Activation In Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Research Articles

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) Treatment Reduces Variability in Brain Function in Schizophrenia: Data From a Double-Blind, Randomized, Sham-Controlled Trial.

There is increasing awareness of interindividual variability in brain function, with potentially major implications for repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) efficacy. We perform a secondary analysis using data from a double-blind randomized controlled 4-week trial of 20 Hz active versus sham rTMS to dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) during a working memory task in participants with schizophrenia. We hypothesized that rTMS would change local functional activity and variability in the active group compared with sham. 83 participants were randomized in the original trial, and offered neuroimaging pre- and post-treatment. Of those who successfully completed both scans (n = 57), rigorous quality control left n = 42 (active/sham: n = 19/23), who were included in this analysis. Working memory-evoked activity during an N-Back (3-Back vs 1-Back) task was contrasted. Changes in local brain activity were examined from an 8mm ROI around the rTMS coordinates. Individual variability was examined as the mean correlational distance (MCD) in brain activity pattern from each participant to others within the same group. We observed an increase in task-evoked left DLPFC activity in the active group compared with sham (F1,36 = 5.83, False Discovery Rate (FDR))-corrected P = .04). Although whole-brain activation patterns were similar in both groups, active rTMS reduced the MCD in activation pattern compared with sham (F1,36 = 32.57, P < .0001). Reduction in MCD was associated with improvements in attention performance (F1,16 = 14.82, P = .0014, uncorrected). Active rTMS to DLPFC reduces individual variability of brain function in people with schizophrenia. Given that individual variability is typically higher in schizophrenia patients compared with controls, such reduction may "normalize" brain function during higher-order cognitive processing.

The impact of anger on intertemporal decision-making in individuals with internet addiction: an fNIRS study.

Intertemporal decision-making is the choice between an immediate smaller reward (SS) and a delayed larger reward (LL). Intertemporal decision-making depends on the interaction of the cognitive and emotional systems, and the latter is particularly vital. According to the Appraisal Tendency Frame (ATF) theory, anger influences intertemporal decision-making by increasing an individual's sense of certainty and control. This study examined whether anger affects intertemporal decision-making in individuals with internet addiction (IA) in this manner and investigated its neural mechanisms. Nineteen individuals with IA and 20 healthy controls were recruited. All subjects performed the Monetary choice task under anger and neutral emotions while functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) equipment simultaneously recorded the hemodynamics in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Individuals with IA showed a more considerable delay discount and lower brain activations in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (L-dlPFC) compared to HC. Moreover, individuals with IA made more LL choices in the angry condition than in the neutral emotion, yet there was no difference in HC. The brain activation in L-dlPFC of individuals with IA tends to increase in the angry condition compared to the neutral condition. These findings revealed that impairment of intertemporal decision-making in individuals with individuals with IA might be related to the dysfunction of OFC and L-dlPFC. Our work also provided initial footing for the applicability of the appraisal tendency frame theory to individuals with IA, and L-dlPFC might play a role in the effects of anger on intertemporal decision-making.

Volleyball training improves working memory in children aged 7 to 12 years old: an fNIRS study.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of a 12-wk extracurricular volleyball training on working memory from both behavioral and cerebral aspects. A total of 80 children were randomized assigned to (i) the experimental group, who engaged in extracurricular volleyball training for 60 min, thrice a week for 12 wk, and (ii) the control group, who maintained their regular daily routine. Working memory was evaluated in both groups using the N-back task before and after the intervention. Furthermore, functional near-infrared spectroscopy was employed to monitor the level of oxygenated hemoglobin in the prefrontal cortex. The experimental group performed better in the behavioral task than the control group, as evidenced by a shorter response time and a higher correct rate. The functional near-infrared spectroscopy results suggested that the activation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group. In addition, correlation analyses showed that the enhancement of left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activation was significantly correlated with decreasing response time and improving response accuracy in the N-back task. These findings suggest that the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is likely the neural substrate for improved working memory performance elicited by 12-wk open skill exercise.

Pupil dynamics during very light exercise predict benefits to prefrontal cognition

Physical exercise, even stress-free very-light-intensity exercise such as yoga and very slow running, can have beneficial effects on executive function, possibly by potentiating prefrontal cortical activity. However, the exact mechanisms underlying this potentiation have not been identified. Evidence from studies using pupillometry demonstrates that pupil changes track the real-time dynamics of activity linked to arousal and attention, including neural circuits from the locus coeruleus to the cortex. This makes it possible to examine whether pupil-linked brain dynamics induced during very-light-intensity exercise mediate benefits to prefrontal executive function in healthy young adults. In this experiment, pupil diameter was measured during 10 min of very-light-intensity exercise (30% V˙o2peak). A Stroop task was used to assess executive function before and after exercise. Prefrontal cortical activation during the task was assessed using multichannel functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). We observed that very-light-intensity exercise significantly elicited pupil dilation, reduction of Stroop interference, and task-related left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activation compared with the resting-control condition. The magnitude of change in pupil dilation predicted the magnitude of improvement in Stroop performance. In addition, causal mediation analysis showed that pupil dilation during very-light-intensity exercise robustly determined subsequent enhancement of Stroop performance. This finding supports our hypothesis that the pupil-linked mechanisms, which may be tied to locus coeruleus activation, are a potential mechanism by which very light exercise enhances prefrontal cortex activation and executive function. It also suggests that pupillometry may be a useful tool to interpret the beneficial impact of exercise on boosting cognition.

Altered Associations Between Task Performance and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Activation During Cognitive Control in Schizophrenia

BackgroundDysfunctional cognitive control processes are now well understood to be core features of schizophrenia (SZ). A body of work suggests that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) plays a critical role in explaining cognitive control disruptions in SZ. Here, we examined relationships between DLPFC activation and drift rate (DR), a model-based performance measure that combines reaction time and accuracy, in people with SZ and healthy control (HC) participants. MethodsOne hundred fifty-one people with recent-onset SZ spectrum disorders and 118 HC participants performed the AX–Continuous Performance Task during functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning. Proactive cognitive control–associated activation was extracted from left and right DLPFC regions of interest. Individual behavior was fit using a drift diffusion model, allowing DR to vary between task conditions. ResultsBehaviorally, people with SZ showed significantly lower DRs than HC participants, particularly during high proactive control trial types (“B” trials). Recapitulating previous findings, the SZ group also demonstrated reduced cognitive control–associated DLPFC activation compared with HC participants. Furthermore, significant group differences were also observed in the relationship between left and right DLPFC activation with DR, such that positive relationships between DR and activation were found in HC participants but not in people with SZ. ConclusionsThese results suggest that DLPFC activation is less associated with cognitive control–related behavioral performance enhancements in SZ. Potential mechanisms and implications are discussed.

Neurohemodynamic correlates of BDNF gene expression in schizophrenia patients with working memory deficits: A functional MRI study.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is involved in neuroplasticity underlying cognitive deficits, including working memory deficits (WMD), in schizophrenia. Methodological challenges and inconsistencies are reported with peripheral BDNF levels. Left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is proposed to underlie WMD, though inconsistently. We aimed to explore the correlations between brain activation during working memory task-based functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) and BDNF gene expression in schizophrenia patients with WMD. 26 patients with schizophrenia with established WMD were recruited for the study. Blood samples were collected to study lymphocyte BDNF gene expression. Patients underwent task-based fMRI to examine the working memory performance and related brain activation. Whole-brain analysis was performed with 2-back >0-back and 2-back >rest contrast. The peak intensity values of the activation were used for correlation analysis. Whole brain analysis with 2-back >rest contrast revealed maximum activation in left DLPFC, Brodmann area 9 (t=10.54, FWE corrected p<0.05). The baseline BDNF gene expression correlated positively with the peak intensity of brain activation in left DLPFC (r=0.365, p=0.033). Negative symptom score negatively correlated with BDNF gene expression (r=-0.499, p=0.005) and left DLPFC fMRI activation (r=-0.393, p=0.023) respectively. We found a significant positive association between BDNF gene expression and the activation of the DLPFC during the working memory task. This novel observation needs further systematic evaluation to establish the potential role of peripheral BDNF expression in WMD in schizophrenia.

Age differences in brain activity in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and supplementary motor areas during three different walking speed tasks.

Functional Near-Infrared Spectrometry (fNIRS) is a novel neuroimaging method that can detect brain activity during functional activities. The prefrontal cortex and supplemental motor area (SMA) are active during normal and fast speed walking. However, it is unclear how age difference affects brain activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and SMA when walking at different speeds. The purpose of this study was to investigate the age differences in DLPFC and SMA activation during different walking speeds. 10 younger (5F; 25±8 y.o.) and 10 older adults (5F; 73±6 y.o.) completed three visits in this study. Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy was used to detect hemodynamic changes on right and left hemispheres over the DLPFC and SMA during self-selected slow, preferred, and fast walking speeds. The results showed significantly increased DLPFC and SMA activity in older adults compared to younger adults when walking at preferred normal, fast, and slow speeds. Older adults also had a higher left DLPFC activation during preferred fast walking speed than younger adults. The results suggest that there are age differences in the DLPFC and SMA activation, with older adults demonstrating increased DLPFC and SMA activity across all walk conditions compared to younger adults. This may indicate older adults require higher cognitive demand and need to recruit indirect motor pathways when changing gait speed by increasing SMA activation.

Cognitive fatigue due to exercise under normobaric hypoxia is related to hypoxemia during exercise

We previously found that a 10-min bout of moderate-intensity exercise (50% maximal oxygen uptake) under normobaric and hypoxic conditions (fraction of inspired oxygen [{{text{F}}_text{IO}}_{_{2}}] = 0.135) reduced executive performance and neural activity in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). To examine whether this cognitive fatigue is due to a decrease in SpO2 during exercise, we compared executive performance and related prefrontal activation between two experimental conditions, in which the participants inhaled normobaric hypoxic gas ({{text{F}}_text{IO}}_{_{2}}= 0.135) (hypoxic exercise [HE]) or hypoxic gas adjusted so that SpO2 during exercise remained at the resting level (milder hypoxic exercise [ME]). ME condition showed that reaction time in executive performance decreased (t[13] = 2.228, P < 0.05, d = 0.34, paired t-test) and left DLPFC activity increased (t[13] = -2.376, P < 0.05, d = 0.63, paired t-test) after exercise compared with HE condition. These results showed that the HE-induced reductions in the left DLPFC activity and executive performance were both suppressed in the ME condition, supporting the hypothesis that exercise-induced cognitive fatigue under hypoxic environment is due to hypoxemia during exercise. This may lead to the development of a method of coping with cognitive fatigue due to exercise that causes hypoxemia.

Frontal asymmetry as a core feature of major depression: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study.

Background:Frontal asymmetry plays a major role in depression. However, patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD) have widespread hypofrontality. We investigated whether patients with TRD have a characteristic frontal activation pattern in functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) findings and how the frontal cortex responds to different levels of cognitive tasks.Methods:We enrolled 27 right-handed patients with TRD, 27 patients without TRD and 27 healthy controls. We used multichannel fNIRS to evaluate activation of the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) and left motor area in response to 3 tasks: finger tapping, a low cognitive–load motor task; verbal fluency, a moderate cognitive–load task; and a dual task involving simultaneous finger tapping and verbal fluency, a high cognitive–load task.Results:We found significant between-group differences in left DLPFC activation for all 3 tasks. The healthy controls had cortical activation in the left motor area during finger tapping and the bilateral frontal cortex during the dual task. However, patients without TRD had right VLPFC activation during finger tapping and left DLPFC activation during the dual task. Patients with TRD had bilateral DLPFC activation during finger tapping but exhibited increased bilateral VLPFC and left motor area activation during verbal fluency and increased left motor area activation during the dual task. In healthy controls and patients without TRD, we found that the right VLPFC was positively correlated with depression severity.Limitations:Our cohort included only patients with late-onset depression.Conclusion:We found different patterns of abnormal frontal activation between patients with and without TRD. In patients without TRD, the right prefrontal cortex (PFC) was recruited during simple motor tasks. However, in patients with TRD, the bilateral PFC was recruited during simple tasks and motor cortical resources were used compensatorily during PFC-demanding complex cognitive tasks.

Neural Mechanism of Shentai Tea Polyphenols on Cognitive Improvements for Individuals with Subjective Cognitive Decline: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study.

A growing awareness about non-pharmacological intervention for cognitively impaired individuals may represent an alternative therapeutic approach that is actively accepted by patients with very early stage of Alzheimer's disease. Understanding the neural basis of non-pharmacological intervention is a crucial step toward wide use for patients with cognitive disorders. To investigate the underlying neural mechanism of shentai tea polyphenols in subjects with subjective cognitive decline (SCD) using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). A total number of 36 patients with SCD participated in the study and received supplementation with shentai tea polyphenols for three months. All participants underwent a series of tests on neuropsychological function and fNIRS assessment during n-back tasks at baseline and follow-up. After intervention with shentai tea polyphenols in SCD, increased cerebral activity was observed in left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), left premotor cortex (PMC), left primary somatosensory cortex (PSC), right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), and premotor cortex (PMC). Moreover, shentai tea polyphenols intervention of three months significantly improved SCD subjects' cognitive functions (memory, language, and subjective cognitive ability) and depression condition. We further found that the improvement of Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and Auditory Verbal Learning Test-recognition scores had positive correlations with increased brain activity in right IFG and left DLPFC, respectively. This study provides new evidence that the frontal cortex was found to be specifically activated after non-pharmacological intervention of shentai tea polyphenols in SCD, which may be associated with cognitive enhancement and mental wellbeing. These findings provide important implications for the selection of shentai tea polyphenols interventions for SCD.

Brain activation during verbal fluency task in type II bipolar disorder patients: a near-infrared spectroscopy study

BackgroundPrevious studies have shown that BD patients exhibited impairment when performing a verbal fluency task (VFT) and abnormal prefrontal cortex activation during this task. However, no study has specifically examined whether patients with type II BD demonstrate difficulty in performing VFT and impairments in relevant neural correlates or whether these are related to psychotic symptoms, the present study aimed to examine these issues. MethodsForty-nine patients with type II BD (21 patients with psychotic symptoms [BDIIp] and 28 patients without psychotic symptoms [BDIIn]) and 45 matched healthy controls (HCs) participated the study and completed the VFTs, while their brain activity was recorded with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). ResultsBoth BDIIp and BDIIn patients showed poorer performance on VFTs than HCs. In addition, BDII patients showed lower brain activation than HCs in bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and right frontal pole, these results were mainly driven by BDIIn patients. Moreover, subjective psychotic symptoms were positively significantly correlated with left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activation in BDII patients. ConclusionsType II BD patients showed significant impairment when performing VFTs and reduced activation in the prefrontal cortex, and subjective psychotic symptoms were associated with brain activation in left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in BDII patients.

Mechanisms Underlying Unconscious Processing and Their Alterations in Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: Neuroimaging of Zero Monetary Outcomes Contextually Framed as "No Losses" vs. "No Gains".

Although unconscious processing is a key element of mental operation, its neural correlates have not been established. Also, clinical observations suggest that unconscious processing may be involved in the pathophysiology of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but the neurobiological mechanisms underlying such impairments remain unknown. The purpose of the present study was to examine putative mechanisms underlying unconscious processing by healthy participants and to determine whether these mechanisms may be altered in PTSD patients. Twenty patients with PTSD and 27 healthy individuals were administered a validated wheel of fortune-type gambling task during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Unconscious processing was elicited using unconscious contextual framing of the zero monetary outcomes as “no loss,” “no gain” or as “neutral.” Brief passive visual processing of the “no loss” vs. “no gain” contrast by healthy participants yielded bilateral frontal-, temporal- and insular cortices and striatal activations. Between-group comparison revealed smaller activity in the left anterior prefrontal-, left dorsolateral prefrontal-, right temporal- and right insular cortices and in bilateral striatum in PTSD patients with the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activity been more pronounced in those with greater PTSD severity. These observations implicate frontal-, temporal-, and insular cortices along with the striatum in the putative mechanisms underlying unconscious processing of the monetary outcomes. Additionally, our results support the hypothesis that PTSD is associated with primary cortical and subcortical alterations involved in the above processes and that these alterations may be related to some aspects of PTSD symptomatology.

Personality Traits Modulate the Impact of Emotional Stimuli During a Working Memory Task: A Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the influence of personality traits on the impact of emotional stimuli focusing on n-back task performance and brain activity changes. Previous neuroimaging studies have reported that individual differences in emotional processing can be attributed to personality traits, which is linked to the hemisphere-specific activity of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in response to emotional stimuli. Thirty right-handed healthy young male participants were recruited in this study and classified into two groups, the behavioral inhibition system (BIS) group and behavioral activation system (BAS) group, based on their scores on the BIS/BAS scale. Participants saw six emotional images (two each with negative, neutral, and positive valence), which were selected from the International Affective Picture System and validated in a preliminary experiment. Then, a dual 2-back task that simultaneously employed auditory-verbal and visuospatial stimuli was conducted. Additionally, the concentration of oxygenated hemoglobin (Oxy-Hb) changes in the DLPFC was measured during the image presentation and dual 2-back task by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). The task performance showed a significantly increased reaction time (RT) in the negative valence independent of personality traits. The results of Oxy-Hb changes showed a significant interaction between personality traits and emotional valence. Further, the hemisphere-subgroup analysis revealed that the right DLPFC activity was significantly higher in the negative valence than in the neutral valence in the BIS group; the right DLPFC activity was also significantly higher in the BIS group than in the BAS group in the positive valence. There was no main effect or interaction in the left DLPFC activity. These findings suggest the importance of considering personality traits when examining the impact of emotional stimuli. Further studies with large sample sizes warranted to examine the influence emotional stimuli exert on working memory performance, considering the personality traits to better understand individual differences in emotional processing.

Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Indicates That Asymmetric Right Hemispheric Activation in Mental Rotation of a Jigsaw Puzzle Decreases With Task Difficulty.

Mental rotation (MR) is a cognitive skill whose neural dynamics are still a matter of debate as previous neuroimaging studies have produced controversial results. In order to investigate the underlying neurophysiology of MR, hemodynamic responses from the prefrontal cortex of 14 healthy subjects were recorded with functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) during a novel MR task that had three categorical difficulty levels. Hemodynamic activity strength (HAS) parameter, which reflects the ratio of brain activation during the task to the baseline activation level, was used to assess the prefrontal cortex activation localization and strength. Behavioral data indicated that the MR requiring conditions are more difficult than the condition that did not require MR. The right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) was found to be active in all conditions and to be the dominant region in the easiest task while more complex tasks showed widespread bilateral prefrontal activation. A significant increase in left DLPFC activation was observed with increasing task difficulty. Significantly higher right DLPFC activation was observed when the incongruent trials were contrasted against the congruent trials, which implied the possibility of a robust error or conflict-monitoring process during the incongruent trials. Our results showed that the right DLPFC is a core region for the processing of MR tasks regardless of the task complexity and that the left DLPFC is involved to a greater extent with increasing task complexity, which is consistent with the previous neuroimaging literature.

Localization of Brain Networks Engaged by the Sustained Attention to Response Task Provides Quantitative Markers of Executive Impairment in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.

Objective: To identify cortical regions engaged during the sustained attention to response task (SART) and characterize changes in their activity associated with the neurodegenerative condition amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Methods: High-density electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded from 33 controls and 23 ALS patients during a SART paradigm. Differences in associated event-related potential peaks were measured for Go and NoGo trials. Sources active during these peaks were localized, and ALS-associated differences were quantified. Results: Go and NoGo N2 and P3 peak sources were localized to the left primary motor cortex, bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and lateral posterior parietal cortex (PPC). NoGo trials evoked greater bilateral medial PPC activity during N2 and lesser left insular, PPC and DLPFC activity during P3. Widespread cortical hyperactivity was identified in ALS during P3. Changes in the inferior parietal lobule and insular activity provided very good discrimination (AUROC > 0.75) between patients and controls. Activation of the right precuneus during P3 related to greater executive function in ALS, indicative of a compensatory role. Interpretation: The SART engages numerous frontal and parietal cortical structures. SART–EEG measures correlate with specific cognitive impairments that can be localized to specific structures, aiding in differential diagnosis.

Acquisition of chopstick-operation skills with the non-dominant hand and concomitant changes in brain activity

Despite their common use as eating utensils in East Asia, chopsticks require complex fine motor-skills for adequate operation and are thus most frequently used with the dominant hand; however, the effect of training time on the proficiency of using chopsticks with the non-dominant hand, as well as the brain activity underlying changes in skill, remain unclear. This study characterised the effect of time spent training in chopstick operation with the non-dominant hand on chopstick-use proficiency and the related brain activity to obtain data that may help individuals who are obliged to change handedness due to neurological disease to learn to use their non-dominant hand in performing daily activities. Thirty-two healthy right-handed students were randomly allocated to training (n = 16) or control (n = 16) groups; the former received 6 weeks of training in chopstick use with their non-dominant (left) hand, and the latter received none. After training, significant improvements in the execution speed and smoothness of upper extremity joints were observed in the training group. Moreover, left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activity significantly decreased, and bilateral premotor cortex activity significantly increased across training. These results indicated that 6 weeks of chopstick training with the non-dominant hand effectively improved chopstick operation.

Brain oscillation-synchronized stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in depression using real-time EEG-triggered TMS

BackgroundRepetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is an effective treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD), but response rates are low and effect sizes small. Synchronizing TMS pulses with instantaneous brain oscillations can reduce variability and increase efficacy of TMS-induced plasticity. ObjectiveTo study whether brain oscillation-synchronized rTMS is feasible, safe and has neuromodulatory effects when targeting the DLPFC of patients with MDD. MethodsUsing real-time EEG-triggered TMS we conducted a pseudo-randomized controlled single-session crossover trial of brain oscillation-synchronized rTMS of left DLPFC in 17 adult patients with antidepressant-resistant MDD. Stimulation conditions in separate sessions were: (1) rTMS triggered at the negative EEG peak of instantaneous alpha oscillations (alpha-synchronized rTMS), (2) a variation of intermittent theta-burst stimulation (modified iTBS), and (3) a random alpha phase control condition. ResultsTriggering TMS at the negative peak of instantaneous alpha oscillations by real-time analysis of the electrode F5 EEG signal was successful in 15 subjects. Two subjects reported mild transient discomfort at the site of stimulation during stimulation; no serious adverse events were reported. Alpha-synchronized rTMS, but not modified iTBS or the random alpha phase control condition, reduced resting-state alpha activity in left DLPFC and increased TMS-induced beta oscillations over frontocentral channels. ConclusionsAlpha-synchronized rTMS of left DLPFC is feasible, safe and has specific single-session neuromodulatory effects in patients with antidepressant-resistant MDD. Future studies need to further elucidate the mechanisms, optimize the parameters and investigate the therapeutic potential and efficacy of brain oscillation-synchronized rTMS in MDD.

Does traditional asian vegetables (ulam) consumption correlate with brain activity using fMRI? A study among aging adults from low-income households.

BackgroundWorking memory and cognitive flexibility are supported by the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Aging adults from low‐income households are individuals with a high risk of cognitive decline who incorporate ulam in their daily diet.PurposeTo examine relationship between ulam consumption and the working memory and cognitive flexibility among aging adults from low‐income households who are more susceptible to cognitive decline.Study TypeCross‐sectional.Population/SubjectsThirty‐two aging adults (45–75 years old).Field Strength/SequenceTask‐based fMRI, 3.0T, T1‐weighted anatomical images, T2*‐weighted imaging data.AssessmentThe dietary and ulam consumption were assessed using the respective validated Dietary History and semiquantitative Food Frequency questionnaires. Working memory and cognitive flexibility were evaluated by using neuropsychological batteries (ie, mini‐mental state examination [MMSE], Digit Span, and Rey auditory verbal learning test [RAVLT]) and task‐based fMRI (N‐back and Stroop Color Word Test [SCWT]). Brodmann's areas 9 and 46 were the regions of interest (ROIs) of DLPFC activation.Statistical TestsMultiple linear regression used to understand the relationship between ulam consumption and the working memory and cognitive flexibility, while analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to compare the difference of working memory and cognitive flexibility among four percentiles of ulam consumption, after age, gender, and education years adjustments. Significance was decided by two‐sided, P < 0.0042 and P < 0.05.ResultsThe multiple linear regression revealed that ulam consumption was positively associated with the Digit Span (R2 = 0.51, β = 0.702, P < 0.001), right DLPFC activation (1‐back) (R2 = 0.34, β = 0.591, P = 0.001), left DLPFC activation (SCWT‐1) (R2 = 0.33, β = 0.553, P = 0.002), and left DLPFC activation (SCWT‐2) (R2 = 0.34, β = 0.497, P = 0.004). The ulam consumption at the 75th and 100th percentile from the ANCOVA analysis had shown a better working memory and cognitive flexibility as compared with those of the 25th and 50th percentiles (P < 0.05).Data ConclusionThis study found that high ulam consumption was related to a high intensity of brain activation in DLPFC; however, the elucidation of the neuroprotective properties of ulam have yet to be established from clinical trial studies. Level of Evidence: 2 Technical Efficacy: Stage 4J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;51:1142–1153.

Association of Cortical Glutamate and Working Memory Activation in Patients With Schizophrenia: A Multimodal Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study

BackgroundCognitive deficits such as working memory (WM) impairment are core features of schizophrenia. One candidate marker for the integrity of synaptic neurotransmission necessary for cognitive processes is glutamate. It is frequently postulated that antipsychotic medication possibly alters functional mechanisms in the living brain. We tested in vivo for group differences in activation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) during WM performance and the association with glutamate concentration in DLPFC depending on medication status. MethodsA total of 90 subjects (35 control subjects, 36 medicated patients, and 19 unmedicated patients) contributed magnetic resonance spectroscopy data. We estimated glutamate in left DLPFC. Subjects performed an n-back WM task (2-back vs. 0-back) during functional magnetic resonance imaging, and local activation in left DLPFC was measured. For analysis of association with medication status, we calculated linear regression models including an interaction effect with group. ResultsMedicated and unmedicated patients with schizophrenia showed impaired performance. We found significantly reduced WM activation in left DLPFC in medicated patients and a trendwise reduction in unmedicated patients as compared with control subjects. We found no group difference in local glutamate concentration. However, we found differential effects of medication status on the association between local glutamate concentration and WM activation in left DLPFC, with a positive association in unmedicated patients but not in medicated patients. ConclusionsWe provide evidence that WM-dependent activation is associated with glutamate concentration in unmedicated patients with schizophrenia. Our finding points to putative allostatic changes that affect the functioning of the brain and might be altered through medication.

Executive Function Performance And Cortical Activation When Cycling On An Active Workstation In Young Adults

BACKGROUND: Previous studies suggested that exercise on an active workstation while working may be a promising intervention strategy for reducing sedentary time at workplace. The influence of active workstation on cognitive function are not well studied and the existing studies yielded mixed findings. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of cycling on an active workstation on executive function and cortical activation in young adults. METHODS: In a cross-over study design, 35 young adults (mean age = 21.4 ± 2.6 years, 45.7% females) were randomly assigned the following two task conditions separated by 48 hours: performing cognitive tests while sitting (SIT) and performing cognitive tests while self-paced cycling on an active workstation (ACTIVE). Executive function was assessed by a task-switching paradigm and Stroop Color and Word Test (SCWT) programed using E-Prime 2 professional (Psychology Software Tools, Inc., Sharpsburg, PA, USA), respectively. Global switch costs, local switch costs and Stroop effects were derived and used as the behavioral outcomes of the two tasks. Cortical activation during the two conditions was monitored using a 38-channel fNIRS (NIRx Medical Technologies LLC, USA). RESULTS: There were no significant differences on Stroop effects (136.25 ± 125.67 vs. 101.61 ± 137.10, p = 0.19) between SIT and ACTIVE conditions. The global switch costs (463.19 ± 206.86 vs. 452.77 ± 167.05, p = 0.73) and local switch costs (-6.14 ± 147.22 vs. 9.97 ± 156.08, p = 0.70) also did not differ. For the fNIRS results, ACTIVE condition led to greater cortical activity in left-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (left-DLPFC) related to Stroop effects (0.88 ± 17.75 vs. 13.85 ± 19.44 a.u, p = 0.02). For the task switch test, there were no significant differences in cortical activation between SIT and ACTIVE conditions. CONCLUSION: The results suggests that the performances on Stroop task and task-switching were not impaired by self-paced cycling on a workstation. Importantly, cycling led to greater recruitment of sub-region of prefrontal cortex indicated by a greater cortical activation related to Stroop effects in the left-DLPFC.