Learned Resourcefulness Research Articles

Parental Burnout—A Model of Risk Factors and Protective Resources Among Mothers of Children with/Without Special Needs

Parents of children With Special Needs and Disabilities (W-SND) who require long-term healthcare are at high risk of Parental Burnout (PB). However, most studies have focused on PB among parents of children Without Special Needs (WO-SN). This study aimed to develop a new model explaining PB of mothers of children W-SND/WO-SN. The main hypothesis was that the nexus of correlations between risk factors of PB (severity of child’s disability/challenge, perceived caregiver burden) and protective resources (social support, learned resourcefulness, deep emotion work) will explain the variance of PB of mothers of children W-SND and WO-SN. A questionnaire assessing PB, its risk factors, and protective resources was completed by 352 Israeli mothers of children W-SND (mean age 36.9) or WO-SN (mean age 32.3). The child’s disabilities were communicative, physical, intellectual and developmental. The main results are that mothers of children W-SND reported higher PB, higher caregiver burden, and a higher severity of disability. About 50% of PB variance was significantly explained by the nexus of correlations between selected risk and protective factors. Among all mothers, the more social support they received, the higher their learned-resourcefulness. However, learned resourcefulness mediates the correlation between caregiver burden and PB among mothers of children W-SND. Accordingly, it is important to increase awareness among healthcare professionals regarding the risk factors and symptoms of PB, and to develop workshops on protective resources in order to prevent PB and promote mothers’ well-being. Further research should be conducted among fathers and parents from diverse cultures.

Temperament and Voice Quality in Patients With Vocal Fold Nodules

BackgroundVocal fold nodules are most common in women and patients with vocal fold nodules represent the largest group in voice clinics. The prevalence of vocal fold nodules is particularly high in professions where the voice is used on a regular basis. The quality of the voice is influenced by a number of factors, including temperament, stress, and emotional state. These factors can influence the physiological conditions of phonation.The objective of this study was to assess the acoustic parameters of voice in patients with vocal nodules in comparison to healthy controls, and to determine whether voice quality is influenced by emotional state and coping with stress. MethodsA total of 32 patients admitted to the ENT Department of the University Medical School with voice disorders between March and June 2007 constituted the study group. All patients were found to have a vocal nodules on physical and stroboscopic examination. The control group consisted of 30 healthy individuals who did not report any voice disorders. All subjects underwent voice recordings in the voice laboratory. Following the completion of the voice evaluation form, anaerodynamic assessment (a, s, s/z-time), an index of vocal impairment, the Rosenbaum Schedule of Learned Resourcefulness (RLRS) and the Temperament and Characteristics Inventory (TEMPS-A), all subjects underwent further assessment. Acoustic analysis was conducted using the CSL program in MDVP and the Vocal Assessment component of Dr. Speech. ResultsThe decrease in MPT in the study group was statistically significant. There were statistically significant differences in the parameters MFo, Jitt, RAP, PPQ, SHdB, Shim, APQ, NHR, SPI from the MDVP, Jitter, Shim% from the voice assessment, and the perceptual rating (H, R, B) from Dr. Speech’s voice assessment analysis. The differences in the dimensions of anxious temperament and the examination of stress problem-solving strategies were significant between the study group and the control subjects. Differences in aerodynamic and acoustic parameters were found between disordered and healthy groups, as well as between individuals with different personalities. Overall, those with nodules were less likely to manage stress well than those without nodules. ConclusionThe study group and the control subjects showed significant differences in anxious temperament dimensions and stress problem-solving strategies. There were also differences in aerodynamic and acoustic parameters between the disordered and healthy groups, as well as between the groups with and without personality temperament differences. Overall, those with nodules were less likely to manage stress well than those without nodules. This finding indicates that stress management options are not effectively utilized in patients with vocal fold nodules. So, it might be a good idea to look into some kind of therapeutic approach and patient education for stress management.

An Empirical Study of the Influence of Psychodynamics Group Therapy on Students’ Learned Resourcefulness in Chinese Vocational Colleges: Systematic Review

The Chinese society values education due to its observation of Confucianism which highlights the value of education to the entire Chinese society. Per the cultural perspectives, education has been popularized in China. The government accord importance to education due to its importance in promoting socio-economic performance in the region. Despite the importance of education in China, vocational students face challenges with the rate of learned resourcefulness. These students have limited access to educational resources and also face mental challenges. Learned resourcefulness concerns one’s ability to use internal factors such as emotions to regulate their response to external stressors to enhance quality of education and other factors in life. Psychodynamic therapy, which aids in the regulation of cognitive traits, can significantly impact students' resourcefulness, helping them better navigate their educational and personal challenges.

Concept Analysis of Learned Resourcefulness

Learned resourcefulness is a broad and abstract concept that refers to the ability to use self-observation and self-control to change internal negative feelings, emotions, or thoughts to reduce the adverse effects of stress on emotions and behavior. Excessive stress negatively affects the physical and mental health of individuals, and learned resourcefulness can help alleviate the effects of stress. Nursing measures implemented in a timely manner to enhance patients' self-regulation ability and improve their mental and physical stability are important. In this article, based on the concept analysis method of Walker and Avant (2019), the defining characteristics of learned resourcefulness are summarized as: (1) self-control ability, (2) problem-solving skills, and (3) belief in one's ability to cope effectively with adverse situations. These characteristics are illustrated in case examples, providing empirical reference indicators and introducing the application of nursing research and practice. It is hoped that this article will help nursing colleagues understand learned resourcefulness and provide a reference for clinical assessment and the development of related intervention measures.

The effects of resourcefulness-based instrumental reminiscence therapy on psychological adjustment in nursing home residents: a randomised controlled trial.

Older adults do not always adapt successfully to nursing homes. Learning resourcefulness and instrumental reminiscence may contribute to the psychological adjustment made by nursing home residents. How both attributes can be combined to enhance residents' adjustment remains unclear. This study examined the effects of resourcefulness-based instrumental reminiscence therapy (RBIRT) on psychological adjustment, learned resourcefulness, self-efficacy, social support and quality of life (QoL) of nursing home residents. A randomised, controlled, assessor-blinded, parallel-arm trial was conducted between January 2022 and February 2023 in Fujian, China, with 120 participants (intervention = 60, comparison = 60) from two separate nursing homes. The intervention group participants received a 6-week RBIRT, involving Reminiscence Interview, Emotional Venting, Reconstruction Strategies, Planning for the Future and Strengthening Support. The control group participants received routine institutional care. Participants were assessed using the Nursing Home Adjustment Scale, Resourcefulness Scale, General Self-efficacy Scale, Perceived Social Support Scale and the 12-item Short-Form Health Survey. Outcomes were evaluated at baseline (T0), immediately post intervention (T1) and at 1-month (T2) and 3-months (T3) post-intervention. Participants in the intervention group showed significant improvement in 'psychological adjustment,' 'learned resourcefulness,' 'self-efficacy,' 'social support' and 'QoL-mental health dimension' compared to the control group (P < 0.001). These effects were sustained at the 1- and 3-month follow-ups. Innovative RBIRT improved psychological adjustment, learned resourcefulness, self-efficacy, social support and mental health-related QoL among nursing home residents.

Born Outside of Wedlock, Died as a Millionaire: Getting Wealthy by Being Entrepreneurially Resourceful

The rise from rags to riches i.e., from poverty to wealth has inspired as a topic both novelists and historians, but often their texts are just chronological or sub-thematic writings without any clear theoretical focus. In the present study, the learned entrepreneurial resourcefulness has been selected to be the main theoretical perspective. In addition, we can follow from a life-long description how a youngster called Julius (Julius Johnsson; 1845-1923) born in the poverty rose to wealth. The context is Finland, mainly in the 19th century, and the historian’s biographical data are used as empirical evidence. Our analytical tool is a 2x2-matrix, which makes it possible to study both individual and collective resourcefulness and both proactive and reactive behaviour in the growth process. The key findings emphasize proactive, self-initiated behaviour. Both individual and collective resourcefulness have helped the youngster in his development ”from a Russian bastard” to a Finnish millionaire. The nature of his resourcefulness has been not only cognitive but also affective and, most of all, conative. Resourcefulness has helped Julius to recognize opportunities and overcome resource constraints in the transition to a wealthy habitual entrepreneur and a respected businessman. Earlier body of knowledge regarding resourcefulness is complemented with our analytical matrix which can be regarded as the main methodological contribution and which offers a novel framework for the forthcoming studies aiming at adding knowledge on entrepreneurial resourcefulness. Keywords: biography, entrepreneurial behaviour, entrepreneurial resourcefulness, habitual entrepreneur, learning

Adaptation of the «Physical Resilience Instrument for Older Adults (PRIFOR)» on the Ukrainian sample

Introduction. The study of the phenomenon of resilience as the individual's ability to recover is extremely relevant due to the full-scale war, which causes chronic stress, emotional and physical trauma, etc. That is why psychologists face the need for a deep and detailed study of the features of resilience as an important ability to recover after stressful and traumatic events. Aim: to adapt the «Physical Resilience Instrument for Older Adults (PRIFOR)» (Fang-Wen Hu, Cheng-Han Lin, Fang-RuYueh, Yu-Tai Lo &amp; Chung-Ying Lin) to the Ukrainian sample, to check the instrument statements' reliability and discrimination as well as to carry out validation and standardization of its scales on the Ukrainian sample. Methods. To check the instrument's convergent validity, standardized the following questionnaires were used: «Personal Resources» (O.V. Savchenko, S.A. Sukach); «Conor-Davidson Stress Resistance Scale (CD-RISC-10)» (adapted by N.V. Shkolina, I.I. Shapoval, I.V. Orlova, I.O. Kedyk, and M.A. Stanislavchuk); «Learned Resourcefulness» (adapted by B.V. Biron). Results: The «Physical Resilience Instrument for Older Adults (PRIFOR)» by Fang-Wen Hu, Cheng-HanLin, Fang-Ru Yueh, Yu-Tai Lo &amp; Chung-Ying Lin" was successfully adapted to the Ukrainian sample and standardized, as well as the test norms were developed, which makes it possible to use the Instrument for the analysis of the general index and individual scales of individuals' resilience. Conclusions. The Ukrainian version of the «Instrument for the Study of Resilience (IDR-14)» can be helpful for psychological assessment of and planning of work with military personnel and individuals who need recovery after stress, illness and mental and physical injuries.

Exposure to Psychological Intimate Partner Violence: Resilience to Depression is Related to Social Support and Learned Resourcefulness.

Psychological violence is the most common form of intimate partner violence (IPV). Psychological IPV places women at significant risk for depressive symptoms. Accordingly, this study examined the moderator role of perceived social support and learned resourcefulness (LR) as personal resources in the relationship between psychological IPV and depression. This cross-sectional study was performed via an online survey platform. A total of 168 Turkish women, with a mean age of 33.8, completed a set of measurement tools. Data were assessed using linear regression and two-way and three-way interactions in moderated multiple regression analyses. The results of the study showed that as expected psychological IPV was directly associated with depression (β = .268, p < .001). To explore the moderator roles, two separate two-way interactions were conducted, and results demonstrated that neither social support nor LR separately moderated the relationship between psychological IPV and depression. However, there was a significant three-way interaction: togetherness of perceived social support with LR moderated the relationship between psychological IPV and depression (β = -.388, p < .05). More specifically, if women exposed to psychological IPV have high perceived social support and high LR, they are less likely to report depressive symptoms. This finding highlights the positive effect of the combination of personal resources on depression linked to psychological IPV's detrimental effects. The findings were discussed in the light of the relevant literature. Interventions focusing on strengthening social support and fostering LR skills may promote the psychological well-being of women exposed to psychological IPV.

SOURCE, a learned resourcefulness program to reduce caregiver burden and improve quality of life for older family caregivers

AbstractBackgroundFamily members often undertake caregiving responsibilities over long periods of time, which could lead to caregiving burden. A theory‐based and culturally sensitive learned resourcefulness program may help family caregivers mitigate stress by learning and using self‐help strategies.ObjectivesThis study's aim is to use rigorous methods to investigate the effects of a learned resourcefulness program called SOURCE (Chen et al., Geriatric Nursing, 2021, 45, 1129) to reduce caregiver burden and improve quality of life (QOL) for family caregivers. SOURCE is an acronym for the six self‐help behaviors at the core of this theory‐based learned resourcefulness program, developed by the Principal Investigator (PI) in collaboration with other researchers (Chen et al., Geriatric Nursing, 2021, 45, 1129). These behaviors are: seeking problem‐solving strategies, organizing daily actions, using self‐regulation, reframing positive situations, changing negative self‐thinking, and exploring new thinking and skills.MethodsWe used a quasi‐experimental design with repeated measures for this study. The potential subjects were family caregivers whose family member was receiving home care. PI recruited 94 family caregivers (60 years old or older) who were caring for disabled and/or ill family members who also were 60 years old or older and living at home at the time of the study. The PI recruited these caregivers through the home care services department of a hospital and two community healthcare centers in Taiwan. The experimental group (n = 46) received the four‐week in‐person SOURCE while their family member continued to receive home care services, whereas the control group (n = 48) did not receive the SOURCE program while their family member received home care services. We collected data from the participants using the Caregiver Burden Scale, EuroQol‐5 Dimension, and Rosenbaum's Self‐Control Scale at baseline (T0, Week 1), after the intervention (T1, Week 5), and at follow‐up (T2, Week 9). We analyzed the data using paired‐sample t‐tests and used the generalized estimating equation method to compare paired data between the baseline and follow‐up.ResultsOf the 94 recruited family caregivers, 90.4% (n = 85) completed the study. We found no significant differences between the experimental and control groups in terms of demographic, caregiver burden, and QOL variables at baseline. Compared to the control group, the experimental group had significantly improved caregiver burden scores (indicating a reduction in caregiver burden) at the end of the intervention and at follow‐up. The experimental group had significantly improved QOL scores at follow‐up only. The experimental group also showed high levels of adherence to and satisfaction with the intervention. The paired‐sample t‐test results show significantly improved learned resourcefulness between T0 and T1 and between T0 and T2 (t = −5.84, p &lt; 0.001; t = −6.77, p &lt; 0.001) for the experimental group.ConclusionThe SOURCE program helped family caregivers develop and use self‐help behaviors during their daily caregiving tasks. The family caregivers reported satisfaction with the program as well as reduced caregiver burden and improved QOL after the program ended.Implications for practiceThe SOURCE program can be implemented to improve family caregivers' caregiver burden and QOL. Community health nurses can improve self‐help abilities of family caregivers by helping them to acquire abilities and skills that allow them to effectively handle stress and reduce their caregiver burden.

Stressors and learned resourcefulness in baccalaureate nursing students: alongitudinal study.

This correlational longitudinal study examined levels and relationships of Learned Resourcefulness (LR), stressors, and academic performance in baccalaureate nursing students at a North Carolina university. Gadzella's Student-life Stress Inventory (SSI) and Rosenbaum's Self-Control Scale (SCS) administered to 85 students in two groups upon admission and graduation. LR increased, while stress decreased significantly in both groups (p < 0.05). Both groups (95.3% female, 85.8% Caucasian) reported similarly high frustration, pressure, and emotional reactions to stress. Significant relationship between taking tests and stress (p < 0.01). Stressors (p < 0.05) and age (p < 0.01) significant predictors of academic performance. Significant correlations of LR and work status (p < 0.01), and increased self-esteem (p<0.05). No significant relationships among LR, stressors, and academic performance. Results validate high levels of stress and suggest that higher LR enhances coping skills and decreases stress longitudinally, which can improve academic performance and retention. Trends and relationships in stressors and LR should be explored internationally in larger, more diverse samples of college students in nursing and other majors in relation to depression, anxiety, health-related behaviors, demographics, and academic performance. LR can be assessed, taught, learned, and enhanced. Greater numbers of qualified, competent nursing graduates with stronger clinical judgment, coping, and problem-solving skills will address the critical global nursing shortage and improve the quality, safety, and access of health care worldwide.

Nursing home adjustment in China: mediating and moderating effects

PurposeAdjusting to nursing homes contributes to successful aging in older adults. However, the effect of stress on psychological adjustment in nursing home residents is unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the relationship between stress and psychological adjustment among nursing home residents.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional, multicenter survey. A total of 386 residents from 11 nursing homes were included in the study. Bootstrapping with resampling strategies was used to examine multiple mediators and the moderator effect. This research conforms with the STROBE checklist.ResultsPath analysis demonstrated that stress directly negatively predicted the psychological adjustment of nursing home residents. It also indirectly predicted psychological adjustment through the mediating role of learned resourcefulness and self-efficacy, as well as the chain mediating role of both. Social support played a moderating role in the path of stress to learned resourcefulness.ConclusionThis study revealed the mechanism underlying the effect of stress on psychological adjustment in nursing home residents without cognitive impairment and walking difficulties. It further suggests that health providers could enhance older adults' learned resourcefulness, self-efficacy, and social support to assist them in adjusting to nursing home life.

The relationship of learned resourcefulness with self-leadership skills: A study with nurse and midwife students

BackgroundIt is important for the professionalism that students at the university use their coping skills to solve the problems that may arise before starting the profession, control their behaviours by directing themselves, and motivate themselves in case they face negative situations. ObjectivesThis study was carried out to determine the relationship between the selfleadership skills of students studying in nursing and midwifery departments and their learned resourcefulness skills. DesignThe study a descriptive, correlational and cross-sectional pattern. SettingsThe sample of the study consisted of 380 students studying at the Nursing and Midwifery Department of the Faculty of Health Sciences of a foundation university in Istanbul. MethodsThe research data were collected using the information form, the Revised Self-Leadership Questionnaire, and the Rosenbaum Learned Resourcefulness Scale. In the analysis of the data descriptive analysis, parametric or non-parametric comparative analyzes and correlational analyzes were used. ResultsIn the study; 84.5% of the participants were female and whose mean age was 20.6-61.6% of the participants were studying in the nursing department. The total score the students got from the Revised Self-Leadership Questionnaire was 131.87 ± 23.49, and the total score that got from the Rosenbaum Learned Resourcefulness Scale was 120.81 ± 16.77. The students studying in the third-grade (124.16 ± 13.9) had higher self-control skills compared to the first (118.57 ± 18.8) and the second-grade (119.2 ± 16.7) students, that's, they frequently applied the coping strategies represented in the scale (p < 0.05). There was a positive linear relationship between two scale (p < 0.001). ConclusionWithin the framework of the research results, gender, grade and the department studied are related to the level of self‑leadership. The level of learned resourcefulness was associated with classroom and stress training. Individuals’ self‑leadership levels showed a positive relationship with their learned resourcefulness level.

Pilot test of a learned resourcefulness program for older family caregivers in Taiwan

Learned resourcefulness, a theory-based education intervention, can be applied to provide strategies to improve the health status and reduce caregiver burden for older family caregivers. We developed a culturally relevant SOURCE program and designed a pilot study to its effect and feasibility for older family caregivers living in Taiwan. Using a quasi-experimental study with one-group, pre-test and post-test design, we recruited a convenience sample of 30 older family caregivers who received home-care services from a regional hospital in southern Taiwan. The older family caregivers participated in and completed the four-week SOURCE program. Effectiveness and feasibility data were collected after the completion of the program. Results indicated that the SOURCE program significantly improved caregiving burden (t = 3.05, p = .005) and revealed that the program was helpful and useful to older family caregivers. The next step will be to use the SOURCE program with more older family caregivers.

Managerial Resourcefulness and Quality Service Delivery: The Place of Information Sharing in Public Sector Organizations

Service delivery is a key factor to be taken seriously for organizations that wants to survive and thrive. This study examines the influence of managerial resourcefulness on quality services delivery while assessing the relevance of information sharing in the process. The theory of learned resourcefulness was adopted to serve as an undergirded model in this review. It was concluded that; organizations can make excellence in customer service their hall work of success if they take advantage of the opportunity to have resourceful managers who will not feel discouraged and withdrawn in the face of a challenge, but who are posit to think critically and demonstrate readiness and enthusiasm to turn such situations around in favor of the organization. Therefore, organizational leadership should: Pay active attention to changes, events, and trends in the business environment and take practical steps to adapt to these changes to increase customer traffic to the organization in a seamless manner. Adopt a flexible disposition that allows the organization to modify these changes, events, and trends in the business environment and better understand what can drive the organization to succeed. Allow customers to prioritize change to help management get a better understanding of their expectations and respond sufficiently to improve the user experiences of these customers. Provide a lasting purpose to make informed decisions that will generate greater productivity and boosts organizational growth through effective collaborations. Give room for information sharing to dispense knowledge and competencies that will help in resource utilization, and cost-effective operation to improve service delivery.

Effectiveness of parenting education for expectant primiparous women in Asia: a systematic review.

This review evaluated the effectiveness of antenatal parenting education versus usual care for maternal confidence, maternal depressive symptoms, and parenting stress among expectant primiparous women in Asia. Previous reviews on parenting education have mostly examined practices in non-Asian countries and found that no single parenting education program met the needs of all parents. Given that there may be some common characteristics in Asian cultures, such as grandparents' involvement with child care, this review focused on specific interventions in determining the effects of practices on particular outcomes in these populations, so that providers of antenatal education can tailor interventions that are more culturally appropriate for Asian women. Studies published in English or Japanese that included expectant primiparous women and couples in Asia who received antenatal parenting education were considered. The outcomes were maternal confidence, maternal depressive symptoms, and parenting stress. The authors searched for English-language articles up to February 2019 using MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and PsycINFO. They also searched Ichushi-Web for Japanese articles. A gray literature search was conducted using Google Scholar and ProQuest Health and Medical Collection. Two independent reviewers selected studies, and a critical appraisal was undertaken using appropriate JBI tools. Data were presented in narrative form owing to the heterogeneity of the included studies. Four studies involving 652 pregnant women were included: three were randomized controlled trials, and one was a quasi-experimental study. The studies were conducted in China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan, and included the following antenatal parenting education interventions: interpersonal, psychotherapy-oriented childbirth education; childbirth psychoeducation based on the concept of learned resourcefulness; and Internet newborn-care education based on self-efficacy theory. Overall, the methodological quality of the included studies was moderate. Meta-analysis was not possible owing to the heterogeneity, including small sample sizes and differences in intervention content, populations, and follow-up times. A subsequent narrative synthesis was undertaken for each outcome. Of three studies with maternal confidence as an outcome (n = 496), two showed significantly higher maternal confidence at six weeks' (P = 0.000, Cohen's d = 1.41) and three months' postpartum (P = 0.016, Cohen's d = 0.35) in the intervention groups; however, one study showed no significant group differences. Of three studies with maternal depressive symptoms as an outcome (n = 534), two found significantly fewer depressive symptoms at three months' (P = 0.018, Cohen's d = -0.34) and six months' postpartum (P = 0.005, Cohen's d = -0.42) in the intervention groups; however, one study revealed no significant group differences. Parenting stress was examined in one study (n = 156); it showed significantly lower parenting stress (P = 0.017, Cohen's d = 0.38) immediately after the intervention. There is insufficient evidence to support the effectiveness of a specific type of antenatal parenting education for maternal confidence, maternal depressive symptoms, and parenting stress for expectant primiparous women in Asia. However, the findings suggest that specific theory-oriented antenatal parenting education is potentially effective for those women. Further high-quality studies are needed for antenatal parenting education among expectant primiparous women, especially in Asia.

Relationship Between Learned Resourcefulness and Academic Procrastination in Students Studying in Sports Departments

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the learned resourcefulness levels and academic procrastination of students studying in sports departments. A total of 372 students who studied in Bing&amp;ouml;l University at School of Physical Education and Sports participated in the study as volunteers. In the study, the personal information form, learned resourcefulness scale, and academic procrastination scale were used as data collection tools. In the analysis of the obtained data, Pearson Correlation and Linear Regression analysis were applied by using the SPSS package program. According to the research findings, it was determined that there was a positive relationship between the learned resourcefulness level and the level of academic procrastination, and the learned resourcefulness predicted the academic procrastination level by 8%. As a result; it was concluded that there was a low level and a positive correlation between learned resourcefulness level and academic procrastination, and learned resourcefulness power affects academic procrastination. In this context, it was thought that coping with the difficulties faced by students was important in both achieving their academic goals in school life and maintaining their psychological health.

Effects of learned resourcefulness, work-life quality, and burnout on pediatric nurses' intention to leave job.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of learned resourcefulness, work-life quality, and burnout level on the pediatric nurses' intention to leave work. The study was conducted with 268 nurses. Data were evaluated by Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis. In this study, 40.7% of nurses showed the intention to leave their jobs. Work-life quality, burnout level, and learned resourcefulness explained intention to leave the job in the rate, respectively, of 21.5%, 27.6%, and 12.1%. These three factors indicate that intention to leave the job is 41%. Nurse managers can reduce nurses' intention to leave the job by providing safe, comfortable, accessible, appropriate working conditions, increasing the learned resourcefulness level, and supporting nurses.

EXAMINATION OF DECISION SELF-ESTEEM AND DECISION-MAKING STYLES OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS ACCORDING TO METACOGNITION AND LEARNED RESOURCEFULNESS

This is a descriptive study conducted to examine whether decision self-esteem and decision-making styles of university students differ according to metacognition, learned resourcefulness, and gender. The study sample consists of a total of 467 university students. The collected data were analyzed by MANOVA-Wilks’ Lambda(λ) Test, Pillai’s Trace Test, t-test and Discriminant Analysis Test. The study results demonstrate that the niversity students with functional metacognition and high learned resourcefulness have a high levels of self-confident decision making. The university students with functional metacognition and high learned resourcefulness were found to have avoidance, panic, and procrastination decision-making styles which are significantly lower than those of the university students with dysfunctional metacognition and low learned resourcefulness. The study found that female university students have a high levels of panic decision-making style. Key Words: Metacognition, Learned Resourcefulness, Decision Self-Esteem, Decision-Making Styles, University Students

Interpreting Students' Experiences with Academic Disappointments Using Resourcefulness Scores as a Lens

Most postsecondary students have to deal with academic disappointments at some point in time, with many of them succumbing to their anxieties and failing to learn from these lived experiences. Our study aimed to understand the “why and how” disappointments unfolded in a sample of 20 undergraduate students, using a design whereby interview text was concurrently analyzed across the continuum of learned resourcefulness in conjunction with an inductive, data-driven coding, and theme generation perspective. Reasons for attending university, attributional style, coping and learning, and perceptions of others markedly differed for high- and low- resourcefulness scorers. Whereas high-resourceful scorers used academic disappointments as a motivator to engage in more effort and problem-solving strategies, low scorers ruminated and tried to forget about them. Suggestions are provided on ways to effectively help students become more resourceful and in control of their studies.

The investigation of learned resourcefulness in terms of locus of control, sociotropy-autonomy personality traits, demographic and professional variables in nurses

The investigation of learned resourcefulness in terms of locus of control, sociotropy-autonomy personality traits, demographic and professional variables in nurses