Lease Prices Research Articles

Factors influencing tenant retention among selected commercial leasing establishments in Cebu City, Philippines

In the competitive field of commercial real estate, it is important to understand the factors that affect tenant retention to maintain a stable and profitable leasing environment. This descriptive survey research examined the factors influencing tenant retention among selected commercial leasing businesses in Cebu City, Philippines, with a focus on office and retail lease contracts. A total of 150 tenants (lessees) were purposefully selected to participate in the survey, and data were collected through a questionnaire created by the researcher. The results showed that tenants regarded the management structure of the lessor, building quality, lease pricing, contract terms and conditions, building location, and government regulations as key factors in their decision to stay with their lessors. The study also found that tenants were moderately satisfied with these factors. These findings highlight the importance of lease agreements and property management in tenant retention strategies. Further research on these factors and their impact on property management in Cebu City's commercial leasing sector could provide valuable insights for improving tenant satisfaction and retention.

Understanding the Impacts on Automobile Leasing Firm Loss in China: An Analysis of Vehicle Residual Value Risk and Lease Price Patterns

ABSTRACTThe paper addresses vehicle depreciation and pricing issues in the automobile leasing industry in China. Under the current industry climate, operating lease firms face large residual value risk, and therefore, how to price contracts that minimises such risk is an important question. By analysing market data of used vehicles, an exponential decay function was developed to model the price dynamics across different brands and model series. Specifically, we estimate the depreciation rate directly from the data. In addition, by considering all revenue and cost components and converting them into present value terms, appropriate deposit and rents combintions were sought under different profit expectations. Length of contracts, age of vehicles and purchase cost factors were also considered to detect any further patterns in rents. The research outcomes will provide guidance on lease pricing given the current development of the industry, thereby improving firms’ profitability position as well as helping maintain their competitiveness and growth.

Analyzing individual rent price ratios in eastern German agricultural land markets: A GAMLSS approach

AbstractThis study explores the rent price ratio in agricultural land markets, crucial for evaluating market efficiency, policy needs, and farmer decision‐making. Traditionally, the analyses faced challenges due to the absence of concurrent sale and rent data for the same land, potentially leading to biased results. This research avoids this problem by utilizing a unique dataset from Eastern Germany, encompassing auction data from 2016 to 2019. This dataset is distinctive, containing both the purchase and lease price offers by individual farmers for the same agricultural land at a single point. Thus, this study overcomes the conventional limitations of using aggregated or non‐contemporaneous data. Hence, the focal point is to unravel the intricate relationship between individual rent price ratios and a myriad of influencing factors, including land characteristics and local farming structures. The use of Generalized Additive Models for Location, Shape, and Scale provides a robust framework for this analysis, offering a nuanced understanding of the distributional properties of individual rent price ratios. The study provides robust empirical evidence that highlights the need for adaptive and region‐specific policies if policy makers insist on intervening in the agricultural land market. Furthermore, promising points of departure for future research are identified. [EconLit Citation: Q15].

Shared Energy Storage Capacity Configuration of a Distribution Network System with Multiple Microgrids Based on a Stackelberg Game

With the ongoing development of new power systems, the integration of new energy sources is facing increasingly daunting challenges. The collaborative operation of shared energy storage systems with distribution networks and microgrids can effectively leverage the complementary nature of various energy sources and loads, enhancing energy absorption capacity. To address this, a shared energy storage capacity allocation method based on a Stackelberg game is proposed, considering the integration of wind and solar energy into distribution networks and microgrids. In this approach, a third-party shared energy storage investor acts as the leader, while distribution networks and microgrids serve as followers. The shared energy storage operator aims to maximize annual revenue, plan shared energy storage capacity, and set unit capacity leasing fees. Upon receiving pricing, distribution networks and microgrids aim to minimize annual operating costs, determine leased energy storage capacity, and develop operational plans based on typical daily scenarios. Distribution networks and microgrids report leasing capacity, and shared energy storage adjusts leasing prices, accordingly, forming a Stackelberg game. In the case study results, the annual cost of MGs decreased by 29.63%, the annual operating cost of the ADN decreased by 11.25%, the cost of abandoned light decreased by 60.77%, and the cost of abandoned wind decreased by 27.79% to achieve the collaborative optimization of operations. It is proven that this strategy can improve the economic benefits of all parties and has a positive impact on the integration of new energy.

Research on Vertical Cooperation and Pricing Strategy of Electric Vehicle Supply Chain

To determine a vertical cooperation strategy and address the optimal pricing problem of the electric vehicle (EV) supply chain, a supply chain system consisting of two competing EV manufacturers (M1 and M2) and a battery supplier is studied. Firstly, three cooperation strategy models were constructed for the battery supplier and the EV manufacturers, namely: Strategy N (neither the battery supplier nor the two manufacturers cooperate with each other); Strategy I (M1 cooperates with the battery supplier); and Strategy II (M2 cooperates with the battery supplier). Then, the Stackelberg solution method was used to obtain the optimal equilibrium decisions under the three strategic models. Finally, the effect of the preference coefficient of consumers for leasing EVs per unit on the optimal equilibrium decision was analyzed. We found that: (1) The wholesale price of batteries provided by the battery supplier to M1 is always greater than to M2. (2) Strategies I and II prompt M1 and M2 to reduce the unit and fixed rental prices of EVs to some extent, while intensifying the competition between the two manufacturers in terms of EV lease prices. (3) When the consumer preference coefficient (θ) for leasing EVs per unit provided by manufacturer M1 is relatively small, the cooperation alliance S2 and the supply chain achieve the maximum profit under Strategy II; however, while θ is large, M1, cooperative alliance S1, and the entire supply chain could benefit the most under Strategy I.

The Value of Political Connections of Developers in Residential Land Leasing: Case of Chengdu, China

The graduate approach applied in China for the economic transition poses the risk of continued government influence on the market. The land reform and the following adjustment in China have introduced a seemingly complete market for residential land. However, a widely practiced coalition between the local developmental states and developers might impact residential land leasing in a more hidden way. Taking central Chengdu as the study area, this study takes the enterprise ownership and affiliations as two explanatory factors that impact the land leasing prices and builds an MGWR model to evaluate the premium of political connections for the developers to obtain the land. The result gives a clue to the local protectionism and preference for state-owned enterprises that might exist in land leasing in Chengdu. It is proved in this study that the average purchase price by state-owned enterprises is 8.9% lower than the prices that private enterprises could enjoy, and the average land leasing price by local enterprises is 14.2% lower than that enjoyed by non-local enterprises. The preceding conceptual and empirical discussion in this study advocates for a review and rethinking of the public sector’s intervention in China’s land market. In-depth analyses of the factors that define the land leasing behaviors of the local government are needed.

Assessment of the trends of urban land lease price from spatio-temporal perspective in Ethiopia: evidence from Bahir Dar City

Land price maps help the government and stakeholders to recognize fluctuations in land values in the economy. This paper aims to examine the trends of land lease prices from spatio-temporal perspectives for development. The study employed a mixed research approach. The result indicated that the lease price of residential land has been increasing rapidly in the past decade. Inefficiency in the land administration system, high speculation, and low provision of land for auction are the main drivers for the increment. The researchers thus suggest that the government rethink the tenure system, impose the maximum number and size of land parcels, and introduce the capital gain tax.

Liner shipping hub location and empty container repositioning: Use of foldable containers and container leasing

Considering the influence of economies of scale and ship capacity on empty container repositioning, using foldable containers and container leasing may be effective ways to save the operating costs of liner shipping companies. Considering the minimization of the transportation costs of empty and laden containers, this paper studies a liner shipping hub location problem with empty container repositioning (LSHLPECR) considering foldable containers. We propose a mixed integer linear program (MILP) for the formulation of the LSHLPECR. In terms of the optimal solution of our MILP, this paper further explores the container leasing pricing problem (CLPP), where our aim is to obtain perceived container leasing prices (PCLPs) utilizing the inverse optimization technique. Numerical experiments verify the effectiveness of the studied problems.

Pricing and Coordinating the Lease-Oriented Closed-Loop Supply Chain for Construction Machinery in the Era of Carbon Tax

Promoting sustainable production and consumption practices in the construction machinery industry is crucial for achieving energy savings and reducing carbon emissions. However, there is a lack of targeted studies addressing the challenge of scaling up leasing and recycling while maximizing economic benefits for enterprises. To fill this gap, this paper presents a lease-oriented closed-loop supply chain model that incorporates a carbon tax policy to investigate the impact of the carbon tax rate and consumer preferences for remanufactured products on the supply chain and introduces a leasing compensation–cost apportioning combined contract to achieve supply chain coordination in the construction machinery sector. The model considers differential selling and leasing prices for new and remanufactured products, as well as the recovery rate, under both centralized and decentralized decision-making approaches. The study explores the interrelationships between various parameters through sensitivity analysis and numerical simulation. The results demonstrate that within a certain range of the cost apportioning proportional coefficient and leasing compensation proportional coefficient, the combined contract can lead the supply chain to achieve Pareto optimality. As the carbon tax rate increases, it was observed that the profits for all parties in the supply chain tend to decrease. However, due to the increased demand for remanufactured products, the product recovery rate improves, resulting in a reduction in total carbon emissions in the closed-loop supply chain of construction machinery. Moreover, the profits of all parties and the total supply chain profits initially decrease and then increase with an increasing preference coefficient for remanufactured products among consumers. By leveraging these factors and adopting effective strategies, such as enhancing consumer recognition of remanufactured products and optimizing pricing and cost allocation, it is indeed possible for the profits of all parties and the total profits in the supply chain to surpass the initial values, even in the face of increasing carbon tax rates. This demonstrates the potential for aligning sustainability objectives with economic benefits in the construction machinery industry.

Dynamic change and evolutionary mechanism of city land leasing network—Taking the Yangtze River Delta region in China as an example

Mapping city networks has attracted scholarly attention in urban studies, while the relevant studies focusing on land elements are lacking. This study aims to address and fill this research gap by analyzing across-city land leasing relationships. Using Yangtze River Delta region (YRDR) in China as a case, we explore the dynamic change and evolutionary mechanism of city land leasing network based on urban land leasing data and temporal exponential random graph model (TERGM). The findings reveal that: 1) At the macro level, as the interconnections between cities in the YRDR grow stronger, the inter-city flow of land elements has become growingly convenient and accessible, there is a corresponding increase in the frequency of land use rights transfer between cities. This has led to the emergence of a more intricate and interconnected city land leasing network in the YRDR. 2) At the medium level, city land leasing network in the YRDR fosters land leasing communities within province boundary. Shanghai community is identified as the strongest community, which establish a compact relationship with a large number of cities in Zhejiang, Jiangsu, and Anhui provinces. The province of Zhejiang, Jiangsu, and Anhui have also foster communities with provincial capitals as the core, respectively. 3) At the individual level, Shanghai is the primary recipient city in terms of cross-city land leasing relationships, followed by provincial capital cities of Hangzhou, Nanjing, and Hefei. 4) Significant effects, including endogenous structural effects, actor-relation effects, exogenous network effects, and time effects, could be found in the city land leasing network of the YRDR. The city land leasing network in the YRDR is influenced by endogenous structural factors such as popularity, transitivity, and connectivity. Cities with low economic development levels, strong land leasing intervention, high real estate development investment levels, and high land leasing prices are more likely to lease land to other cities. Cities with higher levels of economic development, higher levels of industrial structure upgrading, higher levels of real estate development investment, and higher land prices are more likely to lease land from other cities. Furthermore, cities within the same province or within Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomerations (YRDUR) are more likely to foster inter-city land leasing relationships, while the distance between cities negatively affects the establishment of inter-city land leasing relationships.

Pricing and Coordination for the Leasing and Recycling of Construction Machinery in a Supply Chain Based on Industrial Internet Platform

Leasing and recycling are important methods for developing the low-carbon sustainability of the construction machinery industry. However, there are some dilemmas caused by the extreme limitations of product service life. There has been little research on construction machinery leasing thus far and a lack of description of its unique characteristics in previous models. Focusing on the problem of pricing and coordination, a two-stage model of a leasing closed-loop supply chain based on the practical application of an Industrial Internet platform was proposed. Under centralized and decentralized decision-making scenarios, the prices of leasing and selling, maintenance effort, and recovery rate were calculated, respectively. By using the Shapley value method to optimize the selling price, and the two-part pricing contract to calculate the compensation fee, global profits can be reasonably distributed, while the supply chain can be improved. The effects of different contracts on the improvement of supply chain profit were investigated. Additionally, the correlation among parameters was explored via sensitivity analysis and numerical simulation. The findings show that the maintenance and recycling of construction machinery can be improved by using an Industrial Internet platform while achieving supply chain coordination via contracts. The enhancement of maintenance effort can decrease remanufacturing costs, which are positively correlated with the selling price and leasing price of products, further promoting the recovery rate of used products. The findings of this paper show that manufacturers can take advantage of the Industrial Internet platform to improve recycling efficiency as well as to decrease product prices and remanufacturing costs by promoting remanufacturing technologies. On the other hand, leasers need to enhance the maintenance of construction machinery. Strengthening cooperation via contracts can jointly promote leasing and recycling in the construction machinery industry and help achieve low-carbon sustainable development.

The Juridical Review of Fluctuations Land Lease Prices of The Pendem System In Kesilir Village Banyuwangi

<p><em>The pendem system is a land lease with a period of more than two consecutive years with depreciation payments, in the first year the rental price is normal, then for the next year, there is a depreciation of rental costs. Payment of rental fees can be made at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of the rental period according to the agreement of the parties. however, there is an additional rental fee in the payment in the middle or at the end of the rental period which was not stated at the beginning of the agreement. The purpose of this study is to find out the legal validity of land leases with a pendem system based on Islamic law and the Indonesian Civil Code. This research is field research with a sociological juridical approach. The primary data were obtained from interviews with the parties, while the secondary data was obtained from books and journals that discussed land renting. The results of this study indicate that the terms of ijarah related to the clarity of the rental fee have not been fulfilled, because there are additional costs for payments in the middle or at the end of the lease period that were not stated at the beginning of the agreement. The addition contains an element of usury nasi'ah, which is an addition that is mentioned in the agreement for the exchange of goods in exchange for the delay in payment. The existence of these additional fees makes the transaction law invalid.</em><strong><em></em></strong></p><p>Sistem pendem adalah sewa tanah dengan jangka waktu lebih dari dua tahun berturut-turut dengan pembayaran penyusutan, pada tahun pertama harga sewa normal, kemudian untuk tahun berikutnya terjadi penyusutan biaya sewa. Pembayaran biaya sewa dapat dilakukan di awal, di tengah, atau di akhir masa sewa sesuai kesepakatan para pihak. namun terdapat tambahan biaya sewa dalam pembayaran di tengah atau di akhir masa sewa yang tidak disebutkan di awal perjanjian. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui keabsahan hukum sewa tanah dengan sistem pendem berdasarkan hukum Islam dan Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata Indonesia. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian lapangan dengan pendekatan yuridis sosiologis. Data primer diperoleh dari hasil wawancara dengan para pihak, sedangkan data sekunder diperoleh dari buku dan jurnal yang membahas tentang persewaan tanah. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa syarat ijarah terkait kejelasan biaya sewa belum terpenuhi, karena terdapat biaya tambahan untuk pembayaran di tengah atau di akhir masa sewa yang tidak disebutkan di awal masa sewa. persetujuan. Tambahan itu mengandung unsur riba nasi'ah, yaitu tambahan yang disebutkan dalam perjanjian penukaran barang dengan imbalan keterlambatan pembayaran. Adanya biaya tambahan tersebut membuat hukum transaksi menjadi tidak sah.</p>

Research on Financial Lease Pricing Model

Financial leasing is a financial innovation product with leasing and financing functions. The research on the theory of financial leasing and risk pricing methods should be highly valued. Rent is set based on the total revenue of the lessor and the total cost of the lessee. The factors that affect pricing include project costs, security deposits, fees, lease terms, revenue, interest rates, etc. Using the principle of net present value to elaborate the components of financial leases and constructing a financial lease pricing model from the perspective of maximizing the profit and interests of the lessor, an empirical analysis of the model was carried out using an actual case, thus concluding that the model is effective.

Analyse of Amendments in the Law No. 7161 Regarding the Increase in Lease Price of Residence and Roofed Work Place Rents

Konut ve çatışı işyeri kiralarında kira bedelinde artış meselesinin güncelliğini korumasını sağlayan husus 7161 sayılı Kanun’la getirilen değişikliklerdir. Bu sayede, artış oranı bakımından üretici fiyat endeksi yerine tüketici fiyat endeksi esas alınmıştır. Ayrıca, aynı kanuna göre, tüketici fiyat endeksine yönelik değişiklik 01.01.2019 tarihinden itibaren geçerli olmak üzere yayımı tarihinde yürürlük kazanmıştır. Üstelik, diğer bir hükümde söz konusu değişikliğin her türlü konut ve çatılı iş yeri kirası bakımından geçerli olacağı da düzenlenmektedir. O halde, güncel gelişmeler çerçevesinde kira bedelindeki artış bakımından kimler arasında hangi oranın esas alınacağını belirlemek hem doktrin hem de uygulama bakımından yararlı olur.

Urban Land Monetization-Driven Land Use Orientations: An Insight from Land Lease Prices in Addis Ababa

Urban land leasing is a land monetization strategy that was introduced in 1991 by the contemporary regime. Since then, urban center slum demolitions and their replacement by high-end commercial buildings and urban peripheral low-cost residential condominium expansions have been common occurrences in Addis Ababa. Land rentiers quote extreme land prices at the city center and relatively low prices towards the periphery. Therefore, it has been hypothesized that urban land supply and land prices are determinant factors for urban land use orientations, which have pushed low-end groups towards the periphery. Therefore, based on a lens of land rent theory, 1524 land lease prices and 1038 randomly selected land parcels using Google Earth were used to evaluate locational trends in land prices and land use orientations, respectively. This study revealed that there are significant variabilities between government benchmark land prices and actual quoted land prices. Because of the high rent gaps at the city center, significant land price quotations were recorded, and this overlaps with the urban center slum demolitions and slum resident resettlements at low-cost residential condominiums in the urban periphery. In the first 5 km from the urban economic center, land prices show a declining trend towards the periphery. The central business district is dominated by slums partially under demolition and high-end commercial buildings, while the periphery is dominated by high-rise low-cost residential condominiums. Therefore, the distance from the city center was found to be an explanatory factor of urban land prices. The contributions of other urban utilities to land prices, such as access to transportation routes, could be a future research area.

A Model of Quota Prices in a Multispecies Fishery with “Choke” Species and Discarding

Using a two-stage optimisation model, we simulate the determination of market-clearing quota lease prices in a multispecies fishery. Assuming fixed proportions technologies, we find that equilibrium quota prices are jointly determined. Price equilibria are sensitive to both the number of quota species and the heterogeneity of the fleet, with corner prices observed where there are a relatively large number of species. Where the fleet is very heterogeneous, quota prices fail to capture all rent as resource rent and inframarginal rents are earned by some vessels. If there is excess demand for quota (for example, as a result of the exhaustion of the quota for a “choke” species) bidding up of the quota price causes all other quota prices to fall. This can result in some vessels starting to earn inframarginal rents even though they are discarding part of the catch. We also use the model to examine the impact of a “deemed value” charge for over-quota landings.

Joint decision on wooden pallet lease pricing and purchase volume under recycling and reusing mode in the Chinese market

A closed-loop wooden pallet rental system was considered in this study, which involved a wooden pallet manufacturer, a wooden pallet leasing company, and several customers. To solve the joint optimization problem of pallet lease pricing and purchase volume under recycling and reusing mode, a mathematical model was constructed with the objective of maximizing the profit of pallet renters under deterministic and stochastic market demand. Meanwhile, comparative analyses were conducted on the optimal pricing, optimal order quantity, and expected profit under the two leasing modes of considering and not considering maintenance. On this basis, sensitivity analyses were performed on some parameters of the two modes. Results showed that pallet renters can adopt the maintenance strategy to increase profits by lowering the rental price appropriately regardless of the market demand. The wood pallet rental supply chain can be more efficient when the pallet residual value, recovery integrity rate, and utilization rate are higher and the out of stock cost and inventory holding cost are lower. Under the maintenance mode, a lower repairing price and higher reparability rate resulted in a more favorable maintenance mode.

Klimatske promene kao pokretačka snaga inteziviranja poljoprivrednog korišćenja zemljišta

Climate change in Europe will lead to new precipitation patterns over the coming years and the annual temperature will increase significantly. These changes in climate variables and the resulting effects on agricultural productivity must be differentiated regionally. Plant production depends on sufficient rainfall in summer and, in some regions, on the amount of rainfall in winter. In Central Europe, the amount of precipitation in summer will decrease in the coming decades due to climate change, while in some regions, the amount of winter precipitation will increase significantly. Agricultural production is likely to suffer severely as a result of rising summer temperatures and low water retention capacities in the soil. The effects of reduced summer precipitation and increased air temperatures are partially offset by the expected increased CO2 concentration. Therefore, the effects that changed climatic conditions have on crop production are sometimes less drastic in terms of crop yields. The greatest impact of climate change on land use is expected from increasing evapotranspiration and lower amounts of precipitation in the production of leachate. In addition to the expected mean changes, the occurrence of extreme weather conditions is key. Periods of drought in the growing season and heavy flooding as a result of extreme rainfall are to be expected. However, these events are very difficult or even impossible to predict. In addition to the effects that climate change will have on regional crop production, global changes will have a strong impact on world markets for agricultural products. Another consequence of climate change and population growth is a higher demand for agricultural products on world markets. This will lead to dramatic local land use changes and an intensification of agriculture that will transform existing crop production systems. The intensification caused by rising land and lease prices will primarily affect the maximization of the use of fertilizers and pesticides.

Development Zone, Land Lease Price, and Firm Productivity: Evidence from China

Development Zone, Land Lease Price, and Firm Productivity: Evidence from China

A Game-Based Scheme for Resource Purchasing and Pricing in MEC for Internet of Things

Mobile edge computing (MEC) is emerging as a promising paradigm to support the applications of Internet of Things (IoT). The edge servers bring computing resources to the edge of the network, so as to meet the delay requirements of the IoT devices’ service requests. At the same time, the edge servers can gain profit by leasing computing resources to IoT users and realize the allocation of computing resources. How to determine a reasonable resource leasing price for the edge servers and how to determine the number of resource purchased by users with different needs is a challenging problem. In order to solve the problem, this paper proposes a game-based scheme for resource purchasing and pricing aiming at maximizing user utility and server profit. The interaction between users and the edge servers is modeled based on Stackelberg game theory. The properties of incentive compatibility and envy freeness are theoretically proved, and the existence of Stackelberg equilibrium is also proved. A game-based user resource purchasing algorithm called GURP and a game-based server resource pricing algorithm called GSRP are proposed. It is theoretically proven that solutions of the proposed algorithms satisfy the individual rationality property. Finally, simulation experiments are carried out, and the experimental results show that the GURP algorithm and the GSRP algorithm can quickly converge to the optimal solutions. Comparison experiments with the benchmark algorithms are also carried out, and the experimental results show that the GURP algorithm and the GSRP algorithm can maximize user utility and server profit.