Leakage In Pipe Research Articles

AUTOMATED LEAK AND WATER QUALITY DETECTION SYSTEM FOR PIPED WATER SUPPLY

The volume of water loss because of leakage in the conveyance pipe has been alarming. Old and poorly constructed pipelines, inadequate corrosion protection, poorly maintained valves, and mechanical damage contribute to leakage. Water-carrying pipes were buried underground, so tracing leak points manually could be tasking, if not impossible. This work was to report on the effectiveness of a developed Automated Leak and Water Quality Detection (ALWQD) system. This device can detect leaks in the piped water system automatically and can also report any deterioration in the quality of water that flows through affected pipes. The ALWQD consisted of several drainpipe connections, pipe accessories, electronic components, and sensors to monitor water quality impairment. The control signal was the solenoid valves that interfaced with the ESP-32 microcontroller boards placed on the pipe manifold at intervals, along with water quality monitoring sensors of turbidity, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), and pH. The fabrication and testing of the device followed standard procedures. Testing of ALWQD was done at 0, 5, and 10 minutes under load and no-load conditions, with average variation in reading recorded after three trials. The findings indicated that the efficiency of ALWQD was between 70% and 80%, which could be improved upon. The trend in the results of the monitored parameters was not different from that of similar previous work. Leaks caused pressure drops and disallowed the full flow of water found at pipe joints, which could be a pathway for the intrusion of contaminants into the water conveyance system.

Experience sharing on abnormal handling during operation of 350MW DC boiler after major overhaul

Recently, during the commissioning period of a 350MW DC boiler in a certain power plant, multiple abnormal situations occurred, which are relatively rare. For example, in normal operation, when the oil pressure of the supply fan suddenly rises to 10MPa full range, the moving blades of the supply fan cannot be adjusted, resulting in an automatic decrease in fan output, negative pressure fluctuations, and a decrease in unit load; Oil leakage in the control oil pipe of the air supply fan, causing a decrease in system oil pressure; A large amount of steam leakage occurs in the water valve of the warm valve; Leakage and other issues with the cooling water control valve of the superheater. Serious impact on the safe operation of the unit. Through summary and analysis, the root cause problem was ultimately discovered and thoroughly solved. This article mainly summarizes the analysis of abnormal causes and the sharing of experience in the handling process.

A Review on Current Technologies and Future Direction of Water Leakage Detection in Water Distribution Network

Water leakage in the supply system is a silent problem that costs billions of dollars yearly. As these supply pipes are mostly underground, this leakage remains undetected for a long time. In 2019, Liemberger and Wyatt estimated an annual loss of thirty-nine billion dollars due to water leakage in the supply pipe. In this systematic review, we have analyzed forty-seven articles about water leakage detection and location research. The aim is to find the new technology, trends, and possible direction in this research field. We have derived four research questions. The first question was about how the research evolved over time, and we have observed that researchers focus more on experimental data collection, ML algorithms, and IoT technology. The second question was about the sensor the researcher was using. The most popular sensors researchers have used are: vibration, acoustic, and flow sensors, as they are cheap and easy to install. We can also see some novel applications of image and optical fiber sensors. The third question was about the trend in the algorithm. ML and threshold-based algorithms are dominating the field. The fourth question was about the communication technology trend, and WIFI, cellular IoT, and LoRa technology are leading the space capturing 80% of the research.

Plastic Pipeline Leak Localization Based on Wavelet Packet Decomposition and Higher Order Cumulants

This paper presents a plastic pipeline leak localization method based on wavelet packet decomposition and higher order cumulants. The hydrophone sensors are used to capture the acoustic signals generated by the water leakage in the plastic pipe. The feature frequency band containing the most leak information is subsequently extracted by performing wavelet packet decomposition on the signals. The most suitable wavelet packet basis function for leak signals is obtained by comparing the effects of varieties of wavelet packet basis functions. Furthermore, the higher order cumulant method is used to estimate the time delay between the two sensors signals, from which the leak hole can be located. The simulation and experimental results show that, compared with the basic cross-correlation method (BCC) and the generalized cross-correlation method (GCC), the higher order cumulant method has higher leak localization accuracy. The relative error of the third-order cumulant method is 2.99% in experiment 1 and 7.58% in experiment 2, while the relative localization error of the fourth-order cumulant method is 1.96% in experiment 1 and 1.23% in experiment 2.

Home Appliances Service Management

In the present scenario, people are buried up in a heavy work culture that they forget about the maintenance of their house. The leakage in pipe or fixing furniture, no one really has time to fix it on their own. Finding a plumber or carpenter nearby has also become a hectic task as they are not ready to come home for a small work. This is where our system will come to aid. We provide a one stop system that provides many services like plumbing, electronicsrepair, gas stove repairing, RO servicing andelectrical services, home cleaning, carpentryservices, machine services, home painting, tutors packers and movers, home design and construction,party and event, health and wellnessatyour doorstep in just one click. Not just that we also give you access to no of repair persons, cleaners, electricians, painters to whenever something needs to be fixed at home . You can choose the particularity of service required by uploading the image of desired specification on your mobile and you will immediately receive a confirmation email with timing. We provide services as part time and full time job,the servicer can choose according to their convenience. Our system is versatile as service can be booked from everywhere to anywhere you desire.

Effect of hydraulic and geometric factors upon leakage flow rate in pressurized pipes

ABSTRACT Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations of a leakage in a pressurized pipe were undertaken to determine the empirical effects of hydraulic and geometric factors on the leakage flow rate. The results showed that pressure, leakage area and leakage form, influenced the leakage flow rate significantly, while pipe thickness and mean velocity did not influence the leakage flow rate. With relation to the interactions, the effect of pressure upon leakage flow rate depends on leakage area, being stronger for great leakage areas; the effects of leakage area and pressure on leakage flow rate is more pronounced for longitudinal leakages than for circular leakages. Finally, our results suggest that the equations that predict leakage flow rate in pressurized pipes may need a revision.

충격 감쇄용 신축이음관의 상수도 배관 적용을 위한 피로 내구성 해석

Pipe for water supply is one of the important parts that supply water to home, factory and so on. Water leakage in pipe for water supply due to deterioration, ground sinking and earthquake leads to enormous economical loss. Therefore, pipe for water supply should be designed to satisfy the requirement of, for instance, structural stability and fatigue durability. The purpose of this study was to investigate the fatigue durability of flexible joint for relaxing the impact due to earthquake and ground sinking. For this purpose, flexible joint was simulated using dynamic characteristics and fatigue life. As the results, the problem of fatigue durability may occur when flexible joint and pipe for water supply are treated as rigid body in simulation. Thus it means that the role of packing in flexible joint is very important and packing should be designed as optimal conditions that are considered fatigue durability as well as waterproof.

Field validation of water‐pipe leakage detection through spatial and time‐lapse analysis of GPR wave velocity

ABSTRACTDetection of leakage in a buried water pipe is a crucial issue, as underground pipes become aged and these pipes are often used as pathways for aggressive chemical agents. Non‐destructive geophysical methods for identifying such underground leakages are of vital importance. Leakage detection in buried water pipes is sometimes carried out through specific acoustic methods. In this research, we have used ground‐penetrating radar as an alternative to such acoustic methods, because of the high sensitivity of electromagnetic waves to the presence of water in soil. This paper presents a methodology, illustrated by field‐scale ground‐penetrating radar experiments. Four water leakage points in a buried, ductile, iron, main‐water pipe were pre‐designed within a full‐scale (20 m long × 10 m wide) experimental set up. This facility was paved half by reinforced concrete and half by other pavement blocks. Four ground‐penetrating radar antennae with five nominal frequencies 200, 250, 400, 600 and 900 MHz were tested. Using a modified algorithm for common offset ground‐penetrating radar antennae, in this work, we measure the changes in electromagnetic wave velocity and wave reverberation, which sense upward and downward leakages, respectively. Leakages could be identified most clearly in the 600 MHz ground‐penetrating radar data. Our result suggests two potential applications in terms of detecting and defining the extent of multiple leakages in old water pipes, and testing and commissioning new pipes before and after pressurized tests.

Finite element analysis and experimental measurement of acoustic wave propagation for leakage detection in an air-filled pipe

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to employ the acoustic wave propagation method for leakage detection in pipes. The first objective is to use acoustic finite element analysis (AFEA) method to simulate acoustic wave propagation and acoustic wave reflectometry in an intact pipe and in pipes with leaks of various sizes. This is followed by the second objective which is to validate the effectiveness and the practicability of the acoustic wave method via experimental testing. The third objective involves the decomposition and de-noising of the measured acoustic waves using stationary wavelet transform (SWT). It is shown that this approach, which is used for the first time on leakage detection in pipes, can be used to identify, locate and estimate the size of a leakage defect in a pipe.Design/methodology/approachThe research work was designed inline with best practices and acceptable standards. The research methodology focusses on five basic areas: literature review; experimental measurements; simulations; data analysis and writing-up of the study with clear-cut communication of the findings. The approach used was acoustic wave propagation-based method in conjunction with SWT for leakage detection in fluid-filled pipe.FindingsFirst, the simulation of acoustic wave propagation and acoustic wave reflectometry in fluid-filled pipes with and without leakage have great potential in leakage detection in pipeline systems and can detect very small leaks of 1 mm diameter. Second, the measured noise-contaminated acoustic wave propagation in a fluid-filled pipe can be successfully de-noised using the SWT method in order to clearly identify and locate leakage as little as 5 mm diameter in a pipe. Third, AFEA of a fluid-filled pipe can be achieved with the simulation of only the fluid content of the pipe and without the inclusion of the pipe in the model. This eliminates contact interaction of the solid pipe walls and the fluid, and as a consequence reduces computational time and resources. Fourth, the relationship of the ratio of the leakage diameter to the ratio of the first and second secondary wave amplitudes caused by the leakage can be represented by a second-order polynomial function. Fifth, the identification of leakage in a pipe is intuitive from mere comparison of the acoustic waveforms of an intact pipe with that of a pipe with a leakage.Originality/valueThe research work is a novelty and was developed from the scratch. The AFEA of acoustic wave propagation and acoustic wave reflectometry in a static fluid-filled pipe, and the SWT method have been used for the first time to detect, locate and estimate the size of a leakage in a fluid-filled pipe.

CFD Approach on Gas Explosion for SIL in Gas Fuelled Ship

It is envisaged that the effect of increasingly stricter air emissions legislation implemented through IMO Annex VI and other local air quality controls, together with favorable financial conditions for the use of natural gas instead of liquid fuel oil as a bunker fuel, will see an increasing number of DF engine and single gas fuel engine applications to LNG carriers and other vessel types. As part of provision for the current international movements in the shipping industry to reduce GHG emission in air, new design concepts using natural gas as an alternative fuel source for propulsion of large commercial vessels, have been developed by shipyards and research institutes. In this study, an explosion analysis for a gas supply machinery room of LNG-fuelled container ship is presented. The gas fuel concept is employed for the high pressure ME-GI where a leakage in the natural gas double supply pipe to the engines is the subject of the present analysis. The consequences of a leak are simulated with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tools to predict typical leak scenarios, gas cloud sizes and possible explosion pressures. In addition, capacity of the structure which is subject to explosion loads has been assessed.

A theoretical and experimental study on acoustic signals caused by leakage in buried gas-filled pipe

In this study a theoretical analysis for non-linear vibrations of buried gas-filled pipes caused by leakage has been investigated. We considered the pipe as a cylindrical shell buried in an isotropic, homogeneous elastic medium. The standard form of the Donnell’s non-linear shallow shell equation is used to model the free vibration of the pipe and the effects of surrounding medium on the pipe radial displacement is modeled by the potential function. The gas-structure interaction is analyzed by the Weaver-Unny model. By combination of these models and using the Galerkin method, the pipe wall radial displacement was obtained. A series of experiments were carried out on a steel pipe. The pipe was fitted with a continuous leak source positioned on the top of it and two ends of pipe were capped by plates. Two R15a sensors were mounted on the pipe. The pipe assembly was buried in a channel and sand was poured on it. The AE signals caused by leakage were recorded in large frequencies about 0–400kHz. To study the accuracy of the present model, noises and unwanted signals were removed through the wavelet transform and then Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) was taken from theoretical and experimental results. The FFT results of theoretical model are compared with exciting experimental data and in all cases a good agreement is observed so that a percentage error less than 7% is resulted.

Analysis of leakage in high pressure pipe using acoustic emission method

Leak detection is one of the most important issues in the oil and gas pipelines, as it can lead to financial losses, as well as severe human and environmental impacts. Acoustic emission test is a new technique for leak detection. Leakage in high pressure pipes creates stress waves caused by localized loss of energy. Stress waves are transmitted through the pipe wall which can be recorded by using acoustic sensor or accelerometer installed on the pipe wall. Knowledge of how the pipe wall is vibrated by acoustic emission resulting from leakage is a key parameter for leak detection and localization. This paper aims to model acoustic emission generated by pipe vibration due to leakage. Donnell’s non-linear theory for cylindrical shell was used to derive motion equation under simply supported boundary condition. Then, the motion equation was solved by using Galerkin method that resulted in a system of non-linear equations with 6 degrees of freedom. To solve these non-linear equations, ODE tool of MATLAB software and Runge–Kutta numerical method was employed to obtain pipe wall radial displacement. For verifying this method, acoustic emission by a continuous leak source was measured. Experiments were carried out with a linear array of sensors on steel pipe (ASTM A 106/99) of nominal length 6m, 7.35mm wall thickness and external diameter of 169mm. The pressurized air was flown inside the pipe through the compressor. Two simulated continues leak sources with 0.6-mm and 1-mm diameter holes were used under 5bar air pressure. This source propagated waves in a large of frequencies about 0–400kHz. In this study the vibration behavior of the pipe is investigated per resonance frequencies of the used AE sensors which are near 150 and 300kHz. Signals generated by the pipe wall vibration were recorded by using acoustic emission sensors. In the next step, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) was used in the signal analysis. Comparison of the obtained results, indicate the good agreement between the experimental and modeled frequencies ranges. The mean error between analytical modeling and experimental results is less than 6%.

ANALISIS ALIRAN GAS DALAM JARINGAN PIPA GUNA MENDETEKSI ADANYA POTENSI KEBOCORAN

Normal 0 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 Abstract : The analysis of gas flowing inside the pipeline system for detecting leakage potentials. This paper presents of gas flowing inside the model of pipeline system in two dimensional geometries. The simulation has done using Computational Fluid Dynamics application. It is found that, in general, the potential of leakage in pipe will take place in the outer side of the connection of the pipeline, or on the wall of pipe, of which the gas flows with the length distance. For the expansion and contraction pipe, the leakage potential will occur on the part of pipe with the change in diameter. Particularly, for contraction pipe, the potential leakage only occurs in the inside part of the pipe connection while the diameter is decreasing. /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:Table Normal; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Times New Roman; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;}

Theorical Analysis of Leakage in High Pressure Pipe Using Acoustic Emission Method

Leak detection is one of the most important problems in the oil and gas pipelines. Where it can lead to financial losses, severe human and environmental impacts. Acoustic emission test is a new technique for leak detection. Leakage in high pressure pipes creates stress waves resulting from localized loss of energy. Stress waves are transmitted through the pipe wall which will be recorded by using acoustic sensor or accelerometer installed on the pipe wall. Knowledge of how the pipe wall vibrates by acoustic emission resulting from leakage is a key parameter for leak detection and location. In this paper, modeling of pipe vibration caused by acoustic emission generated by escaping of fluid has been done. Donnells non linear theory for cylindrical shell is used to deriving of motion equation and simply supported boundary condition is considered. By using Galerkin method, the motion equation has been solved and a system of non linear equations with 6 degrees of freedom is obtained. To solve these equations, ODE tool of MATLAB software and Rung-Kuta numerical method is used and pipe wall radial displacement is obtained. For verification of this theory, acoustic emission test with continues leak source has been done. Vibration of wall pipe was recorded by using acoustic emission sensors. For better analysis, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) was taken from theoretical and experimental results. By comparing the results, it is found that the range of frequencies which carried the most amount of energy is same which expresses the affectivity of the model.

Theorical Analysis of Leakage in High Pressure Pipe Using Acoustic Emission Method

Leak detection is one of the most important problems in the oil and gas pipelines. Where it can lead to financial losses, severe human and environmental impacts. Acoustic emission test is a new technique for leak detection. Leakage in high pressure pipes creates stress waves resulting from localized loss of energy. Stress waves are transmitted through the pipe wall which will be recorded by using acoustic sensor or accelerometer installed on the pipe wall. Knowledge of how the pipe wall vibrates by acoustic emission resulting from leakage is a key parameter for leak detection and location. In this paper, modeling of pipe vibration caused by acoustic emission generated by escaping of fluid has been done. Donnells non linear theory for cylindrical shell is used to deriving of motion equation and simply supported boundary condition is considered. By using Galerkin method, the motion equation has been solved and a system of non linear equations with 6 degrees of freedom is obtained. To solve these equations, ODE tool of MATLAB software and Rung-Kuta numerical method is used and pipe wall radial displacement is obtained. For verification of this theory, acoustic emission test with continues leak source has been done. Vibration of wall pipe was recorded by using acoustic emission sensors. For better analysis, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) was taken from theoretical and experimental results. By comparing the results, it is found that the range of frequencies which carried the most amount of energy is same which expresses the affectivity of the model.

Leak detection in water-filled plastic pipes through the application of tuned wavelet transforms to Acoustic Emission signals

A new method to detect leakage in a water-filled plastic pipe is proposed. In this method, a leakage signal-signature in time domain is first captured by monitoring the Short Time Fourier Transforms (STFT) of AE (Acoustic Emission) signals over a relatively long time-interval. The captured signal is then used to find a mother wavelet (tuned wavelet) for the best signal localization in time and frequency domains. The technique for AE signal detection using tuned wavelet is then described. Practical application of the method proposed herein is then presented using a water-filled plastic pipe as a case study. Signals generated from this experimental setup are collected to identify leakage signal-signatures from other interfering signals (background, pipe natural frequency, splash and environmental noise). The results of the experiment prove that using tuned wavelet, AE events can be detected and identified precisely in time. In addition, sources of signals due to leakage and their respective energy levels can also be recognized.

An Analytical Method of Determination of Leakage in Wood Stave Pipe

Journal AWWAVolume 27, Issue 7 p. 812-821 Article An Analytical Method of Determination of Leakage in Wood Stave Pipe A. A. Surin, A. A. Surin Leningrad Scientific Research Institute of Water Supply, Sewerage, Hydrotechnical Constructions and Engineering Hydrogeology, Leningrad, U. S. S. R.Search for more papers by this author A. A. Surin, A. A. Surin Leningrad Scientific Research Institute of Water Supply, Sewerage, Hydrotechnical Constructions and Engineering Hydrogeology, Leningrad, U. S. S. R.Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 July 1935 https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1935.tb14852.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume27, Issue7July 1935Pages 812-821 RelatedInformation

Allowable Leakage in Cast Iron Pipe

Until about the year 1887 leakage tests of cast iron water piping systems having leaded joints had been very few. The opinion prevailed that, if leaks did not show at the surface of the ground, there were none, or at any rate they were of negligible amount and systems were accepted without question as to their water tightness. In the summer of 1887 the writer had occasion to repair a system constructed, without inspection or engineering advice or superintendence, by a contractor who wished to do satisfactory work and so instructed his workmen. The system consisted of about 6 miles of cast iron mains of 4 to 8 inches in diameter, the weighted average size being about 6 inches. The water pressure varied from nothing at the reservoir to about 70 pounds per square inch as a maximum, with a mean of about 50 pounds. The system was leaking at the rate of 5000 gallons per mile per day. The quantity of lead used in the joints was ample for good work. The leading and caulking of the joints were poorly done, and practically the entire leakage was through the joints. The leaks were so scattered over the entire system that they did not show at the surface of the ground, and none were very large. After some weeks spent in searching for the leaks and repairing those found, the leakage was reduced to 1000 gallons