Leea Macrophylla Research Articles

Unveiling the apoptotic potential of antioxidant-rich Bangladeshi medicinal plant extractives and computational modeling to identify antitumor compounds

Nowadays, there has been a significant surge in the exploration of anticancer compounds derived from medicinal plants due to their perceived safety and efficacy. Therefore, our objective was to investigate the antioxidant and antiproliferative properties, along with the phytoconstituents, of methanol extracts from various parts of 15 selected Bangladeshi medicinal plants. Standard spectrophotometric methods and confocal microscopy were utilized to assess the antioxidant and antiproliferative potential of these extracts. Additionally, phytochemical profiling was executed through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Among the extractives, Bombax ceiba bark exhibited the highest scavenging capacity against DPPH (IC50: 10.3 ± 0.7 μg/mL) and hydroxyl (IC50: 3.9 ± 0.1 μg/mL) free radicals. Furthermore, the total antioxidants, reducing power, and polyphenols of B. ceiba bark were higher than those of other extracts. B. ceiba bark also showed significant antiproliferative capacity against MCF-7 cells (86.67 %) in the MTT assay, followed by Cocos nucifera roots (83.92 %), Bixa orellana leaves (44.09 %), and Leea macrophylla roots (25 %). Moreover, B. ceiba bark, L. macrophylla roots, C. nucifera roots, and B. orellana leaves-treated Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells demonstrated growth inhibition rates of 87.27 %, 80.45 %, 42.9 %, and 37.27 %, respectively. Fluorescence microscopic analysis of EAC cells treated with these extracts revealed apoptotic features such as condensed chromatin, cell shrinkage, nucleus fragmentation, and membrane blebbing compared to untreated EAC cells. The GC-MS analysis of B. ceiba bark identified 18 compounds, including various alcohols, alkenes, and esters. Additionally, a molecular docking study revealed oxalic acid, cyclohexyl dodecyl ester as the most potent compound (−6.5) active against breast cancer. In summary, our results demonstrate that B. ceiba bark possesses robust antioxidant and antiproliferative properties, along with potent antitumor compounds, which could be utilized in the treatment of carcinoma.

Evaluation of antibacterial activity, in-vitro cytotoxicity and catalytic activity of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles using leaf extracts of Leea macrophylla

Nanotechnology has become a cutting-edge field of research that has emerged as an interdisciplinary research area and contributes to almost every field of science. With the increasing demand for sustainable greener products, attention has recently been focused on green nanotechnology. This study manifested the aptitude of Leea macrophylla (LM) leaf extract, fortified with phytochemicals, to biosynthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) for the first time. As soon as the AgNPs were biosynthesized, they immediately changed color, and the distinctive surface plasmon resonance (SPR) occurred at 420 nm in the Ultraviolet–Visible spectrum, proving that the biosynthesis had been successful. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to examine the phytochemicals present in the LM leaf extract, those are accountable for the formation and stabilization of AgNPs. The Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) revealed the formation of quasi spherical silver nanoparticles with an average diameter of 22.77 nm. Synthesized nanoparticles were further characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron microscope (FESEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The production of AgNPs with high metal content from LM leaf extract exhibited encouraging results. The LM leaf extract mediated silver nanoparticles evinced significant antibacterial and catalytic activities. The cytotoxicity effects of biosynthesized AgNPs were tested on brine shrimps.

Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Vascular Plants: 74

SummaryThe following two generic names are recommended for conservation: Eulophia vs. Geodorum and Potentilla with conserved type. The following two generic names are not recommended for conservation: Ailanthus with feminine gender (because the proposal is unnecessary) and Kyphocarpa with that spelling (because the proposal is unnecessary). No recommendation is made regarding proposals to conserve Eriobotrya vs. Rhaphiolepis or Ferulago with conserved type. The following 24 species names are recommended for conservation: Acalypha wilkesiana vs. A. tricolor, Anthurium ×macrolobum vs. A. ×dentatum, Anthurium microspadix vs. A. porrectum, Asplenium arifolium with conserved type, Bosea yervamora with conserved type, Bougainvillea spectabilis vs. B. brasiliensis, Brugmansia aurea Lagerh. vs. B. aurea Harrison, Cachrys libanotis with conserved type, Cistus laevis vs. C. pilosus, Cistus violaceus vs. C. racemosus, Erysimum violascens, Ficus trigona with conserved type, Hedyotis diffusa with conserved type, Incarvillea arguta vs. I. diffusa, Lechea verticillata with conserved type, Leea macrophylla vs. Aralia lappifolia, Mesembryanthemum vanputtenii with that spelling, Nicotiana benthamiana with (amended) conserved type, Ophrys sphegodes with conserved type, Pancratium flavum vs. P. croceum, Rubus dolichophyllus vs. R. chingianus, Triticum caninum with conserved type, Urtica involucrata Roxb. vs. U. involucrata Sims, and Warczewiczella marginata vs. Zygopetalum fragrans. The following six species names are not recommended for conservation: Bertolonia carmoi vs. B. ovata, Carex krausei with that spelling, Coprosma grandifolia with conserved type, Coumarouna panamensis vs. Dipteryx oleifera, Lilium dauricum vs. L. pensylvanicum, and Rubus tsangiorum vs. R. hatsushimae. No recommendation is made regarding proposals to conserve Heliamphora heterodoxa with conserved type or Pomaderris kumarahou with that spelling. The following 15 species names are recommended for rejection: Acalypha supera, Bruea bengalensis, Callitriche cruciata, Callitriche dioica, Callitriche ovata, Callitriche plena, Chenopodium pallidum, Cicendia stricta, Ephedra major, Epidendrum flabellum‐veneris, Glyphospermum ornatum, Juniperus lycia, Kalanchoe aleurodes, Mollugo triphylla, and Stellaria intermedia. The following three species names are not recommended for rejection: Chenopodium viride, Primula sawyeri, and Senecio nebrodensis. It is recommended that Photinia zhejiangensis and P. zhijiangensis not be treated as homonyms. The Committee recommends against making binding decisions on whether Eleiotis and Eleotis or Chionanthus henryae and “C. henryi” (ined.) should be treated as homonyms, since they clearly should not be. It is recommended that Diapensia brevistyla, Gentiana stagulata, Gentiana tsarongensis, Leontopodium forrestianum, Rhododendron meddianum var. atrokermesinum, and Rhododendron sericocalyx be treated as validly published in or ex W.W. Smith & al. (1924–1930) and that Aneilema vitiense be treated as validly published in 1861. It is recommended that Griselinia macrophylla be treated as not validly published and that Rhododendron lophogynum be treated as not validly published by Smith & al. The Committee recommends against making binding decisions regarding the adequacy of descriptive statements of Pyrenaria jonquieriana by Lanellan or of Rhododendron hardingii by Smith & al., in the latter case because it was certainly not validly published.

Notes on the identity of Leea setuligera and Leea talbotii (Vitaceae)

Leea talbotii is found to be conspecific with Leea setuligera, but not with Leea macrophylla as understood previously. A detailed description, photo plate and illustration of L. setuligera are provided, and the lectotype of L. talbotii and Leea mastersii var. siamensis is designated.

COMPARATIVE STUDY ON DIURETIC ACTIVITY OF DIFFERENT PLANT SOURCES USED AS MORAT [CONTROVERSIALAYURVED PLANT

Morat is considered as a signicant medicinal plant in the Indian system of medicine [Ayurveda] as it is very effective in various Urinary disorders. Under the name of Morat, botanical identity such as Leea macrophylla Roxb., Saccharum officinarum L., Alangium lamarkii Thw. Marsdenia tenacissima Wight. & Arn., Maerua arenaria Hook, Chonemorpha macrophylla (Roxb) G. Don are considered as they exhibit same medicinal properties. The purpose of this work was to differentiate the plants which are known as Morat by determining and comparing their diuretic activity by Lipschitz method. Two positive control Furosemide (standard drug) & Cystone (herbal plant compound) were compared. The effect on electrolytes changes and urine output were measured. In the result, decoction of all plants has shown diuresis except M. tenacissima. In inter comparison C. macrophylla decoction produced most signicant diuresis & excretion of electrolytes. This suggest that use of C. macrophylla root as “Morat”; most effective diuretic plant.

A Review on Ethnopharmacological Applications and Pharmacological Activities of Leea macrophylla

Plants are used as a potential source of medicines since the prehistoric period. Medicinal plants are the richest bio-resource of drugs of a number of traditional systems of medicines. Medicinal plants can also be used as nutraceuticals, food supplements, folk medicines, pharmaceutical intermediates, and chemical entities for synthetic drugs. A good number of researches on medicinal plants have enriched the science of modern medicine over the last decades. Leea macrophylla (Leeaceae) locally known as ‘Hastikarna palasa’ is a shrub that has been used in herbal medicine as a cure for a number of disorders. Several studies have proven that the plant possesses potential antimicrobial, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, neuropharmacological and anti-diabetic activities. Tribal communities used the plant parts as a remedy for a number of ailments as well as nutritional products. Established in-vitro and in-vivo studies were conducted to get evidence of pharmacological activities of the plant parts. This review paper focuses on the phytopharmacological activities and traditional uses of the plant which may help further research activities on L. macrophylla by giving up-to-date information about the plant.

(2814) Proposal to conserve the name Leea macrophylla against Aralia lappifolia (Vitaceae)

(2814) Leea macrophylla Roxb. ex Hornem., Hort. Bot. Hafn.: 231. 1813 [Angiosp.: Vit.], nom. cons. prop. Typus: India, Serampore (C barcode C10020284). (=) Aralia lappifolia Retz., Observ. Bot. 6: 27. Jul–Nov 1791, nom. rej. prop. Lectotypus (hic designatus): “Aralia Lappaefolia n.” (LD barcode 1754684). Noltie (in Taxon 62: 1340. 2013) successfully proposed the outright rejection of the name Aquilicia samudraca Jones (in Asiat. Res. 4: 265. 1795) as it threatened Leea macrophylla Roxb. ex Hornem. (Hort. Bot. Hafn.: 231. 1813), the name of a well-known species from South and South-East Asia. This proposal similarly seeks to maintain nomenclatural stability by the rejection of another earlier synonym of Leea macrophylla Roxb. ex Hornem. Retzius (Observ. Bot. 6: 27. 1791) described Aralia lappifolia (as ‘lappaefolia’) based on specimens that he received from Johann Koenig in India. Fischer (in Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1932: 53. 1932) noted the presence of two sheets from the Lund herbarium that represented original material for Aralia lappifolia. Fischer tentatively identified the plant as Leea macrophylla. In our opinion this is the correct identification of the specimens. We here select the Lund specimen with the better-developed inflorescence as lectotype of the Retzius name. Ridsdale (in Blumea 22: 85. 1974), in the last complete revision of Leea, noted that L. macrophylla was a rather variable species vegetatively, particularly in terms of stature at maturity and leaflet number, but the floral morphology was more consistent. It has been suggested that Leea macrophylla should be split up (Molina & al. in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 171: 354. 2013). Therefore, as type material is available and it is possible that someone splitting up the “Leea macrophylla complex” in future may find it desirable to use the “lappifolia” epithet, our proposal is to conserve Leea macrophylla against Aralia lappifolia, rather than reject the latter outright, preventing in this way, Leea macrophylla being displaced by the Retzius name. Ridsdale (l.c.) referred to the type of Leea macrophylla as “in Herb. Hornem. Roxburgh s.n., Serampore (C)”. There is a sheet in Copenhagen labelled on the back “Leea macrophylla Roxb. Serampore”, which we take to be the one referred to by Ridsdale, though the handwriting is not Roxburgh's. Possibly it is a later collection, and Ridsdale's effective lectotypification may be a neotypification. However, as no other original material is available, the typification is accepted by us. Noltie (l.c.) reported the acceptance of Leea macrophylla as the correct name for the species in all the recent floras across its range. There is also a substantial body of research publications, notably in medicine, ethnobotany and plant chemistry, employing the name Leea macrophylla (nearly 500 entries from 2016 onwards in Google Scholar). We therefore propose that the well-known and much-used name Leea macrophylla be conserved against Aralia lappifolia, which has scarcely been referred to since its publication. AT-B, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9745-3222 Patrik Frödén (LD) and Olof Ryding (C) are thanked for their invaluable assistance in providing us with images of specimens.

Evaluation of nutritional value and antioxidant activity of Leea macrophylla Roxb. ex Hornem. root and leaf.

Hanshia dabar or hathkan is one of the folklore plant of Odisha, the botanical source of which is Leea macrophylla Roxb. ex Hornem., family Vitaceae. Its root and leaves are eaten as vegetables, and used for Rasayana purpose (tonic and alterative properties). The aim is to assess the nutritive value and antioxidant potential of the root and leaves of L. macrophylla with compound leaf. Nutritional parameters such as energy value, carbohydrate, protein, true protein, fat, mineral contents, and Vitamin A, Vitamin C of the root and leaves of the plant were evaluated with standard procedures. The in vitro antioxidant properties of the root and leaf of L. macrophylla were screened through 1,1diphenyl2picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, and phosphomolybdenum assay. Root is having higher energy value (391.87 Kcal/100 g) as compared to leaf (353.62 Kcal/100 g). L. macrophylla root and leaf showed the presence of carbohydrates (30.65% and 21.72%), protein (8.78% and 9.37%), true protein (6.85% and 7.23%), fat (0.77% and 1.89%), iron (723.80 ppm and 285.07 ppm), zinc (26.51 ppm and 13.75 ppm), manganese (44.88 ppm and 35.00 ppm), phosphorous (0.07 ppm and 0.03 ppm), calcium (7806.90 ppm and 3862.80 ppm), Vitamin A (3.63 mg/g and 2.47 mg/g), and Vitamin C (8.49 mg/g and 6.7 mg/g), respectively. Percentage scavenging of DPPH radical was found to rise with an increase in concentration. IC50 values of root and leaf, by DPPH assay, were 66.46 and 110.68 μg/ml, respectively. In the FRAP assay, the antioxidant activity of the methanolic extract of leaf (507.06 μmol/l) was found to be more than root (455.93 μmol/l). The total antioxidant capacity of root and leaf were 20.15 and 17.90 mg, equivalent to ascorbic acid on a dry weight basis, respectively. Root and leaf of L. macrophylla has the highest energy value, contains carbohydrate, protein, fat, iron, zinc, manganese, phosphorous, calcium, Vitamin A, and Vitamin C, and possesses antioxidant capacity.

Leea macrophylla: A Review on Ethanobotanical Uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Action

Leea macrophylla Roxb. ex hornis a perennial shrub that belongs to the Leeaceae family. The plant has widely been used as a traditional medicine for long time. It is rich in phytochemical constituents such as alkaloids, steroids, glycosides, saponins, carbohydrates, proteins and tannins. Moreover, it has significant therapeutic effects and various preclinical studies have been conducted on the plant to elucidate its pharmacological response which includes antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiurolithiatic and anti-nociceptive, cytotoxic, antithrombotic, neuroprotective, wound healing and cardiotonic activity . The scientific validation is essential for the acceptance of medicinal plants as therapeutic agents against several disorders. Hence, the traditional uses, phytochemical constituents, medicinal significance and pharmacological effects of the plant are discussed in this review.

Natural compounds from Leea macrophylla enhance phagocytosis and promote osteoblasts differentiation by alkaline phosphatase, type 1 collagen, and osteocalcin gene expression.

The current study investigated the immunomodulating and osteoblast differentiation potential of the natural compounds from Leea macrophylla (LMN). Immunomodulatory effects have been investigated by the phagocytosis of Candida albicans using polymorphonuclear neutrophil cells in the in vitro slide method. A bioactivity-guided fractionation technique was used to evaluate the stimulating effect of L. macrophylla methanol extract on osteoblast differentiation using mouse osteoblastic cells. A low dose of LMN was found to stimulate the phagocytic effect better than a higher dose. The natural compounds from L. macrophylla have significantly increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin activities. The LMN promoted the osteoblast differentiation through upregulation of ALP, osteocalcin, and type 1 collagen in a dose-dependent manner. These natural compounds also upregulated ALP, osteocalcin, and type 1 collagen gene expressions. The data suggest that LMN has potential anabolic sequel on bone formation and osteoblast differentiation.

Hot methanol extract of Leea macrophylla (Roxb.) manages chemical-induced inflammation in rodent model

ObjectiveThis study investigated how a chemical-induced analgesia and inflammation could be managed by hot methanol extract of Leea macrophylla (Roxb.) root (LM). MethodsNature of secondary metabolites and the phytochemicals was studied by the established qualitative tests and GC–MS analysis. The analgesic potential was tested by acetic acid-induced writhing model, formalin test and tail immersion model. In contrast, carrageenan and histamine-induced paw edema models were applied to estimate the impact on inflammatogenic agents in Wistar albino rats. ResultsThe LM was found to contain cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, tannins and triterpenoids. A list of about thirty compounds from the GC–MS study of LM has been recorded. The LM significantly (p < 0.05) minimized the writhing responses in acetic acid-induced writhing assay. The LM100 (LM 100 mg / kg b.w.) and LM200 (LM 200 mg / kg b.w.) reduced the licking period both in early and late phases of formalin-induced animal studies. The LM50 (LM 50 mg/kg b.w.) demonstrated the analgesic effects at 180 min, and in the tail immersion test diclofenac sodium displayed a substantial latency time at 120 and 150 min. The paw edema inhibition of LM100 and LM200 was statistically significant compared to diclofenac sodium of carrageenan-induced test. Also, the paw edema size in histamine-induced paw edema model was significantly decreased by LM50. ConclusionResults demonstrated that L. macrophylla (Roxb.) root extract could be very potential source of therapeutic formulation in pain and inflammation with further clarification.

Assessment of Natural Regeneration Potential of Native Tree Species in a Community Managed Forest of Bangladesh

The study was conducted to explore natural regeneration potential of a community managed forest. Village Common Forest (VCF) has been managed as a commo n property resource under the leadership of Mouza Headmen based on traditional resource management pattern. Stratified random sampling method was carried out for the inventory of the regeneration status. The sampling plot size for regeneration was 5m × 5m. About 47 regenerating tree species belonging to 22 families were recorded from the studied village common forest where Grewia nervosa was the dominant regenerated seedlings. Euphorbiaceae was the dominant family with 7 species followed by Moraceae (5 species), Rubiaceae (4 species), Anacardiaceae (3 species), Combretaceae (3 species) and Mimosaceae (3 species). Maximum Importance Value Index (IVI) was found for Grewia nervosa (27.97) followed by Brownlowia elata (21.52), Artocarpus chama (14.74) and Leea macrophylla (12.53). A total of 78% of the regenerating tree species were regenerated from seeds and 22% from coppices. Shannon-Wiener’s Diversity Index was found 3.37 where Simpson’s Diversity Index was 0.055, Moreover, Margalef’s Richness Index was calculated as 8.57 and Species Evenness Index was 0.88. The results depict that the regeneration status of studied VCF has been satisfactory and Village Common Forest still contains dense forests that represents rich biodiversity including rare species. The study might be helpful for increasing conservation importance of this forest. This study suggests further study on vegetation structure and carbon pool assessment to understand more about of this forest for future sustainability.

The Physicochemical analysis and Phytochemical screening of some medicinal plants of Letang Municipality of Morang district, Nepal

Ethnobotany gives the basic idea about the medicinal properties of plants. Identification of active compounds of the medicinal plants and their standardization is essential for the production of new drugs. In the present work, different parts of the five medicinal plants (Curcuma caesia, Costus speciosus, Drymaria cordata, Leea macrophylla, Plumbago zeylanica) were washed, air dried and crushed. Three different extracts of each powdered material were prepared and standard phytochemical analysis procedure was followed for the analysis of physicochemical properties of plants and the identification of active chemical constituents. Among 5 plants, the highest moisture content (14.83%) was found in Plumbago zeylanica, higher total ash (9.22%) and acid insoluble ash (4.43%) were observed in Cucurma caesia. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of 12 varieties of bioactive chemicals in the 5 different plants. The plants of the area have great diversity of phytochemicals of numerous medicinal properties. In conclusions, these five important medicinal plants could be useful for the people of the locality to cure several diseases as well as to generate the source of income.&#x0D; BIBECHANA 17 (2020) 67-74

Macro and Microscopical Evaluation and Phytochemical Analysis of Leea macrophylla Roxb. ex Hornem. Stem

Background: Leea macrophylla Roxb. ex Hornem. (Vitaceae) is one of the wild edible plants used traditionally to treat urinary disorders, inflammatory diseases, wound, rheumatism and cancer etc. Though various parts of the plant have been used for therapeutic purpose, stem of the plant has not been studied for its Pharmacognostical and phytochemical characteristics in detail, following scientific parameters. Methods: Plant material (stem) was collected from Gandhamardan hill ranges of Odisha in the month of September 2017 following Good collection practices (GCP) and shade dried. Pharmacognostical study, physicochemical and phytoconstituent study was performed following standard Pharmacopoeial procedures. Results: Stem bears longitudinal ridges on its entire length, Presence of collenchyma, cork, epidermis, chlorenchyma, cluster crystals, ground tissue, xylem, phloem, simple starch grains and raphides are certain microscopical characters. Stem is astringent in taste, powder microscopy showed presence of cluster crystals, lignified annular and sclereriform vessels, pittete vessels, lignified cork, lignified fibers and raphides. Physico-chemical analysis showed loss on drying as 1.04% w/w, total ash content as 7.78% w/w, acid insoluble ash as 0.19% w/w, water soluble and alcohol soluble extractive values were 11.41% and 4.20% w/w respectively. Phytochemical estimation showed the presence of Proteins, steroids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, alkaloids, saponin glycoside and carbohydrates. Conclusion: Leea macrophylla stem has longitudinal ridges on its entire surface, becomes hollow inside when dried. Phramacognosy study showed presence of typical characters of vitaceae family. Physico-chemical characteristics will help in future for standardization of it. Stem is rich in secondary metabolites such as phenols, tannins, steroids, and alkaloid.

Leea macrophylla (Roxb.) root extract reverses CCl4 induced liver injury through upregulation of antioxidative gene expression: a molecular interaction for therapeutic inception

This study investigated the restorative effect of Leea macrophylla ethanol root extract (LMERE) in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatic injury. It also tried to unfold the underlying mechanism through ligand-receptor interactions. Prior to conduct the CCl4 induced animal model study, the in vitro antioxidative capacities of LMERE were investigated. Gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC–MS) was accomplished to identify the prevalent bioactive compounds. The molecular docking was performed using Schrodinger Suites 2017-1. Results showed the promising antioxidative potentials of LMERE in in vitro models. Upon treatment of CCl4 intoxicated animals with LMERE, serum ALT and AST were found to be significantly (p < 0.05) reduced compared to the CCl4 control while LMERE50 was noted as the best dose in restoring the hepatic markers. Serum lipids and total protein were significantly restored compared to control. Remarkable changes of cell necrosis, apoptosis and sinusoidal dilution were noticed in histopathological assay of liver tissue. mRNA expression for superoxide dismutase (SOD1) and catalase was multifold increased which are statistically significant compared to reference drug, silymarin. In docking study, octadecanoic acid showed the lowest binding energy and highest binding affinity with the protein (ID: 1VKX) which is a crystallized structure of NF-κB p50/p65 heterodimer involved in cytokine production. The findings demonstrate that LMERE restores the hepatic damage by the mRNA expression of antioxidative enzymes while LMERE50, at a glance, seems the most suitable dose.

Leea macrophylla root extract upregulates the mRNA expression for antioxidative enzymes and repairs the necrosis of pancreatic β-cell and kidney tissues in fructose-fed Type 2 diabetic rats

This research investigated the functional food effect of Leea macrophylla (Roxb.) ex Hornem root extract on pancreatic necrosis in Streptozotocin-induced type-2 diabetes. Prior to animal intervention, Leea macrophylla root extract (LMR) was subjected to GC-MS analysis. Across a three-week intervention of fructose-fed albino model with LMR50, LMR100 and LMR200, the fluid & food intake, body weight changes, weekly blood glucose concentrations and oral glucose tolerance (OGT) were recorded. The animals were sacrificed after intervention and serum was analyzed for insulin, ALT, AST, LDH, CK-MB, creatinine, uric acid and lipid profile and liver section was used for glycogen estimation. Changes of pancreas and kidney architecture were evaluated by histopathology. Relative mRNA for superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) were quantitated using assay kits. Results showed that fluid and food intake, weekly blood glucose level, ALT, AST, LDH, CK-MB level were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in LMR50 group. Conversely, the glucose tolerance ability, liver glycogen level, serum insulin, organ weight and pancreatic morphology were improved significantly in this group. Diameter of islet of Langerhans (μm), area occupied by β-cell/ islet of Langerhans (μm2) and number of β-cells/islet of Langerhans were amazingly improved to the NC animals. Expressions of mRNA for SOD1 and CAT from liver tissue have been found to be increased multifold while GPx was remained unchanged. The data suggests that L. macrophylla root extract could be very potential as functional food to modulate pancreatic action.

A Review of Common Medicinal Plants in Chin State, Myanmar

Promising sources of novel bioactive compounds include plants growing in several third-world countries where the local flora is still largely uninvestigated. A paradigmatic example is represented by medicinal plants growing in Myanmar, especially in Chin State, in northwestern Myanmar. This is one of the least developed areas of the country where the people still use natural remedies derived from a rich biodiversity. This review mainly covers the investigations done on phytochemical constituents and biological activities of 20 medicinal plants, namely Alangium chinense, Anemone obtusiloba, Anneslea fragrans, Antidesma bunius, Croton oblongifolius, Embelia tsjeriam-cottam, Ficus heterophylla, Gaultheria fragrantissima, Hydnocarpus kurzii, Leea macrophylla, Leucas cephalotes, Millingtonia hortensis, Myrica nagi, Olax scandens, Pimpinella heyneana, Pterospermum semisagittatum, Ruellia tuberosa, Smilax zeylanica, Stemona burkillii, and Tadehagi triquetrum, that have long been used in the Chin State for curing various diseases. These plants have been selected on the basis of their medicinal uses not only in Myanmar but also in the related Ayurvedic healing system. Moreover, besides their medicinal importance, most of them grow in the Chin State more abundantly than in other regions of Myanmar. Although the efficacy of some of these plants have been verified scientifically, the chemical constituents and biological activities of most of them still need to be investigated to confirm the claimed therapeutic effects.

Leea macrophylla Roxb. leaf extract potentially helps normalize islet of β-cells damaged in STZ-induced albino rats.

This research aims to investigate the protective effects Leea macrophylla Roxb polyphenols on streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats. Polyphenolic assays were undertaken through established methods. To conduct animal intervention study, forty Wistar albino male rats (average body weight 188.42 ± 7.13 g) of different groups were diabetized by streptozotocin (60 mg/kg) only in the animals of diabetic control (DC) and L. macrophylla extract (LM) groups. At the end of 4 weeks of intervention, serum was analyzed for insulin, liver and cardiac enzymes, lipid profiles, uric acid, and creatinine using ELISA method. In vitro α‐amylase inhibition of LM was evaluated and compared with reference drug acarbose. Pancreatic tissues were undertaken for histopathological screening. Food and fluid intake, weekly blood glucose level, liver glycogen, aspartate transaminase (AST), creatinine kinase (CK‐MB), cholesterol, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were significantly decreased, whereas oral glucose tolerance (OGTT) ability, serum insulin concentration, and pancreatic islets morphology were significantly improved in the LM300 treatment group compared to the DC group. Alpha‐amylase inhibition was not found to be very promising for guiding the α‐amylase inhibition pathway. Results suggest that L. macrophylla can exert a potential effort to restore pancreatic β‐cell damaged by streptozotocin induction.

Phytochemical investigations and antioxidant potential of roots of Leea macrophylla (Roxb.)

BackgroundOleanolic acid (NZ-15), 7 α, 28-olean diol (NZ-38) and Stigmasterol (NZ-14) were isolated from the ethanolic extracts of the roots of Leea macrophylla (Family: Leeaceae) by using chromatographic analysis. This is the first report of isolation of these compounds from this plant. Their structures were constructed by spectroscopic analysis and by comparing the data with the published one. Subsequently the ethanolic extract was fractionated with two organic solvents and all the fractions were studied to evaluate their in vitro antioxidant property.MethodsThe ethanolic extract was fractionated with two organic solvents and all the fractions were studied to evaluate their in vitro antioxidant property by DPPH free radical scavenging assay, superoxide anion radical scavenging assay, nitric oxide radical scavenging assay, and reducing power assay.ResultsIn the DPPH free radical scavenging assay and superoxide radical scavenging assay, the ethyl acetate soluble fraction of ethanolic extract revealed the highest free radical scavenging activity with IC50 value of 2.65 and 155.62 μg/ml, respectively as compared to standard ascorbic acid (IC50 value of 5.8 and 99.66 μg/ml). Ethyl acetate fraction also possessed highest reducing power activity with an EC50 value of 15.27 μg/ml compared to ascorbic acid (EC50 0.91 μg/ml). On the other hand, the carbon tetrachloride fraction exhibited most significant NO scavenging activity with IC50 value of 277.8 μg/ml that was even higher than that of standard ascorbic acid (IC50 value 356.04 μg/ml). In addition, the total phenolic contents of these extract and fractions were evaluated using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and varied from 7.93 to 50.21 mg/g dry weight expressed as gallic acid equivalents (GAE).ConclusionsThis study showed that different extracts of roots of L. macrophylla possess potential DPPH, superoxide, and NO free radical scavenging activities. The antioxidant activities of the plant extracts might be due to the presence of oleanolic acid, oleanolic acid derivative 7 α, 28-olean diol and stigmasterol.

Vegetational Analysis Of Medicinal Plants Of Bharatpur Block, Dist-koria (Chhattisgarh) India

The State of Chhattisgarh has about 44% of its geographical Area Covered with forests. The Koria district in Chhattisgarh lies between 22058’ to 23049’ North latitudes and 810 33’ to 82045’ East longitude. The average rainfall is 121.36 cm. The forest area is 81.23% of Total dist. area. The annual mean temperature is 240C. The temperature varies between 16.20C to 310C. Geologically the area is dominated by upper Gondwana rocks. Which are rich in coal deposit. The highest mountain ranges of the region occupy the northern part of the district. The district Koria has a very rich flora exhibiting diversity specially of medicinal plants. There is no comprehensive description of the flora of the district is available . The district has a tribal population using enormous range of plants for their basic needs, sustenance and livelihood.“Keeping these points in view” the Present paper deals with diversity of the medicinal plants of the district and their ecological status. Vegetational analysis of Bharatpur block revealed some interesting observations on phytosociological characters enumerate medicinal plants belonging to Bharatpur block enumerate 80 medicinal plants were recorded. the common plant species showing maximum frequency were Tribulus terrestris (90%), Vicia sativa (80%) and Jatropha curcas, Cleome gynandra and Blumea lacera (70%). At this block, Woodfordia fruticosa, Xanthium strumarium and Pergularia extensa were showing maximum frequency of 80%, 70% and 60% respectively. Woodfordia fruticosa showed high density also. Triumfetta rhomboidea showed maximum density and abundance but Bacopa monnieri and Vanda roxburghii showed maximum abundance.It was abstracted that Bacopa monnieri, Costus speciosus, Curculigo orchioides, Curcuma amada and Embelia robusta were the rare species. They exhibited only 20% frequency. Leea macrophylla was also very rare having only 10% frequency and only density of 1. Curculigo orchioides and Pterocarpus marsupium were among the less abundant species at this site.