Leakage Values Research Articles

Development of emulsion foams based on healthier oleogels and their application as low-fat replacers for whipped cream

AbstractThis study aimed to develop emulsion foams (I: 1:1 flaxseed oil to coconut oil; II: 1:2 flaxseed oil to coconut oil; III: 2:1 flaxseed oil to coconut oil) based on the formation of an air-in-water-in oleogel as a healthy substitute for whipped cream.The developed emulsion foamswere assessed for their physicochemical properties and fatty acid composition. They were also characterized through Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), polarized light microscopy (PLM), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Based on the results, emulsion foamII demonstrated a higher overrun percentage (90%) thanI and III (80 and 70%, respectively).The serum leakage values for all formulations were zero after 24 h at 5 °C. While, hardness values for emulsion foams I, II, and III were 0.40 ± 0.03, 0.50 ± 0.10, and 0.30 ± 0.04 N, respectively. The emulsion foamIII had higher unsaturated fatty acids than I and II (54.67% vs. 41.50% and 28.72%). Theemulsion foamsI and II showed more packed air bubbles than the emulsion foamIII.In emulsion foams I, II, and III, the average size of air bubbles was 36, 25.09, and 15.09 μm, respectively. Moreover, the thermal stability of the emulsion foam II is enhancedby increasing the coconut oilratio.

Effect of adding sodium fluoride and nano-hydroxyapatite nanoparticles to the universal adhesive on bond strength and microleakage on caries-affected primary molars.

Evaluation of micro tensile bond strength (μTBS) and marginal leakage of sodium fluoride (NaF) and nano-hydroxyapatite (n-HA) modified universal adhesives (UAs) bonded using etch-and-rinse (ER) and self-etch (SE) bonding technique to the carious affected dentin (CAD). One hundred and twenty primary molars were prepared for CAD on the occlusal surface. The occlusal CAD surface was flattened and underwent a polishing procedure. The specimens were divided into six groups using a random allocation method based on the UAs applied and the mode of etching used (n = 20) Group A1: UAs (ER), Group B1: UAs (SE), Group A2: UAs (NaF) + ER, Group B2: UAs (NaF) + SE, Group A3: UA (n-HA) + ER and Group B3: UAs (n-HA) + SE. Composite restoration was placed and samples were thermocycled. Microleakage, μTBS, and failure mode assessment were performed using a dye penetration test, universal testing equipment, and stereomicroscope respectively. The μTBS and microleakage results (mean ± SD) were examined using analysis of the variance (ANOVA) and Tukey post hoc tests. Group B1 (UAs + SE) demonstrated the maximum scores of microleakage (25.14 ± 9.12 nm) and minimum recorded value of μTBS (14.16 ± 0.55 MPa). In contrast, Group A3 (UAs (n-HA) + ER) displayed a minimum value of marginal leakage (12.32 ± 6.33 nm) and maximum μTBS scores (19.22 ± 0.92 MPa). The outcomes of the intergroup comparison analysis showed that Group A2 (UAs (NaF) + ER), Group B2 (UAs (NaF) + SE), Group A3 (UA (n-HA) + ER) and Group B3 (UAs (n-HA) + SE) presented comparable outcomes of marginal seal outcomes and μTBS scores (p > 0.05). NaF and n-HA-modified UAs displayed favorable bond strength and minimum marginal leakage to the deciduous affected dentin surface.

Physical Layer Security of Fiber-optic Wiretap Channel with Forward Error Correction Coding

Abstract In this paper, by using effective leakage value, we quantitatively assess the security performance of the fiber-optic wiretap channel with forward error correction coding. As the eavesdropper is far from the transmitter, effective leakage value initially decreases slowly and then will vary rapidly. As the eavesdropper is close to the transmitter, effective leakage value of (7,4) block code is larger than that of the (7,3) block code. However, when the eavesdropping distance is far, the system security performances of both are almost the same. Furthermore, effective leakage value using OTDR is analyzed and discussed.

Indocyanine green near-infrared fluorescence bowel perfusion assessment to prevent anastomotic leakage in minimally invasive colorectal surgery (AVOID): a multicentre, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial

Anastomotic leakage is a severe postoperative complication in colorectal surgery and compromised bowel perfusion is considered a major contributing factor. Conventional methods to assess bowel perfusion have a low predictive value for anastomotic leakage. We therefore aimed to evaluate the efficacy of real-time assessment with near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging with indocyanine green (ICG) in the prevention of anastomotic leakage. This multicentre, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial was done in eight hospitals in the Netherlands. We included adults (aged >18 years) who were scheduled for laparoscopic or robotic colorectal surgery (with planned primary anastomosis) for benign and malignant diseases. Preoperatively, patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to fluorescence-guided bowel anastomosis (FGBA) or conventional bowel anastomosis (CBA) by variable block randomisation (block sizes 4, 6, and 8) and stratified by site. The operating surgeon and investigators analysing the data were not masked to group assignment. Patients were unmasked after the surgical procedure or after study end. In the FGBA group, surgeons marked anastomosis levels per conventional perfusion assessment and then administered 5 mg of ICG by 2 mL intravenous bolus. They assessed bowel perfusion using NIR fluorescence imaging and adjusted (or kept) transection lines accordingly. Only conventional methods for bowel perfusion assessment were used in the CBA group. The primary outcome was the difference in the rate of clinically relevant anastomotic leakage (ie, requiring active therapeutic intervention but manageable without reoperation [grade B] or requiring reoperation [grade C], per the International Study Group of Rectal Cancer) between the FGBA group and the CBA group within 90 days post-surgery. The primary outcome and safety were assessed in the intention-to-treat population. This study was registered with ToetsingOnline.nl (NL7502) and ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04712032) and is complete. Between July 2, 2020, and Feb 21, 2023, 982 patients were enrolled, of whom 490 were assigned to FGBA and 492 were assigned to CBA. After excluding 51 patients, the intention-to-treat population comprised 931 (463 assigned FGBA and 468 assigned CBA). Patients had a median age of 68·0 years (IQR 59·0-75·0) and 485 (52%) were male and 446 (48%) were female. Ethnicity data were not available. The overall 90-day rate of clinically relevant anastomotic leakage was not significantly different between the FGBA group (32 [7%] of 463 patients) and the CBA group (42 [9%] of 468 patients; relative risk 0·77 [95% CI 0·50-1·20]; p=0·24). No adverse events related to ICG use were observed. 313 serious adverse events in 229 (25%) patients were at 90-day follow-up (159 serious adverse events in 113 [24%] patients in the FGBA group and 154 serious adverse events in 116 [25%] patients in the CBA group). 18 (2%) people died by 90 days (ten in the FGBA group and eight in the CBA group). ICG NIR fluorescence imaging did not reduce 90-day anastomotic leakage rates in this trial across all types of colorectal surgeries. Further research should be done in subgroups, such as rectosigmoid resections, for which evidence suggests ICG NIR might be beneficial. Olympus Medical, Diagnostic Green, and Intuitive Foundation.

Radiopacity and Microleakage Evaluation of Different Intermediate Materials

Objective: The aim of this study is to compare the radiopacities of different types of materials with indications for application as a base under restorations and the microleakage of the final restorations with these materials applied as bases. Methods: Standart Class I cavities were prepared in 90 caries-free molar teeth. The cavities were randomly divided into 9 groups according to the type of intermediate material to be applied (n=10): 1. High flowable composite, 2. Low flowable composite, 3. Fiber reinforced composite, 4. Giomer, 5. Ormocer, 6. Alkasite, 7. Bioactive composite, 8. High viscosity glass ionomer, 9. Glass carbomer. The base materials in each group were applied to the cavity floor and restoration was completed using a nanohybrid composite resin and an universal adhesive system. To evaluate radiopacity, radiographic images were taken using direct digital system and mean gray values were measured with ImageJ software. To analyse microleakage, specimens were subjected to thermocycling, immersed in 2% methylene blue solution for 24 hours, sectioned buccolingually and leakage values observed on the half-piece surfaces were examined under a stereomicroscope and recorded. Data were analysed using One-way Analysis of Variance, Tukey HSD Test and Pearson Chi-Square with Bonferroni-corrected Z Test (p˂0.05). Results: In terms of radiopacity, while alkasite and low flowable composite showed the highest radiopacity, glass carbomer gave the lowest (p

Enhancing coal seam gas pressure measurement accuracy and preventing leakage through dual chamber pressure balancing in borehole

Accurate measurement of coal seam gas pressure (CSGP) is critical to the evaluation of coal mine gas hazards and the potential of coal seam gas extraction. In this study, we investigate gas leakage from chambers and its influences on CSGP measurement results (MR) through numerical simulations. Furthermore, we propose, analyze and validate a novel method that balances gas pressure between two chambers, i.e. the measurement and regulation chambers, in a borehole. The results demonstrate that: (1) Traditional CSGP measurement method utilizing boreholes with a single chamber exhibit a gradual expansion of the gas pressure dropping region around the borehole, accompanied by an initial increase in chamber gas pressure followed by stabilization. The gas leakage process within the chamber undergoes three typical stages. (2) The increase of gas leakage lowers the MR value and raises the CSGP measurement error ratio (R). The relationship between MR, R and the stable value of gas leakage is nearly linear. (3) The proposed novel CSGP measurement method involves continuous gas injection into the regulation chamber to establish a dynamic gas pressure balance region between the two chambers. This approach minimizes gas leakage in the measurement chamber and accelerates gas pressure recovery. Maintaining dynamic pressure equality between the dual chambers is essential for minimizing R. (4) An automatic regulation unit is developed to achieve dynamic gas pressure balancing between the two chambers. With the novel method, R values remain below 3%, yielding higher CSGP measurement accuracy compared to alternative approaches.

Measurement of inward leakage of full-face masks in EN and ISO standards: comparison of gas and aerosol test agents.

In Europe, respiratory protective devices must be certified before they can be marketed. Among the parameters of interest, inward leakage (IL) characterizes the tightness between the face seal and the face, to verify that the device is well-designed. European standard EN 13274-1 (2001) and International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standard ISO 16900-1 (2019) specify that IL should be measured using sodium chloride (NaCl) aerosol or sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) gas. For reusable masks made of nonporous materials, both test agents are considered equally acceptable. However, the few studies that have compared IL values measured with various aerosols and gases have come to divergent conclusions. This work then aimed to measure IL with the test agents recommended by the standards to determine whether they are really equivalent. Since krypton (Kr) is an interesting candidate for replacing SF6 in standard tests, IL was assessed with SF6 and Kr simultaneously, and with NaCl aerosol using various calculation methods. Tests were carried out on 5 models of full-face masks donned on a headform connected to a breathing machine simulating 3 sinusoidal breathing rates of various intensities. The respirator fit on the headform was evaluated using a controlled negative pressure method to determine a manikin fit factor. Four scenarios were then tested to represent very poor, bad, good, and excellent fit. Gas concentration was measured using a mass spectrometer, and IL was calculated for SF6 and Kr. A combination of 3 devices allowed the determination of the number-based concentration of particles with diameters between 20 nm and 2 µm, and IL was calculated for each of the 33 channels, as well as using a cumulative number concentration. In addition, to comply with standards, a conversion was carried out to calculate IL using a cumulative mass concentration. The results of this work evidenced that the IL values measured with NaCl were systematically lower than those determined with gases. IL was also shown to vary with particle size, with a maximum value exceeding that calculated with cumulative concentrations (in number or mass). As part of the revision of the standards, protocols for measuring inward leakage should be redefined. On the one hand, acceptability thresholds should be re-evaluated according to the nature of the test agent (gas or aerosol), as it is clear that the 2 options do not give the same results for a given configuration. On the other hand, the aerosol leakage measurement protocol needs to be reworked to enable the measurement of a well-defined, robust, and reproducible inward leakage value.

Untargeted volatolomic approach for the identification of sensory quality markers of fresh-cut iceberg lettuce stored in modified atmosphere packaging

Fresh-cut iceberg lettuce is appreciated by consumers for its nutritive properties, convenience, and ease of use. Producers are then pushed to preserve the quality of these products by using modified atmosphere packaging (MAP). In this study, the influence of passive MAP (air) or active MAP (1–5 % O2), on several quality attributes of fresh-cut iceberg lettuce samples was evaluated during storage time (from 3 to 14 d) at 4 °C. The respiration rate and the electrolyte leakage values of samples packaged in active MAP were higher than those of fresh-cut iceberg lettuce stored in the air, indicating stressful storage conditions. Inverse trends were observed for O-quinones content and browning index until the end of the storage period. Sensory analysis highlighted that active MAP has preserved the visual quality, limiting the browning of the cut surfaces. On the other hand, active MAP modified the sensory profile after 3 d at 4 °C, and samples scored below the marketability limit for both odor and off-odor. Finally, a volatile organic compound characterization by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) allowed the identification of target molecules that could signal a decrease in food quality under different conditions. A total of 118 compounds were identified and, among them, ethyl alcohol and acetaldehyde were identified as the best quality markers for passive MAP and active MAP samples, respectively, while ethyl acetate could represent a good compromise to assess the quality of fresh-cut iceberg lettuce, regardless of MAP conditions.

Effect of blood and artificial saliva contamination on marginal adaptation and sealing ability of different retrograde filling materials: A comparative analysis.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of blood and artificial salivary contamination of different root-end filling materials on microleakage using a confocal laser scanning microscope and on marginal adaptation using a scanning electron microscope. Eighty noncarious single-rooted teeth with mature apices were taken. After retro-cavity preparation, they were randomly assigned into two major groups (n = 40). They were contaminated with blood and artificial saliva, respectively. Each major group was divided randomly into four subgroups (n = 10) and filled as follows: Subgroup A, Biodentine; Subgroup B, bioactive bone cement; Subgroup C, Cention N; and Subgroup D, Bio-C Repair. The samples were sectioned transversely at 1 and 2 mm from the root apex and checked under a confocal laser scanning microscope for microleakage and under an scanning electron microscope for marginal adaptation. The average mean values were calculated. Independent samples t-tests, paired t-tests, and one-way analysis of variance with Tukey's post hoc tests were done to analyze the data. All the tested materials showed marginal gaps and dye leakage. The Bio-C Repair group showed the least mean marginal gap and dye leakage values, followed by bioactive bone cement, Biodentine, and Cention N, respectively, in both blood and artificial saliva contamination. However, the mean marginal gaps and dye leakage between the major groups were statistically insignificant. In an overall comparison, Bio-C Repair was found to be superior in terms of marginal adaptation and sealing ability under the test conditions.

Candidate raw materials for a sustainable feeding of greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili) reared in recirculating aquaculture systems: Apparent digestibility, physical properties of diets and faeces, and postprandial nitrogen excretion

To evaluate the raw material digestibility, the physical characteristics of diet pellets and faeces, and the postprandial nitrogen excretion in greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili) reared in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS), 10 diets were obtained by mixing a reference diet (CP: 51.8% DM; EE: 13.6% DM) with one of ten raw materials (7:3 ratio), i.e. fishmeal (FM), porcine haemoglobin (PH), fermented soybean (FS), soybean protein concentrate (SPC), hydrolysed wheat protein (HWP), potato protein (PP), beet pulp (BP), beer yeast without fat (BY), beer yeast with fat (BYF), and Lithothamnium seaweed (LS). Twenty fish (268.9 ± 94.3 g) were randomly distributed into 5 RAS tanks (4 fish per tank) and fed for 140 days the experimental diets. A Latin square experimental design was used based on 5 diets × 5 tanks for two rounds (10 ingredients, 2 weeks per diet per tank). The highest ADCs of dry matter and protein were recorded for PH (83.0% and 88.4%, respectively), FM (81.8% and 84.3%), SPC (77.4% and 82.5%), and BYF (73.0% and 80.9%) while the lowest ones for BY (64.4% and 70.8%), HWP (59.8% and 69.9%), PP (48.3% and 69.8%), and BP (53.7% and 55.8%) (p < 0.05). The ADCs of EAA were the highest for PH, FM and SPC compared to the other raw materials; ADCs of lipids was above 90% for all raw materials (p > 0.05). Regarding pellets properties, FM was associated with the highest value for oil leakage whereas BP to the lowest (0.18% vs. 0.11%; p < 0.05); FS, HWP, BYF, and PH produced less turbidity in water after 15 min than BY (3.68 mg L−1 on average vs. 6.01 mg L−1; p < 0.05). Regarding faeces size, fish fed FS, BYF, and FM produced the lowest volume of fresh faeces of fine-size class than those fed the other raw materials (62.1% vs. 69.2% on average; p < 0.05); the highest rate of dry faeces retained at a sieve mesh interval of 1.0 < mm < 1.2, was produced by fish fed BYF and the lowest rate by those fed BY (1.16% vs. 0.34%; p < 0.05). A maximum of postprandial nitrogen excretion (mg N-NH4+ × kgfish−1 × h) was reached between 2 and 4 h after feed ingestion without differences among diets (p > 0.05). Overall, the findings of this investigation will contribute to the sustainable formulation of RAS aquafeed optimized and tailored for this promising Mediterranean aquaculture species.

Hygrothermal response of a wood-frame thick-wall assembly to rainwater wetting under future climate scenarios in Canada

Current exterior wall assembly designs for new low-rise residential buildings targeting low-energy demand in heating dominated countries include split-insulation wall and thick-wall assembly designs. Both have been shown to result in thermal efficiency gains compared to building-code minimum assemblies, however long-term hygrothermal performance can vary depending on boundary conditions and the presence of construction deficiencies. Future climate scenarios estimate many heating-dominated climates will experience a reduction in heating-degree day hours and an increase in annual rainfall. Using validated assembly performance data from a Passive House certified facility, a sensitivity analysis is performed to determine the impact of rainwater wetting, air exfiltration and insulation material properties on the hygrothermal response of a thick-wall assembly. Results show that rainwater leakage values of 0.50% and greater of the adhering rainfall on the exterior surface of the assembly results in the greatest risk for failure. The hygrothermal response of the assembly is then examined under a global temperature rise scenario of 3.5°C for five geographic locations across Canada. Results show that an increase in average annual total rainfall does not directly result in an increase in the failure rate of the assembly when a rainwater leak is present. Additional climatic factors, including outdoor air temperature, driving rain and solar radiation received will influence the hygrothermal response of the assembly and need to be considered when modelling the performance under future climate change scenarios.

Data-driven modal analysis of turbulent momentum exchange and heat transfer in composite porous fluid systems

This paper investigates the dynamics governing turbulent momentum exchange and heat transfer between pore flow within porous media and the turbulent flow passing over it. Employing high-fidelity pore-scale large eddy simulation, our investigation explores the fundamental mechanisms driving these phenomena. Modal analysis based on snapshot proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) is employed to quantify the modes of interaction between porous and non-porous regions, providing a comprehensive understanding of the underlying processes. Spatial and temporal modes reveal the existence of localized flow structures at the pore scale, contributing to time-varying patterns of information exchange. At the commencement of the porous block, the mean flow (Mode = 0) from the porous to non-porous region is the dominant mechanism in momentum exchange and heat transfer. This mode facilitates convective heat transfer from the porous to the non-porous region through upward and forward flow movements, showcasing positive flow leakage. In addition to the mean flow, the turbulent flux inherent in alternate POD modes (Mode ≠ 0) plays a substantial role in information propagation, influencing diverse directions. Spatial modes, complemented by statistical analysis, uncover a significant likelihood of observing negative vertical velocity values in the wake of the porous ligaments at the porous-fluid interface, indicative of negative flow leakage. This negative flow leakage precisely corresponds to the local penetration of fluid from the non-porous region into the porous region. Furthermore, our study reveals that information exchange via turbulence fluctuations manifests through complex outward and inward interactions in regions characterized by substantial positive flow leakage. Notably, these regions exhibit a distinct tendency for high-momentum streamwise-oriented flow to migrate outward from the porous region into the non-porous region (outward interactions). Conversely, inward interactions arise in these regions when the instantaneous magnitude of positive flow leakage is smaller than the mean value of positive flow leakage, emphasizing the pulsating nature of positive flow leakage. Finally, the distribution of the Nusselt number highlights that more than 60% of total heat transfer occurs within the initial one-third of the porous block length. Significantly, a notable portion of the porous ligaments experiences insufficient cooling due to positive flow leakage, underlining the critical implications of these findings for the understanding of turbulent momentum exchange and heat transfer in a composite porous-fluid system.

Effect of sodium hypochlorite and calcium hypochlorite on the apical sealing ability of endodontic sealers

Aim: This study aimed to compare the influence of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and calcium hypochlorite [Ca(OCl)2 ] on the apical sealing capacity of AH Plus (Dentsply Maillefer) and Bio-C Sealer (Angelus) endodontic sealers. Methods: Sixty permanent human lower incisors were randomly allocated (http://www.randomized.org), according to the irrigant used, into three groups (n=20): 0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl/Control); 2.5% NaOCl; and 2.5% Ca(OCl)2 . The root canal was prepared with rotary files under 10 mL of the solution corresponding to the experimental group. Each group was subdivided into two (n=10) according to the sealer used for filling: AH Plus (Dentsply Maillefer) or Bio-C Sealer (Angelus). Then, all samples were immersed in black India ink for one week. After the storage period, the roots were then grooved longitudinally and split, and the ink penetration was measured from the apical part to the coronal part of the root canal into which the ink penetrated using a stereomicroscope. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc tests. Results: There was no statistical difference in ink penetration between the different endodontic sealers tested for the same irrigating solution (p &gt; 0.05). However, when the Bio-C Sealer (Angelus) was used, the group treated with 2.5% Ca(OCl)2 was associated with lower values of apical leakage, compared to 2.5% NaOCl (p &lt; 0.05). For the AH Plus sealer (Dentsply Maillefer), there was no difference between the irrigants (p &gt; 0.05). Conclusions: Associating Ca(OCl)2 irrigant with Bio-C Sealer (Angelus) seems to be a good option to reduce apical leakage.

Functionality of Pizza Cheese as Affected Using Saccharomyces boulardii Adjunct Culture During Refrigerated Storage

Background: Mozzarella/Pizza cheese remains the preferred choice for topping pizza. There is currently no information available on the production of Pizza cheese employing Saccharomyces boulardii as an adjunct culture. The research was conducted to study the influence of S. boulardii adjunct culture on the functional properties of Pizza cheese during refrigerated storage. Methods: Experimental Pizza cheese was manufactured using a blend of homogenized and unhomogenized milks (1:1; cheese designated as CBHM). Control cheese was prepared from unhomogenized milk involving stretching of curd, post whey draining. Result: The baking properties viz., meltability as well as melting time were markedly affected by T, P and the interaction T´P. The fat leakage and stretch length of cheeses were markedly affected by T and P only. The melt and fat leakage values exhibited marked increase with the advancement of the storage period. It is recommended to consume such cheese before 21 days since CBHM cheese elicits the desirable baking characteristics up to 21 days.

Reduced Fertilization to Improve Sustainable Use of Resources and Preserve Postharvest Quality of Fresh-Cut Wild Rocket (Diplotaxis tenuifolia L.) in Soil-Bound and Soilless Cultivation.

Reducing fertilizer input is a goal for helping greenhouse farming to achieve higher sustainability in the production process while preserving overall crop performance and quality. Wild rocket plants were cultivated in a plastic greenhouse divided into two independent sectors, one for soil-bound (SbS) cultivation and another equipped for soilless (ScS) cultivation systems. In both SbS and ScS, the crop was subjected to treatments consisting of a high- and a low-input fertilization program (HF and LF treatment, respectively). Water use efficiency (WUE) and partial factor productivity (PFP) for nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg for ScS, and N for SbS) were measured. Rocket leaves, separated for the cultivation system and fertilization program and collected at different cuts during the growing cycle, were cold stored at 10 °C until 16 d. On each sampling day (at harvest and during storage), the sensory parameters, respiration rate, dry matter, color, electrolyte leakage, antioxidant activity, total phenols, total chlorophyll and ammonia content were evaluated. In ScS, the PFP for all nutrients supplied as fertilizers showed a significant increase with the LF treatment, with values higher than 30% recorded for N, K, and Ca. As for the postharvest performance, rocket leaves cultivated in ScS showed better qualitative traits than those cultivated in SbS, as suggested by the lower values of ammonia content and electrolyte leakage recorded at the end of storage period in samples grown in ScS. Moreover, in ScS, the data showed lower membrane damage in LF than HF rocket leaves. Finally, regarding total chlorophyll content, even if no effect of each treatment was recorded in SbS, rocket cultivated in ScS showed a better retention of this parameter by applying LF rather than HF treatment. In addition to this, a PLS model (R2 = 0.7) able to predict the cultivation system, using as a variable non-destructively measured total chlorophyll content, was implemented. Low fertilization input, both in SbS and in ScS, allowed satisfying production levels and more sustainable management of nutrients. LF treatment applied to ScS also had in positive effects on the postharvest quality of fresh-cut rocket leaves.

Comparison of Marginal Seal and Tensile Bond Strength of an Alkasite, Zircomer, and Bulk Fill Composite to Carious Affected Primary Molars

Assessment of the micro tensile bond strength (μTBS) and microleakage of contemporary restorative materials (Cention N cement (CN), Bulk-fill Resin-based composite (BF-RBC), and Zirconomer Improved) bonded to carious affected dentin (CAD) of primary molars as compared to conventional control Glass ionomer cement (GIC). Eighty human primary molars having scores 4 and 5 of the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) were included. Specimens were randomly allocated into four groups (n = 20) Group I = GIC, Group 2: Zirconomer Improved, Group 3: CN, and Group 4: BF-RBC. All the samples were thermocycled followed by marginal leakage, μTBS, and failure mode assessment using a dye penetration test, universal testing machine, and a stereomicroscope. The μTBS and microleakage results were examined using (ANOVA) and Tukey post hoc tests. Samples from Group 1 (GIC) revealed the highest value of marginal leakage (30.55±10.31 nm) and the lowest recorded value of μTBS (12.28±0.32 MPa). In contrast, the specimens from Group 3 (CN) demonstrated the lowest levels of microleakage (14.89±4.33 nm) and highest bond integrity (18.12±0.79 MPa). Cention N cement and Bulk-fill composite have shown to be reliable options as a restorative material in primary dentition due to their superior tensile bond strength and reduced marginal leakage scores when applied to caries-affected dentin.

Magnetic Field Treatment in Barley: Improved Salt Tolerance in Early Stages of Development

It is known that salinity is one of the most important abiotic stress factors reducing productivity in agriculture. High salt concentration has a negative effect on seed germination and seedling formation. Magnetic field treatment can be considered as an environmentally friendly, innovative and inexpensive method to increase tolerance to stress, as a productivity-enhancing factor in agriculture. In this study, germination rate, germination strength, shoot and root length, fresh and dry weights, chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll content and ion leakage values of three different barley varieties under the influence of 150 mT constant magnetic field at different time intervals were determined. In light of the results, it was determined that although it varies according to the barley varieties, it has a significant positive effect on the germination rate and strength depending on the duration of the applied magnetic field. This study revealed that the magnetic field seed treatment has different effects according to the treatment time and the severity of the salt stress.

Salinity stress and different types of nano silicon's effects on lupine morphology and biochemical accumulations

Drug and food industries employ lupine (Lupinus termis). Saline irrigation water is one of the main obstacles to spread of lupine growing in Egypt's reclamation regions. Productivity of plants grown under salty irrigation water can be improved by using silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) or functionalized silica nanoparticles (FSiNPs). Lupine plant can be harmed by saline water, especially if it includes sodium chloride; consequently, it was projected that lupine production would fail in Egypt's reclaimed soil, where sodium chloride-containing groundwater is used as the principal irrigation source. In this work, Si types were applied to the leaves of lupine to aid in their response to sodium chloride in to lessen the damaging effects of sodium chloride on them for increasing their output in the recently reclaimed regions. Si types were applied to lupine leaves at 0, 1, 2 mM SiNPs, and 1, 2 mM FSiNPs with fresh or saline water. Obtained results indicated that there were different improvements in the morphological characters, yield and fixed oil content, when SiNPs or FSiNPs were applied to lupine plants that had been exposed to saline water. In this way, SiNPs or FSiNPs adapted to saline water by increasing photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a or b and carotenoids), osmolytes (proline, soluble sugars, free amino acids), antioxidant molecules (phenols and flavonoids), membrane stability index and antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and glutathione reductase), while decreasing the values of hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde and electrolyte leakage. However, additions of FSiNPs under saline water performed better than SiNPs x saline water treatments. This study assists farmers in reducing the negative impacts of saline irrigation water on reclaimed fields.

Effects of biochar treatments on the elemental composition of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) leaves based on the priming period

This study determined the effects of different doses of biochars (B) on Virginia tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) cultivar, on first and second harvest dependent change in plant nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, and B), leaf color parameters (L*, a*, and b*), chlorophyll value (SPAD), electrolyte leakage (EL), crude ash, number of leaves, and plant height. Pot experiments were conducted with biochar treatments of 10 tons ha−1 (B1), 20 tons ha−1 (B2), 40 tons ha−1 (B3), and 80 tons ha−1 (B4). Tobacco leaf macroelement (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) levels increased with increasing biochar doses. The highest values were obtained for B4 treatments (80 tons ha−1) and the lowest for control (B0) treatments. Microelements (Fe, Zn, Mn, and B) exhibited a non linear change, while Cl and Cu exhibited a linear change. Color parameters (L*, a*, and b*) for the first and second priming showed the highest L* and b* values for B2 and B3 treatments, respectively, and the highest a* values for the B2 treatment. Leaf SPAD values increased with increasing biochar doses; further, the obtained SPAD values were ordered as B4 > B3 > B2 > B1 > B0. Leaf electrolyte leakage values were 25.90 %–37.25 % in the first priming and 26.90 %–40.59 % in the second priming. For both the primings, the highest crude ash values (21.94 % and 19.05 %) were observed for the B4 treatments, whereas the lowest values (17.89 % and 17.01 %) were observed for the B0 treatments. the tallest plant height (121.9 cm) and the highest number of leaves (45.3) were determined in B4 applications. Overall, considering the nutrition and quality of tobacco, B2 application is recommended.

Influence of pressure disturbance wave on dynamic response characteristics of liquid film seal for multiphase pump

Slug flow or high GVF (Gas Volume Fraction) conditions can cause pressure disturbance waves and alternating loads at the boundary of mechanical seals for multiphase pumps, endangering the safety of multiphase pump units. The mechanical seal model is simplified by using periodic boundary conditions and numerical calculations are carried out based on the Zwart-Gerber-Belamri cavitation model. UDF (User Define Function) programs such as structural dynamics equations, alternating load equations, and pressure disturbance equations are embedded in numerical calculations, and the dynamic response characteristics of mechanical seal are studied using layered dynamic mesh technology. The results show that when the pressure disturbance occurs at the inlet, as the amplitude and period of the disturbance increase, the film thickness gradually decreases. And the fundamental reason for the hysteresis of the film thickness change is that the pressure in the high-pressure area cannot be restored in a timely manner. The maximum value of leakage and the minimum value of axial velocity are independent of the disturbance period and determined by the disturbance amplitude. The mutual interference between enhanced waves does not have a significant impact on the film thickness, while the front wave in the attenuated wave has a promoting effect on the subsequent film thickness changes, and the fluctuation of the liquid film cavitation rate and axial velocity under the attenuated wave condition deviates from the initial values. Compared with pressure disturbance conditions, alternating load conditions have a more significant impact on film thickness and leakage. During actual operation, it is necessary to avoid alternating load conditions in multiphase pump mechanical seals.