Lean Body Mass Percent Research Articles

Resistance Exercise to Mitigate Cancer Cachexia: Molecular Mechanisms and Practical Applications

Background: Fifty-eighty percent of all cancer patients are afflicted by cancer cachexia and 20 percent die due to cancer cachexia. Purpose: From this narrative review, I will make a case for utilizing resistance exercise training from a molecular mechanistic standpoint and provide insight in how it can be used in a hospital setting. Method: PubMed Search and review of the literature. Discussion: The loss of about 9 percent of lean body mass is related to lower survival in metastatic colorectal cancer. Chemotherapy is also related to muscle mass loss. Resistance exercise training increases muscle protein synthesis and net muscle protein balance towards anabolism in healthy volunteers. Resistance exercise has shown to reduce the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines from monocytes and reduce toll-like receptor-4 expression on monocytes. Resistance exercise training has been shown to reduce lean body mass losses and improve function in cancer patients. Conclusion: All in all, resistance exercise training has been shown to alter molecular mechanisms that lead to muscle protein gains and is an effective means to improve function and reduce lean body mass losses in cancer with few side effects.

The Level of Serum Cholesterol is Negatively Associated with Lean Body Mass in Korean non-Diabetic Cancer Patients

Due to poor nutrition and abnormal energy metabolism, cancer patients typically experience the loss of muscle mass. Although the diabetic conditions or dyslipidemia have been reported as a causal link of cancer but the consequence of such conditions in relation to gain or loss of skeletal muscle mass in cancer patients has not been well documented. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of lean body mass and systemic parameters related to lipid metabolism in non-diabetic cancer patients using data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2008-2011. As results the level of serum total cholesterol (total-C) was negatively associated with both total lean body mass and appendicular lean body mass in cancer patients after adjustment for sex, physical activity, energy intake and comorbidity. The associations between consumption of dietary factors (energy, carbohydrate, protein and fat) and lean body mass were disappeared after adjusting comorbidities of cancer patients. Multivariate-adjusted linear regression analysis by quartiles of serum total-C showed that higher quartile group of total-C had significantly lower percent of lean body mass than reference group in cancer patients. The data indicate that serum lipid status can be the potential estimate of loss of skeletal muscle mass in cancer patients and be referenced in nutrition care of cancer patients under the onset of cachexia or parenteral/enteral nutrition. This data need to be confirmed with large pool of subjects and should be specified by stage of cancer or the site of cancer in future studies.

Impact of Individualized Diet Intervention on Body Composition and Respiratory Variables in Children With Respiratory Insufficiency: A Pilot Intervention Study.

Diet modification may improve body composition and respiratory variables in children with respiratory insufficiency. Our objective was to examine the effect of an individualized diet intervention on changes in weight, lean body mass, minute ventilation, and volumetric CO2 production in children dependent on long-term mechanical ventilatory support. Prospective, open-labeled interventional study. Study subjects' homes. Children, 1 month to 17 years old, dependent on at least 12 hr/d of transtracheal mechanical ventilatory support. Twelve weeks of an individualized diet modified to deliver energy at 90-110% of measured energy expenditure and protein intake per age-based guidelines. During a multidisciplinary home visit, we obtained baseline values of height and weight, lean body mass percent by bioelectrical impedance analysis, actual energy and protein intake by food record, and measured energy expenditure by indirect calorimetry. An individualized diet was then prescribed to optimize energy and protein intake. After 12 weeks on this interventional diet, we evaluated changes in weight, height, lean body mass percent, minute ventilation, and volumetric CO2 production. Sixteen subjects, mean age 9.3 years (SD, 4.9), eight male, completed the study. For the diet intervention, a majority of subjects required a change in energy and protein prescription. The mean percentage of energy delivered as carbohydrate was significantly decreased, 51.7% at baseline versus 48.2% at follow-up, p = 0.009. Mean height and weight increased on the modified diet. Mean lean body mass percent increased from 58.3% to 61.8%. Minute ventilation was significantly lower (0.18 L/min/kg vs 0.15 L/min/kg; p = 0.04), and we observed a trend toward lower volumetric CO2 production (5.4 mL/min/kg vs 5.3 mL/min/kg; p = 0.06) after 12 weeks on the interventional diet. Individualized diet modification is feasible and associated with a significant decrease in minute ventilation, a trend toward significant reduction in CO2 production, and improved body composition in children on long-term mechanical ventilation. Optimization of respiratory variables and lean body mass by diet modification may benefit children with respiratory insufficiency in the ICU.

Wide ranging stopover movements and substantial fuelling in first year garden warblers at a northern stopover site

Migratory birds use stopovers to replenish their fuel reserves and they generally spend more time at stopover sites than they do in actual flight. When arriving at a new stopover site birds may need to search extensively to find a suitable feeding area and this search and settling period may affect the duration of stopover. Stopover behaviour can thus have profound effects on the migratory programme and studies on stopover behaviour are important to understand migratory strategies. We followed 51 first‐year garden warblers Sylvia borin with radio‐transmitters at an autumn stopover site on the island of Gotland in southern Sweden. Our aim was to determine the distance birds relocated from the coastal capture site when searching for an area to settle in, and also to establish the duration of stopover and put it in relation to refuelling rate by recapturing a subset of the radio‐tracked individuals. Sixteen birds made an extended stopover (> 2 d), relocated inland from the capture site and settled on average 5.6 km from the capture site, with the longest recorded relocation being fourteen kilometres. Birds that relocated nocturnally settled in areas further away than birds that relocated diurnally. Thirteen birds that continued migration after a short stop carried larger fuel stores than birds that stopped over longer and they remained close to the capture site until departure. Three birds were re‐trapped and showed high fuelling rates, between 0.3 and 1.1 g d–1. They left the stopover site with fuel loads between 40–56 percent of lean body mass, which possibly would have allowed them to reach the Mediterranean area without additional refuelling stops.

Prevalence of Sarcopenia among Older Community-Dwelling People with Normal Health and Nutritional State

This study analyzed whether sarcopenia, a risk factor for disability in the aged, also occurs in healthy community-dwelling elders with normal nutritional state. As indicators, body cell mass (BCM) and lean body mass (LBM) were determined in 110 Germans (ages 60–83) using bioimpedance analysis. Nutritional status, muscle function, anthropometry, and physical activity level were investigated. Sarcopenia was already present in well nourished healthy elders. Its prevalence depended on the measure of muscle mass used (BCM percent, 22 percent males, 20 percent females; LBM percent, 4 percent males, 11 percent females). In conclusion, screening for presence of sarcopenia is needed in healthy, well-nourished elderly populations requiring an international standardization.

A randomized control study on the effects of prescriptive exercise on lean mass and fatigue in breast cancer patients undergoing treatment

19560 Background: Loss of lean mass during cancer treatment has been correlated with increases in fatigue (F) levels. Exercise is related to decreases treatment related fatigue and has been shown to thwart muscle loss. Methods: Twenty female subjects, ages ranging from 35 to 70 years, were recruited for the 21 week study. A randomized two-group (exercise and control) design with multiple measurements [Pre-surgery (PS), Post-surgery (POS), 1st assessment during Chemotherapy (Chemo1), 2nd assessment (Chemo 2), 3rd assessment (Chemo 3), and at the end of the experiment (FA)] was used. Percent of lean body mass (%LBM) and F levels were measured as dependent variables. Also, creatine kinase (CK) and total caloric intake (TCI) were measured to explain changes in %LBM and F. Data were analyzed using a two-way mixed model ANOVA with repeated-measures. Results: No significant difference in %LBM from PS to FA (p = 0.82) was observed. However, a significant interaction effect between groups and %LBM from PS to FA was observed (p<0.000). Post hoc analyses revealed significant difference in %LBM between groups at the FA (p = 0.004). Significant differences in F scores were observed between PS and FA (p=0.008). Post hoc analyses revealed significant difference in F scores between groups at Chemo 1, (p=0.001), Chemo 2, (p=0.005), and FA (p=0.000). No differences in CK were noted, however significant differences were noted between groups at PS (p=0.000) and FA (p=0.000) for TCI. Conclusions: The results suggest that initiating a regular individualized prescriptive exercise immediately following surgical recovery and continuing through at least 12 weeks during chemotherapy treatment positively impacts %LBM and deceases F when compared to patients not involved in any exercise. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

The Effects of Growth Hormone Treatment on Bone Mineral Density and Body Composition in Girls with Turner Syndrome

Many girls with Turner syndrome (TS) are treated with GH to increase adult height. In addition to promoting longitudinal bone growth, GH has effects on bone and body composition. The objective was to determine how GH treatment affects bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition in girls with TS. In a cross-sectional study, we compared measures of body composition and BMD by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, and phalangeal cortical thickness by hand radiography in 28 girls with TS who had never received GH and 39 girls who were treated with GH for at least 1 yr. All girls were participants in a National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical Research Center (CRC) protocol between 2001 and 2006. The two groups were similar in age (12.3 yr, sd 2.9), bone age (11.5 yr, sd 2.6), and weight (42.8 kg, sd 16.6); but the GH-treated group was taller (134 vs. 137 cm, P = 0.001). The average duration of GH treatment was 4.2 (sd 3.2) yr (range 1-14 yr). After adjustment for size and bone age, there were no significant differences in BMD at L1-L4, 1/3 radius or cortical bone thickness measured at the second metacarpal. However, lean body mass percent was higher (P < 0.001), whereas body fat percent was lower (P < 0.001) in the GH-treated group. These effects were independent of estrogen exposure and were still apparent in girls that had finished GH treatment at least 1 yr previously. Although GH treatment has little effect on cortical or trabecular BMD in girls with TS, it is associated with increased lean body mass and reduced adiposity.

Effect of a Conditioning Program on Subcutaneous Fat and LBM% in Males Aged 18-24 Years

This study examined the effect of a three-month conditioning program-consisting of exercises targeted to improve flexibility strength and cardiorespiratory endurance on Subcutaneous Fat and Lean Body Mass percent (LBM%) in fifty (N = 50) physically active males aged 18-24 years. Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis was used for total body composition assessment and subcutaneous fat distribution was measured with the help of skinfold thickness from selected body sites (Biceps Triceps Subscapular Suprailiac and Calf). On an average most deposition of fat was noticed in the Subscapular site followed by Calf Triceps Suprailiac and Biceps regions in that order before the start of a conditioning program. Conditioning program caused a significant reduction in the subcutaneous fat deposition at all sites after the completion of first mesocycle of 45 days as well as after the second mesocycle (next 45 days of conditioning). However the conditioning program of 90 days failed to change the distribution pattern of subcutaneous fat in the observed sites. On the body composition front the mean values of total body fat percent demonstrated a decrease after the conditioning program (before 19.83 ± 5.50 and after 17.7 ± 5.36) but this decrease was not statistical significant (P < 0.05). Similarly the mean values of total body LBM% demonstrated increase after a conditioning program (before 80.16 ± 5.50 and after 82.3 ± 5.44) but again this increase was also not statistically significant. These findings indicate that a conditioning program on the one hand statistically significant lowers skinfold thickness by mobilizing and using the stored fat (subcutaneous) from various sites and on the other hand although there was a difference in the mean values of total body Fat Percent and total LBM percent after a conditioning but that difference was not statistical significant. (authors)

Responses of Brewer's and Chipping Sparrows to Water Restriction

Physiological capacities of xerophilic Brewer's sparrows (Spizella breweri) and the more mesophilic chipping sparrows (Spizella passerina) for dealing with water restriction were examined. On a diet of millet seeds, hydropenic sparrows of both groups lost body mass over the initial 3-4 days. A few individuals of each species continued to lose mass, but many stabilized at about 75%-85% of their initial value and tolerated 3 wk without drinking. The loss principally involved reductions in absolute amounts of body water and protein. Plasma osmotic pressure, daily food intake, and relative protein and water contents (as percent of lean body mass) did not differ significantly between hydrated and hydropenic Brewer's sparrows. Relative water content of water-restricted chipping sparrows was significantly lower than control values. Brewer's sparrows significantly reduced evaporative and cloacal water loss when prevented from drinking. Construction of water budgets indicates that these reductions are sufficient t...