivo, without the limitations of using isolated cells in in vitro engineered platforms.

Proposal of Maxwell Stress Tensor for Local Force Calculation in Magnetic Body

To investigate the noise reduction of an electrical machine, the deformation and vibration of the cores are evaluated by using the coupled magnetic and mechanical analyses [1]. In these analyses, the local force calculated by using the flux distribution obtained from the magnetic field analysis is required in the mechanical analysis. In the local force calculation [2], the Maxwell stress tensor is usually used. The Maxwell stress tensors are often represented by the Minkowski and Chu models with linear and nonlinear energy expressions, respectively. In the nonlinear magnetic field analysis, the volume forces, which move the magnetic bodies, obtained from both models coincide with each other, whereas their local forces, which deform the magnetic bodies, are different. Therefore, more investigation is required to clarify the suitable expression of the Maxwell stress tensor. In this paper, to clarify the proper expression of the Maxwell stress tensor for the local force calculation of a nonlinear magnetic body, the Maxwell stress tensors are derived from the Fleming’s left hand rule because the volume current density can be used to determine the magnetization in the nonlinear magnetic body. As a result, a new Maxwell stress tensor is derived. The surface force obtained from the new Maxwell stress tensor is compared with those obtained from the ordinary Minkowski and Chu models, and the equivalent magnetizing current method [3] to show the effectiveness and validity of the proposed Maxwell stress tensor.

The symmetric intersection design and traffic control optimization

It is well recognized that the left-turning movement reduces the intersection capacity significantly, because exclusive left turn phases are needed to discharge left turn vehicles only. This paper proposes the concept of Left-Hand Traffic (LHT) arterial, on where vehicles follow left-hand traffic rules as in England and India. The unconventional intersection where a LHT arterial intersects with a Right-Hand Traffic (RHT) arterial is named as symmetric intersection. It is only need three basic signal phases to separate all conflicts at symmetric intersection, while it at least need four signal phases at a conventional intersection. So, compared with the conventional intersection, the symmetric intersection can provide longer green time for the left-turning and the through movement, which can increase the capacity significantly. Through-movement waiting areas (TWAs) can be set at the symmetric intersection effectively, which can increase the capacity and short the cycle length furthermore. And the symmetric intersection is Channelized to improve the safety of TWAs. The Binary-Mixed-Integer-Linear-Programming (BMILP) model is employed to formulate the capacity maximization problem and signal cycle length minimization problem of the symmetric intersection. The BMILP model can be solved by standard branch-and-bound algorithms efficiently and outputs the lane allocation, signal timing decisions, and other decisions. Experiments analysis shows that the symmetric intersection with TWAs can increase the capacity and short the signal cycle length.

Vertical Axis Wind Turbine for Generation of Electricity through Highway Windmill

In this paper our effective approach is to harness electrical energy from the highway by using of vertical axis wind turbine. The smart windmill consists of a stationary shaft which is mounted on the ball bearing on the top and bottom end of the shaft The curvy darrieus blades are connected to the two ends of bearing which is able to rotate on its own axis. The dynamo is connected to the either upper part or lower part of the wind turbine which works on Fleming’s left hand rule of Electromagnetic induction. In highway both at day as well as at night time vehicles will be moving at very high speed. By this method the overall cost per unit of energy produces is less than the cost of new coal, natural gas and its installation. So the implementation can be made easier than any other methods.

The Improvement Magnet Plate on a Reticle Stage of Lithography Equipment through Analyzing Adhesive and Roughness of Plate

Semiconductor lithography scanners are extremely complex equipment which is used to manufacture IC(Intergrated Circuit). Moore's law, which states that the computing power per chip doubles every one and a half to two years, has consistently held for four decades. [1] The exposure system in semiconductor has been rapidly developed based on the Moore's law. Most semiconductor manufacturers have been using ASML scanner for exposure on wafers. The reticle stage of ASML scanner exists over magnet plates. The electric currents are supplied to the coil of the inside magnet，the reticle stage can move forward and backward by Fleming's left hand rule. [3] The reticle stage is synchronized with wafer stage of movement. At that time, scan speed is very fast, reticle stage scan velocity is about 2.4m/sec, in addition acceleration reaches to 9G. So the conditions are very harsh to stage. However, with current technology, we cannot manufacture the whole mass of magnet as long as long stroke of reticle stage. (approximately 2.4m) So they manufacture it on plate by attaching 600mm pieces of magnet. Over time, the magnet plates attached to the main frame are getting weak. At the end of magnet which is the weakest point can be easily cracked because it is changing of flux density in magnet plate. We analyze bonding method between magnet and plate. In addition, we tested it on a different roughness for the plate. Through the change of the material and roughness, we could improve prevent the plate from cracking. In this paper, we propose how to protect broken magnet by changing the material of adhesive and roughness of plate. As a result, we can expect to increase stability in the magnet plate on a reticle stage by more than 10%. [1] G. E. Moore, “Cramming more components onto integrated circuits,” Electron. Mag., vol. 38, no. 8, pp. 4–7, 1965.[2] Hans Butler, “Position control in lithographic equipment”, IEEE Control Systems Magazine, October 2011[3] Kenjō, Takashi, and Shigenobu Nagamori. Permanent-magnet and brushless DC motors. Vol. 18. Oxford University Press, USA, 1985. Figure 1

学生にプレゼンテーションを課すことによる理解度向上の取り組み

An effect of presentation on improving levels of understanding is discussed and reported. In order to improve understanding levels of students, traditional lectures and experimets are not sufficient. We consider that a learned knowledge will be refined through presentation to other person. The understanding levels will be also improved through discussing with listener of the presentation. We assigned our students a presentation task at open campus. They presented about Fleming’ s left hand rule to guests. In this paper, it is evaluated that the understanding levels of students is improved through presentation.

The Ball of Lightning Structure and Creation

By studying a drop of water reaction and behavior on a hot surface while gradually increasing the surface temperature, and by making more experiments on the Leidenfrost Effect, the author explained the ball lightning structure and its dynamic release of energy through one single system of physics. The dynamic action starts when a drop of water is entered in an environment of 10000 oC temperature. The high temperature causes the water drop to form a rotating sphere which has a constant temperature of 99 oC. The sphere of water transforms all extra thermal energy affecting it’s constant temperature to gravity (experimental discovery), and while water sphere is rotating its center, its radius crosses the gravity field. So according to Fleming’s left hand rule, an electrical current in the water mass will be created. This electrical current will split the water molecule to oxygen and hydrogen which will burn outside the water sphere to create the needed thermo energy to continue the rotation of the water sphere and so on the production of gravity, thermal energy, electromagnetic field and light. Jaber’s law gives a new understanding of gravity and compares between stars and ball of lightning, and solves ambiguous matters in our understanding of stars, planets and moons behavior. The second step of understanding ball lightning structure led the author to build his theories, which explained the relation between gravity and temperature of objects, tying his theories with experimental discovery of repulsion between gravity and heat.

A Left-Hand Rule for Faraday's Law

A left-hand rule for Faraday's law is presented here. This rule provides a simple and quick way of finding directional relationships between variables of Faraday's law without using Lenz's rule.

Solving a Reconfigurable Maze using Hybrid Wall Follower Algorithm

A key feature of an autonomous vehicle is the ability to get to a target location while traversing through a previously unknown environment. Mapping the environment will allow the vehicle to find an optimum path. This paper explores this issue by programming a mobile robot to find the shortest route in a reconfigurable maze. A wall follower algorithm with combined left-hand and right-hand rules is implemented upon several different maze configurations. It is found that the hybrid algorithm has improved the maze solving capabilities of the maze robot significantly. General Terms Autonomous, navigation, robotics, localization, mapping.