Learning Contracts Research Articles

Pengaruh Implementasi Metode Pembelajaran Learning Contract terhadap Pendidikan Karakter dan Kedisiplinan Siswa Kelas 5 Sekolah Dasar

This study aims to investigate the effect of learning contract implementation on character education and discipline of grade 5 elementary school students. The learning contract method is used to improve students' independence, responsibility and discipline in the learning process. The research was conducted by applying learning contract in learning in grade 5 elementary school and observing the changes in character education and students' discipline level after the implementation of this method. The results of the study are expected to provide a deeper understanding of the effect of the implementation of learning contract learning method on character education and discipline of grade 5 elementary school students. The implication of this study is expected to contribute to the development of more effective learning methods to improve character education and student discipline at the elementary school level.

Intelligent Prevention of DDoS Attacks using Reinforcement Learning and Smart Contracts

(Distributed) Denial-of-Service (DoS/DDoS) attacks are among the most dangerous cybersecurity threats to computer networks. Lately, blockchain and artificial intelligence (AI) cyberdefense applications have successfully been implemented to identify attack patterns. This paper proposes a novel collaborative, blockchain-based multi-agent reinforcement learning (RL) cyberdefense method using smart contracts. Initial numerical experiments have shown that the agents quickly learn to predict attacks, which can lead to mitigating network-wide service disruptions.

Analysis of Students' Disciplinary Character in Post-Covid-19 Citizenship Education Learning (Study of High School Students in Tulehu State, Salahutu District)

Disciplinary character is an attitude or action that emerges from within every human being or individual who shows obedient behavior and complies with regulations. Disciplinary character must be applied to every learning institution so that every student has a sense of responsibility as a student. The decline in the disciplinary character of students at high schools in Tulehu State is caused by the habits of students during the Covid-19 period, where students are accustomed to using cellphones (HP) to study from home (online), this habit has an effect on the disciplinary character of students at school, namely the decline students' compliance with school rules such as not going to school on time, not wearing uniforms according to the applicable rules, many students being negligent when learning activities take place, being late in submitting assignments, often going in and out of class during class hours, not being serious about following the process learning, and so on. This has a big influence on students' learning achievements, thereby affecting the quality of the human resources produced. The aim of this research is to determine the level of student compliance with school rules and learning contracts with teachers post-covid 19. This research is a quantitative descriptive research. The method used in this research is a survey method. The data collection technique that will be used is by giving questionnaires to respondents who are the subjects of the research. The sample in this study was 60 students, divided randomly into 20 students from each high school that was the research location. Data analysis in this research uses validity tests, reliability tests, and quantitative tests which are equipped with the Excel program and SPSS 16 statistics. From the questionnaire distributed consisting of 15 statements, based on the research results, it shows that the sub-indicators of student compliance with the learning contract were obtained. The average score was 210.7 with a percentage of 70.22% in the medium category. Students' compliance with school rules obtained an average score of 217.6 with a percentage of 72.53% in the medium category. Based on the research results, it was concluded that the discipline character of students in post-Covid 19 Civics learning is still relatively moderate because there is still undisciplined student behavior, both towards learning contracts and school rules, but there are also students who comply with applicable rules.

Internship Learning Contract in Physiotherapy

"A learning contract is an agreement negotiated between student and supervising teacher that gives information about what you want to learn and how you plan to learn it. The main objective of the present study was to find out if internship learning contract could be beneficial in individualized self-directed learning with the instructional support from supervisors in undergraduate physiotherapy program. In this study a total of 32 physiotherapy intern students participated in this study. They were requested to complete the questionnaire and discuss it with their internship supervisor. After this, the intern and supervisor were separately interviewed for their opinion and satisfaction pertaining to this activity. Almost every participant and supervisor liked the internship learning contract concept and there was a significant level of satisfaction amongst interns and their supervisors. Hence, it can be concluded that the use of a learning contract during BPT (Bachelor of Physiotherapy) internship may be beneficial in enhancing self-directed learning and instructional support."

Blockchain-of-Things-Based Edge Learning Contracts for Federated Predictive Maintenance Toward Resilient Manufacturing

Blockchain-of-Things-Based Edge Learning Contracts for Federated Predictive Maintenance Toward Resilient Manufacturing

Application of the Learning Contract Learning Method to History Learning Activities of Class X Students in Online Business and Marketing at State Vocational High School 1 Pontianak

This research was conducted with the aim of knowing the application of the learning contract learning method to the learning activities of class X BDP students at Vocational High School 1 Pontianak. This research is a quantitative research with experimental method. The data source was used by students of class X BDP 1 as the experimental class and class X BDP 2 as the control class. Data collection through questionnaires and documentation. From the results of the research the researchers found that: The implementation of learning history using the learning contract learning method includes planning by determining learning objectives, applying learning contract learning methods and evaluating. Student activities during the learning process showed that students were able to explain material about the origins of their ancestors and conduct group discussions. In the learning process using the learning contract learning method there is an influence on the history learning activities of class X BDP SMK Negeri 1 Pontianak. As for learning activities such as arriving on time, listening to subject matter and having group discussions related to historical material. In this case the learning contract learning method aims to achieve what is planned as well as possible.
 Keywords: Learning Menthods, Learning Contract, Activity

Managing the Expectations of Doctoral Students and Their Supervisors: A UK Perspective

The management of expectations in doctoral education relates to the negotiation and agreement of a learning contract denoting actions and initiatives between a student and a supervisor. A learning contract is a set of understandings of what things, actions and initiatives might reasonably be expected from whom, in the course of learning, where there is a natural power imbalance. This is important so that both scholarly and material progress can be made along all points of the doctoral learning experience, i.e., that learning is personalised, professional and productive towards an original contribution of knowledge. It is the evidencing of this continual learning process through research that is deemed to be doctoral at the final examination stage. A doctoral student is a learner on the highest degree pathway that is available at all UK universities. This typically results in a thesis, marking the end point of being supervised whereupon an assessment or examination takes place, which, in UK universities, is called a viva voce (Latin: the living voice). This is a verbal account or defence of the thesis document by the student, made to two or three examiners who comprise the examination team. In the UK, the viva examination is a private event, while elsewhere, for example, across Europe and North America, the examination can be a public event. A student on a doctoral programme usually has a period of registration that is 3 years full-time or 6 years part-time. Other terms that can be used interchangeably around doctoral supervision are candidate (for the student) and candidature, which is their period of registration. Supervisors also have roles denoted as the Director of Studies (DoS) or Principal Investigator (PI). The supervision team is led by a Director of Studies (or PI) who is often the most experienced scholar who teaches, guides and mentors their student’s learning through the research they conduct. There are usually at least two supervisors in a supervision team in the UK, but there can be more as required depending upon the specialisms and topics being researched. Expectations formed by either the student or the supervisor(s) can be about physical resources to embark upon a passage of learning through a doctoral programme, or more typically, the discussion of expectations relates to managing the behaviours of students and supervisors in their respective roles. Managed expectations help to achieve a balance between the intellectual sharing of expertise by the supervisor with the self-directed initiatives for learning, which are taken by the student. The aim of managing expectations is to help a student move from dependence in their learning at the start of their programme to becoming an independent doctoral-level scholar who, once graduated as doctor, can act autonomously to conduct their own research, or even embark upon supervising others’ research in the future.

Efektivitas Metode Learning Contratc Terhadap Motivasi Belajar Pratikum Instalasi Listrik Pada Mahasiswa Teknik Elektro Universitas Negeri Padang

This research was motivated by the value of the Electrical Installation practicum for Electrical Engineering Students at Padang State University, there were low student grades, there were students who did not do the assignments given by the lecturer which made student grades low, and students who did not read enough material before taking part in the learning activities that were to be carried out. This research aims to determine the effectiveness of implementing the Learning Contratc method on learning motivation for Electrical Installation Practicum in Electrical Engineering Students at Padang State University. This research is a quantitative approach. The population in this study were all students of the 2022 class of Electrical Engineering at Padang State University using a random sampling technique. The analysis of this research is correlation. The results of this research show that the learning contract method has an influence on the motivation to learn electrical installation practicals in Electrical Engineering students at Padang State University.

Implementasi Merdeka Belajar Guru Penggerak dalam Merealisasikan Pembelajaran Berbasis Kurikulum Merdeka di Sekolah Dasar

Independent learning is an essential element in an independent curriculum that is driven or led by a driving teacher. The analysis in this study uses qualitative methods. The main objective is to analyze and formulate the stages in implementing independent learning for driving teachers to realize an independent curriculum. As for the independent curriculum itself, in its implementation it is dynamic, flexible and changes according to the educational needs of each school. In planning independent learning activities, this can be done by: developing a learning framework, mapping competency standards and learning assessments, mapping learning according to the Pancasila student profile, and setting a flow of learning objectives. Whereas in implementing the independent curriculum, it can carry out learning contracts between teachers and students, carry out literacy and numeracy-based learning, and apply discussion and collaboration learning methods. The orientation of learning activities in the independent curriculum is the freedom of students and teachers in carrying out learning. So that learning that is oriented towards an independent curriculum can be carried out by free, creative and innovative in accordance with the interests of students and is able to develop their talents.

Predictive Value of In-Program Academic Variables for Future Clinical Education Performance in Physical Therapist Education: An Exploratory Study

Introduction. The purposes of this study were to (1) explore the relationship of preclinical assessment outcomes and grade point averages (GPAs) with full-time clinical education experience (CEE) performance and (2) determine the predictive value of associated variables to full-time CEE performance. Review of Literature. In-program academic variables such as performance tests, comprehensive examinations, and GPAs reflect a measure of student performance before clinical education. Limited and conflicting physical therapist education research exists examining the relationship between preclinical in-program academic variables and CEE performance. Subjects. A retrospective convenience sample of 130 graduated PT student academic records with expected graduation years of 2018, 2019, and 2020. Methods. Academic records related to performance test outcomes, cumulative program GPAs, utilization of a practical retake appeal policy, and comprehensive examination performance were correlated with CEE performance. A dichotomous ordinal rating scale quantified CEE performance per full-time experience based on the presence of a learning contract. Overall CEE performance was defined as the percentage from the combined CEE performance scores across all experiences. Data analyses included Pearson's correlation coefficient, Spearman's rho, and a multiple linear regression analysis. Results. Ten of 25 course-specific performance tests had significant associations with CEE performance. Cumulative GPA and the practical retake appeal were significantly associated with the CEE III score and overall CEE performance. The practical retake appeal was a significant contributor to clinical performance, explaining 5.3% of the variance (β = 0.24, P = .01, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.09, part correlation = 0.23, tolerance = 0.91). Discussion and Conclusion. These findings support the use of performance tests as an effective assessment strategy before CEEs but only represent one aspect of the full picture of readiness to practice. Academic progression policies can offer a mechanism for early identification to support at-risk students before the CEEs.

An Organizational-Employee Learning Contract: An Integrated Framework and Implementation Guide

An Organizational-Employee Learning Contract: An Integrated Framework and Implementation Guide

Internship learning contract in physiotherapy

Background: A learning contract is an agreement negotiated between student and supervising teacher that gives an information about what you want to learn and how you plan to learn it. The main objective of the present study was to find out if internship learning contract could be beneficial in individualized self directed learning with the instructional support from supervisors in undergraduate physiotherapy program.
 Methods: A total of 32 physiotherapy intern students participated in this study. They were requested to complete the questionnaire and discuss with their internship supervisor. After this, intern and supervisor were separately interviewed for their opinion and satisfaction pertaining to this activity.
 Results: Almost every participant and supervisor liked the internship learning contract concept and there was significant level of satisfaction amongst interns and their supervisors.
 Conclusion: The use of a learning contract during BPT internship may be beneficial in enhancing self directed learning and instructional support.

Karakteristik Pelaksanaan Pembinaan Santri di Asrama Pondok Pesantren

The purpose of the implementation of fostering students in the hostel reveals the characteristics of the coaches of students through a process of approach, education, and habituation that is applied in a series of activities both inside and outside the hostel. This research is field research with a qualitative descriptive approach with natural characteristics as a direct data source. Data collection through observation techniques, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis techniques with inductive and deductive methods. The issues discussed include various characteristics of the implementation of coaching students in dormitories with various actuating, directing, leading, coordinating, and motivating elements. The results of this study indicate that Actuating characteristics have been applied properly and consistently with a good approach to fostering students in the dormitory. Characteristics of Directing by giving directions and providing various information related to what hostel activities will be carried out every day. Leading characteristics provide an example of a leader and the best role model for students in carrying out a series of activities for students in the dormitory. Coordinating Characteristics There is a good cooperative relationship or teamwork between Santri coaches, dormitory administrators, and OSPI administrators intensely in coordinating coaching in the dormitory to achieve goals effectively and efficiently. Motivating characteristics provide various motivations, and enthusiasm for learning and provide reasons why it must be implemented. This implementation has different characteristics such as the existence of an iqob system (educational punishment), role models, and a system of learning contracts, activity contracts, and contracts in the hostel. These efforts can provide solutions to foster properly according to the goals to be achieved.

Teaching and assessing undergraduate collaboration skills scaffolded through the biochemistry curriculum using collaboration rubrics and student learning contracts.

The Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at St. Mary's College of Maryland has scaffolded collaboration skills throughout the Biochemistry curriculum and developed several assessment tools to evaluate these skills. Biochemistry I and II have used team contracts at the beginning of extensive team projects where students identify their strengths, review expectations, and plan for group communication. At the conclusion of each project, each student assesses their own contributions and team members for various parts of the project. A common collaboration rubric was also applied in Biochemistry I and II as well as in two other courses, General Chemistry II Lab and Physical Chemistry I Lab, for students to evaluate themself and team members using the following subcategories: quality of work, commitment, leadership, communication, and analysis. In Biochemistry I and II, we used this rubric for multiple assignments that are part of the projects in the lecture courses. In the General Chemistry II Lab, we provided elements of this rubric within an evaluation form that reflects these collaboration attributes after each lab experience, so students can assess and report privately on their experiences as part of their collaboration grade for the course. A similar collaboration rubric is completed by students for each team-based laboratory within Physical Chemistry I. We also demonstrate different ways that instructors can use the data from these assessment tools. In our department, we are using these tools to frame the importance of collaboration skills and collecting data to inform our teaching of these skills. Preliminary data suggest that our curriculum is successfully teaching students how to be good collaborators.

Developing digital module of intermediate writing subject in virtual class (V-Class) unila learning management system in English Education Study Program University of Lampung

The objective of the research is to develop digital module of Intermediate writing subject in Virtual Class (V-Class) Unila Learning Management System (LMS) English Education Study Program University of Lampung. This issue concerns the author, since the digital module of Intermediate Writing subject is not yet available. Due to the covid-19 pandemic which had been outbreak, the activities of teaching and learning must be implemented online at that time. The lecturers of Unila were assigned to utilize Virtual Class (V-Class) as a Learning Management System to accommodate teaching. Unavailability of integrated materials in V-Class became the problem occurred. The author made the idea to develop Digital Module for Intermediate Writing subject to tackle this problem. The research consists of several procedures that has been conducted such as: 1) Conducting a survey of students which is divided into three stages of activity, namely, making a questionnaire, distributing questionnaires, and analysing questionnaires, 2) Conducting literature review, 3) Developing e-RPS, 4) Making digital modules, 5) Determining the validator who will validate the digital module, 6) Validation of digital modules (expert judgment), 7) Finalization and socialization of digital modules, 8) Evaluation and follow-up. The methodology of this research was Research (R) and development (D) which comprises survey, expert validation, try-out and evaluation as research and develop learning contract, lesson planning in online version (e-RPS), digital module as doing development part. The result of the research is that there are several products that has been made such as Power Point Presentation (PPT), learning video, materials which uploaded in V-Class and integrated with other online materials and online learning contract and lesson planning (e-RPS). Besides, the learning contract/course outline and lesson plan (e-RPS) were appropriately made and adapted with the new curriculum and the situation while fighting pandemic era. The development of Digital Module on the UNILA V-Class LMS for the Intermediate Writing Course of the English Education Study Program has several impacts, individually it is able to improve technical competence and provide learning innovations. In groups, learning outcomes can be achieved maximally, effectiveness in online learning, and increase students’ motivation. Organizationally, it can improve the quality of the institution and increase public trust in the institution. This research was done as a report of the implementation of the actualization of basic training participant which implemented basic values of the civil servant. The hope is that there is an internalization of the basic values of Civil Servant (ASN) into the author and can also implement the role and position of Civil Servant (ASN) in the Republic of Indonesia. Keywords: digital module, virtual class, Intermediate writing subject, Actualization of Civil Servant

Understanding how heterogeneous agents affect Principal's returns: Perspectives from short-termism and Bayesian learning

We consider a general framework of optimal contract design under the heterogeneity and short-termism of agents. Our research shows that the optimal contract must weigh the agent's information rent, incentive cost, and benefit to overcome the contract's adverse selection and moral hazards. Agents with higher moral levels were more likely to choose higher effort and lower manipulation. Simultaneously, the principal offers lower incentives and receives more significant payoff. We also extend our model to investigate the benefits of Bayesian learning. Furthermore, we compare the principal's returns in general and learning models and find that the learning contract can bring more profit to the principal.

Pola Interaksi Sosial Guru Akidah Akhlak Dalam Merespon Maraknya Perilaku Phubbing Dikalangan Pelajar (Studi Kasus Di Man Kota Batu)

Phubbing is a phenomenon in which a person ignores the other person by focusing on their smartphone. This phenomenon is very prone to occur among students who are already familiar with the development of science and technology. The purpose of this study is to: (1) Know the phenomenon of phubbing that occurs in the learning process at MAN Batu City. (2) Knowing the supporting and inhibiting factors of the teacher's Akidah Akhlak interaction pattern with students at MAN Batu City during the learning process. (3) Knowing the efforts of MAN Batu City Akidah Akhlak teachers in responding to phubbing phenomena among students. This study uses a descriptive qualitative method. The results of this study are: (1) The phubbing phenomenon is found with an attitude of dependence and hurt. (2) Efforts made by the teacher to respond to phubbing behavior include making learning contracts, approaching the interaction patterns used, and collaborating with homeroom teachers and counseling teachers. (3) In responding to phubbing behavior, MAN Batu City Akidah Akhlak teachers apply an educational interaction pattern by prioritizing good communication. The supporting factors of the interaction pattern used are enthusiasm, school curriculum, and adequate infrastructure. While the inhibiting factors are the demand to always follow the development of science and technology, and the unfavorable family environment of students.

Survivability of industrial internet of things using machine learning and smart contracts

Due to data collection, there is a potential risk concerning security and privacy, so IoT reliability and survivability are of utmost concern. In this paper, we address the concern using two methods. The first method is device identification, which uses an extensive set of machine learning algorithms for identifying IoT devices. The algorithms include Logistic Regression, K- Nearest Neighbour, Support Vector Classifier, Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, AdaBoost, Light Gradient Boosting Machine, Extreme Gradient Boosting Convolution Neural Networks, and Long Short Term Memory are used for device identification. The performance of these models has been evaluated using multiple statistical measures, and weobserve that LSTM outperforms all other baseline models. The second method proposed for ensuring the survivability of theIoT environment is a blockchain-based architecture for smart homes to ensuretransparency and data protection.

Optimal specialty crop planning policies with yield learning and forward contract

Hops are the flowers of a specialty crop that provide unique flavors to craft beer. We study a multi‐year crop planning problem for a farmer who seeks to add hops production to the current production of a conventional crop. The farmer must dynamically determine the number of acres to allocate to each crop and design the terms of the forward contract under which brewers purchase the hops, considering the uncertainty of weather conditions, hops yield, hops spot market price, and conventional crop price. We formulate a multi‐period stochastic dynamic programming framework that incorporates statistical learning methods that depend on exogenous factors. We also develop an easy‐to‐implement learning‐based marginal total profit heuristic which can potentially be used as a decision support tool. Our numerical analyses suggest that yield learning is particularly important for a farmer who is considering investing in a high margin, but potentially risky, new crop such as hops. We also characterize the conditions under which yield learning is most beneficial for farmers. This paper contributes to the literature on specialty crop planning by introducing a multi‐year planning framework that incorporates unique characteristics of specialty crop production. We fill a gap in the crop planning literature by considering how farmers can learn about crop yields based on realized yields and exogenous factors such as weather conditions. Our paper is also of practical importance for farmers who seek to diversify their crop portfolio to hedge against risks associated with trade tensions and potential price drops for conventional crops.

Pengaruh Penerapan Kontrak Belajar (Learning Contracts) Terhadap Kedisiplinan Belajar Siswa Kelas X dan XI di Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan (SMK) Bakti Karya Parigi

This study aims to determine the effect of implementing a learning contract on student learning discipline. The research method used is a simple linear regression method by performing the F test and t test. The research instrument used is a questionnaire, the population used is class X and XI students at SMK Bakti Karya Parigi with a total sample of 33 respondents (students). The data analysis used is descriptive data analysis technique. From the results of a simple linear regression test, it is knownthat the value of t count = 2.054 > t table 2.040 with a significance value of 0.049 < 0.05. Therefore Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted, thus there is an influence between the learning contract variable (X) on student learning discipline (Y). Based on the results and data analysis regarding the effect of implementing a learning contract (Learning Contract) on the learning discipline of class X and XI students at SMK Bakti Karya Parigi, it can be concluded that thereis an influence between the application of a learning contract (Learning Contract) on the learning discipline of class X and XI students at SMK Bakti Karya Parigi. The calculated r value of learning contracts and student learning discipline is 0.346 and the coefficient of determination or (R Square) is 0.120, which means that the effect of the learning contract variable on the student learning discipline variable is 12%, the rest is determined by other variables not discussed in this study.