Leafless Pea Research Articles

СРАВНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ОЦЕНКА БЕЗЛИСТОЧКОВЫХ И ОБЛИСТВЕННЫХ СОРТОВ ГОРОХА ПО ПРОДУКТИВНОСТИ И ЕЕ ОСНОВНЫМ ЭЛЕМЕНТАМ

СРАВНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ОЦЕНКА БЕЗЛИСТОЧКОВЫХ И ОБЛИСТВЕННЫХ СОРТОВ ГОРОХА ПО ПРОДУКТИВНОСТИ И ЕЕ ОСНОВНЫМ ЭЛЕМЕНТАМ

The estimation of the peas varieties (Pisum Arvense L.) on protein percentage in grain: correlation between economic-valuable traits and weather conditions

Peas as a valuable component of animal feed with a high protein percentage is of great importance in solving the problem of increasing protein percentage in grain fodder produced in the country. The current paper has presented the estimation the peas varieties on protein percentage t in seeds. There has been studied the correlation between protein percentage and seed productivity, between 1000-grain weight and length of growing season. There has been identified the influence of weather conditions and the correlation between them and protein percentage t in peas seeds. The trials were conducted at the experimental plots of the peas nursery belonging to the Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Agriculture in 2016–2018. The objects of study were 15 peas varieties of domestic and foreign breeding. In the trial there were identified the peas varieties with high protein percentage (28.0–30.0%), with small seeds; the late-ripening varieties, and the varieties with low protein percentage (22.9–23.9%); the early-ripening varieties of a leafy morphotype with large seeds. There has been established a very weak negative correlation (r = –0.010) between protein percentage and grain productivity. There has been identified a very strong negative correlation (r = –0.818) between 1000-grain weight and protein percentage. The protein percentage in pea seeds has got a positive correlation with the length of growing season (r = +0.860). The leafy varieties showed a positive correlation between protein accumulation due to amount of precipitation (r = +0.714…+0.989) and the sum of positive temperatures above 10 ºС (from low, in some cases to high). The leafless pea varieties, at the same time, have got an inverse correlation at the increased humidity.

YIELD STRUCTURE ELEMENTS OF LEAFY AND LEAFLESS PEA SAMPLES: VARIABILITY, CORRELATION AND PROSPECTS OF THEIR USE IN THE BREEDING PROCESS

To select highly productive peas genotypes it is essential to know the patterns of plant productivity, depending on the combination of structural elements. The purpose of this work was to study the variability of yield structure elements, to identify the correlation between them, and to study the influence of yield structure elements on seed productivity in collection samples of peas with different types of leaf. The studies were conducted on the experimental fields of the laboratory of legumes breeding and seed-growing of the FSBSI “Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy” (Rostov region, Zernograd) in 2017–2018. The objects of research were 58 leafy and 69 leafless samples of various ecological and geographical origin from the world collection of the All-Russian Research Institute named after N.I. Vavilov and samples identified by other research institutions in Russia and abroad. The studies on the variability and correlation of the yield elements of leafy and leafless pea samples have shown that ‘number of kernels per plant’ and ‘kernel weight per plant’ are most variable traits. There has been identified the difference in interconnection among leafy and leafless samples. No-effect of plant height and lower nod location on productivity allows breeding short-stem pea samples and samples with high attachment of a lower nod of both pea types without reducing their productivity.

Interrelations of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of productivity of the new peas lines

In 2016-2018 in the competitive variety testing there was conducted the study of peas on the fields of research crop rotation of the laboratory of legumes breeding and seed-growing of the FSBSI “ARC “Donskoy” located in the zone of unstable humidity of the Rostov region (Zernograd district). The analysis of the obtained seeds was carried out in the laboratory of biochemical estimation of breeding material and grain quality of the FSBSI “ARC “Donskoy”. The objects of research were new pea lines of breeding of the FSBSI “ARC “Donskoy”, which differed in their morphological, biological and economically valuable traits and properties. During the years of research, the meteorological conditions of the vegetation period of peas were contrasting, which made it possible to objectively estimate the lines in the climatic conditions. In the competitive variety testing for the period of 2016-2018, the evaluation of new promising pea lines due to their productivity and protein percentage resulted in identification the leafless pea lines “G-1002” and “G-1003” which exceeded the standard variety “Aksaisky Usaty 5” in productivity (0.30 and 0.39 t/ha) and protein yield (0.08 and 0.10 t/ha, respectively). There is a high correlation between seed productivity and protein content (0.95). There is a low correlation between protein percentage in seeds and protein yield (0.35). There is no correlation between productivity and protein percentage in seeds (0.03). The analysis of correlations shows that pea breeding on productivity directly affects on protein yield, i. e. the larger seed productivity, the larger protein percentage. The most productive pea lines are going to be used in further breeding work.

Landscape-adapted technologies efficiency of joint cultivation of seedless leafless morphotype peas with grain crops in the upper Volga Region

Landscape-adapted technologies efficiency of joint cultivation of seedless leafless morphotype peas with grain crops in the upper Volga Region

Yield and quality of pea grain as affected by agronomic practices under the conditions of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

Purpose. To identify the features of pea productivity as affected by application of organic and mineral fertili­zers and plant growth regulators under the conditions of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine.Methods. The objects of the study were two leafless pea varieties ‘Uliublenets’ and ‘Yulii’. At the stage of budding, the plants were fed with organic and mineral fertilizers “Biovit” and “Freia-Akva Bobovi” and treated with growth regulators “Rehoplant” and “Ahrostymulin”, both separately and in one pass, with the fertilization rates recommended by manufacturers.Results. A relation of the yield components formation (number of plants survived through vegetation period per unit area, number of beans per plant, number of seeds in beans and seeds per plant, as well as the 1000 kernel weight and seed weight per the plant) and the varietal peculiarities, treatments and weather conditions of the year was found. The most significant effect on the crop productivity had plant density, seed number per plant and seed weight per plant. A clear pattern was observed regarding the efficiency of organic and mineral fertilizers and plant growth regulators combination on the formation of yield components, and consequently, on the yield and quality of pea grain. Moreover, this pattern was not affected by adverse environmental conditions in both varieties under study and was observed in all years of the experiment. The highest yield and quality of grain (content of crude protein, fat, etc.) were recorded in complex treatments.Conclusions. Application of fertilizers and plant growth regulators in pea sowings is an important and effective factor in the realization of crop yield potential. The characteristics of individual plant productivity, grain yield, and quality determined in the experiment can be used to improve the model of cultivation technology for pea under the conditions of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

Изучение исходного материала коллекции гороха в условиях Нижегородской области

To solve the problem of vegetable protein deficiency in the agricultural production of the Nizhny Novgorod region, the most promising was and is the cultivation of legumes including peas. The great role belongs to varieties of peas which combine high potential productivity and quality with resistance to adverse environmental factors. In the FSBSI Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Agriculture in 2014-2016 135 collectible varieties of peas of domestic and foreign selection were studied. The study was carried out in the area of “risk agriculture” characterized by sudden drops in the weather during the vegetation period. The analysis of productivity, quality and size of pea seeds of different morphotypes was carried out. Differences in the yield of leaf and leafless pea types were marked: more grain yield, 516- 626g/m 2 , was obtained from leaf varieties Solame ( Denmark) and Aist (Russia). At the same time, regardless of the direction of cultivation, varieties with crumbling seeds (Albumen, Kaban, Luchezarny, Aist, Verkholuzskaya (Russia), Solame (Denmark) were more productive - 444-626g/m 2 , than the ones resistant to crumbling - 360-418 g/m 2 (Orlovchanin, Chishminsky 95, Progress, Nikolka, Krasivy, Chibis (Russia), Aina (Latvia)). The assessment of pea resistance to lodging is given. The correlation dependence of the studied features with the yield of seeds is established. The productivity of grain of plants was more affected by the weight of 1000 grains and vegetation period. The sources with high protein content in pea seeds (27.3-29.6%) are identified. These are Albumen, Flamingo, Aist, Ukaz, Verkholuzskaya (Russia), Vitra (Latvia), Fioletova (Poland).

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ПРОДУКТИВНОСТИ И АДАПТИВНЫХ РЕАКЦИЙ У СОРТОВ ЗЕРНОБОБОВЫХ КУЛЬТУР С РЕЦЕССИВНЫМИ АЛЛЕЛЯМИ ГЕНОВ

Researches were carried out on varieties, hybrids, isogenic lines and mutants of peas of various use developed from the beginning of the 1980s up to 2013. Experimental material was investigated under field conditions in the collection, hybridization and breeding nurseries as well as in the process of competitive variety testing in Orel Province. It is shown that one or several recessive alleles of the genes introduced into the genotypes of new varieties of grain, fodder and vegetable peas, blue lupin and soybean can influence the changees in a great number of morphological and physiological parameters determining plant growth, development and also characteristics in the system of yield formation. Reduction of leaf area in leafless pea varieties and lupin varietitts with limited branching is connected with the weakening of root system growth, which is caused by trophic interaction between these organs.

EFFICIENCY OF RHIZOHUMIN AND POLYMYXOBACTERIN APPLICATION IN COMBINATION WITH MICROFERTILIZER AND GROWTH REGULATOR ON LEAFLESS PEA CROPS IN NORTH STEPPE

The paper presents trial results on application of microbial preparations of Ryzohumin and Polymyxobacterin in combination with plant growth regulator Emistim C and microfertilizer Reakom on leafless peas crops in Northern Steppe region. Use of biological preparations have promoted increase of pea plants on 0.27 – 0.38 t / ha or 12.8 – 18.1%, microfertilizer Reakom – on 0.36 t / ha or 15.5%, Emistim C – on 0.39 – 0.41 t / ha or 16.8 – 17.7%, and at their combined use – on 0.22 – 0.55 t / ha or 9.5 – 23.7%.

Irrigation and water use in leafless peas (Pisum sativum)

SUMMARYField trials at the University of Nottingham, UK, in 1979 and 1980 investigated the effect of moisture stress on the growth and yield of the leafless dried pea Filby. In the absence of drought, the crop photosynthetic area was increased and maturity delayed. Seed yield was increased by the production of a greater number of reproductive nodes and a reduced abortion of flowers and pods.In the second season, two sowing dates were also tested. Later sowing reduced the seed yield under the high and low moisture treatments by 14 and 33% respectively, due to an increased abortion of flowers and pods. The high moisture treatment reduced the water use efficiency (WUE) in this season and WUE was lower for the later sown crops, but there was no effect on WUE in the previous season.The seed yield and water use of pot-grown leafless peas were lower than were those of a nearisogenic line of leafed peas. Moisture stress reduced the yield of both phenotypes but the effect on the leafless pea was greater. Moisture stress imposed at flowering reduced yields more than it did at pod filling and there was an additive effect of moisture stress at both times.

Momentum absorption by dried-pea crops. II. Wind tunnel measurements of drag on isolated leaves and pods

Drag forces acting on leaves from conventionally leafed, semi-leafless and leafless pea ( Pisum sativum L.) plants and pods have been measured in a wind tunnel with a sensor designed using strain gauges. Drag coefficients ( C d) were highest for samples from the leafless phenotype and lowest for samples from the conventional phenotype. One reason for this is that the area of leaflets or stipules presented directly to the air flow is small in comparison with the plan area because of typical angles between leaf plane and flow. Tendrils, however, present three-dimensional bunches to the air flow no matter what direction the wind comes from. Hence, on a unit plan area basis, the leafless form is much better exposed and more efficient at extracting momentum from wind than the leaves of other phenotypes. For all varieties, C d decreased rapidly as wind speed increased up to 1 m s -1. Subsequent decline of C d, caused largely by streamlining, was less rapid. High shelter factors (> 8) were found when comparing values of the force per unit ground area, calculated from wind tunnel measurements of drag, with the shearing stress measured earlier in the field. This indicates that the direct application of these and similar wind tunnel results directly to the field is not yet practicable.

Momentum absorption by dried-pea crops. I. Field measurements over and within varieties of differing leaf structure

The most serious problem facing dried-pea growers is lodging. To gain information on the forces acting on pea canopies, wind profiles were measured above conventionally leaved, semi-leafless and leafless pea crops at several stages during a season, and within the canopy as the crops dried out before harvest. The highest values of the ratio of zero plane displacement to crop height ( d/ h) were found for the leafless and semi-leafless varieties, despite the lower density of their canopies in comparison with the conventional crop. Overall values of d/ h were similar to generalised relationships reported elsewhere. Shearing stress (τ) was consistently lowest for the leafless crop, the difference being ∼ 10% shortly before the collapse of conventional and semi-leafless crops. The highest values of τ were recorded some time before lodging. The bulk canopy drag coefficient ( C D) over the season was in the range 0.005–0.020 indicating, from comparison with published data, that pea crops are less efficient at extracting momentum from the atmosphere than other crops.

Effects of Plant Morphology and Emergence Time on Size Hierarchy Formation in Experimental Populations of Two Varieties of Cultivated Peas (Pisum sativum)

The effects of plant form and emergence time on size hierarchy formation in populations of two morphologically and genetically distinct varieties of peas (leafless and leafed) were studied. There were no significant differences in germinability between the two varieties, although leafless peas imbibed more rapidly than the leafed ones did. Monocultures of leafed and leafless peas were established at two densities: plants grown alone in small pots and plants grown at 576 m -. Time emergence was noted, and plant shape, biomass and seed production were measured at two-week intervals for ten weeks. Seedlings emerged continually over an eight-day period, and two cohorts of seedlings were distinguished (seedlings emerging 6–7 days after planting, and seedlings emerging > 7 days after planting). Dominance and suppression were observed in the high-density populations, and early-emerging plants had less hierarchical biomass distributions than did late-emerging ones. Although leafless peas were larger and suffered less mortality than leafed ones did at identical densities, there were no differences in the degree of size inequality between the two genotypes (emergence cohorts pooled), or within emergence cohorts between genotypes. The degree of size inequality increased with time among dominant individuals and decreased with time among suppressed individuals. These results broadly support Weiner and Thomas's (1986) hypothesis that plant form may affect the extent but not the existence of competitive asymmetry in plant populations.

EFFECTS OF PLANT MORPHOLOGY AND EMERGENCE TIME ON SIZE HIERARCHY FORMATION IN EXPERIMENTAL POPULATIONS OF TWO VARIETIES OF CULTIVATED PEAS (PISUM SATIVUM)

The effects of plant form and emergence time on size hierarchy formation in populations of two morphologically and genetically distinct varieties of peas (leafless and leafed) were studied. There were no significant differences in germinability between the two varieties, although leafless peas imbibed more rapidly than the leafed ones did. Monocultures of leafed and leafless peas were established at two densities: plants grown alone in small pots and plants grown at 576 m ‐. Time emergence was noted, and plant shape, biomass and seed production were measured at two‐week intervals for ten weeks. Seedlings emerged continually over an eight‐day period, and two cohorts of seedlings were distinguished (seedlings emerging 6–7 days after planting, and seedlings emerging > 7 days after planting). Dominance and suppression were observed in the high‐density populations, and early‐emerging plants had less hierarchical biomass distributions than did late‐emerging ones. Although leafless peas were larger and suffered less mortality than leafed ones did at identical densities, there were no differences in the degree of size inequality between the two genotypes (emergence cohorts pooled), or within emergence cohorts between genotypes. The degree of size inequality increased with time among dominant individuals and decreased with time among suppressed individuals. These results broadly support Weiner and Thomas's (1986) hypothesis that plant form may affect the extent but not the existence of competitive asymmetry in plant populations.

Influence of plant genotype on mycorrhizal infection: Response of three pea cultivars

Three leafless pea cultivars (JI 1198, BS 142 and BS 4) with the same phenotype and similar patterns of development, were tested in a sterilized low-phosphate soil for their response to phosphate fertilizer and to vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) infection by threeGlomus species. Cultivar JI 1198 was very responsive to phosphate but not to inoculation withGlomus mosseae, Glomus caledonium orGlomus epigaeum. Phosphate and VAM treatments increased growth of cultivar BS 142 but were ineffective with cultivar BS 4. Fungal infectivity could not be related with endophyte effectiveness at stimulating plant growth, although the percentage of root length infected by each one of the threeGlomus species did not vary between cultivars. Genetic differences among plant cultivars can thus markedly affect the symbiosis between the host root and VAM fungi; this suggests that potential host-endophyte combinations need to be evaluated before being tested in the field.

Solar radiation interception by leafless, semi‐leafless and leafed peas (Pisum sativum) under contrasting field conditions

SUMMARYFoliage composition, photosynthetic area index (PAI) and radiation interception were measured for crop canopies of leafless (var. Filby), semi‐leafless (var. BS3) and leafed (var. Birte) peas (Pisum sativum). Tendrils and petioles contributed more than 60% of total leaf area for leafless peas but less than 30% for semileafless and leafed pea canopies.PAI was related to radiation interception by calculating attenuation coefficients which indicated that leafless peas intercepted more radiation per unit PAI than either semi‐leafless or leafed peas. Data interpretation, however, was complicated because of difficulties in estimating the tendril and petiole surface area contribution to PAI.Radiation interception was related to dry matter accumulation by calculating photosynthetic efficiencies. Leafless and semi‐leafless peas converted intercepted radiation into dry matter as efficiently as leafed peas.Under conditions of moisture stress, leafed and leafless peas both intercepted radiation more effectively but converted it into dry matter with reduced photosynthetic efficiency.

Critical potassium potentials for crops: 2. Potentials for wheat, maize, peas, beans and sugar beet in their early growth on a sandy loam

SummaryWheat, maize, leafless peas, field beans and sugar beet were grown in a constant environment for 4 weeks after germination on a sandy loam containing initially a 70‐fold range of exchangeable K levels. The yield response curves to the mean soil K potential (ΔGK, ca+ Mg) for the growth period for each crop were divided into three linear sections, for positive, zero and negative response, by a numerical iterative method, and from these, exhaustion (Δ Gexh), optimum (ΔGopt) and toxicity (Δ Gtox) K potentials were derived.Values of ΔGexh were similar for all crops. The Δ Gopt values increased in the order legumes < cereals < sugar beet. High potassium potentials which produced decreases in yield were far greater than any likely to be encountered in a natural system. It is suggested that yield reductions at high K potentials were caused by inhibition of the uptake of other cations rather than by toxic levels of K in the plant tissue.At this early growth stage, seed K concentrations and K contents of the crops affected ΔGexh and Δ Gopt values in different ways and to different extents. The influence of the K requirements of the crop and the crop's ability to extract K from the soil are briefly discussed.

Plant form, growth rate and relative growth rate compared in conventional, semi-leafless and leafless peas

Measurements of internode length, of leaf size and dry weight, of stipule size and dry weight, of stem dry weight and of seed yield were obtained from near-isogenic stocks of leafless, semi-leafless and conventional peas. The form of the semi-leafless pea was similar to that of the conventional pea but that of the leafless plant differed considerably. In comparison with conventional peas, leafless peas had shorter vegetative internodes, longer reproductive internodes and heavier stipules and leaflets at the reproductive nodes. They yielded less seed but had a higher harvest index. Relative growth rates over a period of 19–48 days after sowing were estimated in the 3 types of near-isogenic pea and also, over a period of 15–47 days after sowing, in 5 conventional pea cultivars and 5 experimental leafless accessions. The relative growth rate of the near-isogenic leafless plant was significantly less ( P = 0.05−0.01) than that of the conventional form, the reduction being principally due to a significant reduction ( P = 0.01−0.001) in relative growth rate of the stem. In the 5 conventional and 5 leafless peas there were no significant differences in growth rate of the whole plants, but significant reductions were again to be seen in the relative growth rate of the stems.

The effects of aldicarb, triazophos and benomyl plus zineb on the incidence of pests and pathogens and on the yields and nitrogen uptakes of leafless peas (Pisum sativum L.)

SUMMARYExperiments testing the effects on leafless peas of aldicarb, triazophos and a mixture of benomyl with zineb, were made on clay-with-flints soil at Rothamsted and on sandy loam at Woburn in 1977 and 1978.The crop was shown to be susceptible to a wide range of pests and pathogens including the pea and bean weevil Sitona lineatus, the migratory nematode genera Pratylenchus, Tylenchorhynchus and Tylenchus, the pea moth Cydia nigricana, the aphids Acyrihosiphon pisum and Macrosiphum euphorbiae, the bean leaf roll and pea enation mosaic viruses and the powdery mildew fungus Erysiphe polygoni.The mean yield of the four experiments when none of the treatments was applied was 3·6 t grain/ha, increased to 4·3 t/ha when all were applied. Aldicarb had the largest effect and increased mean yield at Rothamsted by 0·3 t/ha, attributed mainly to control of S. lineatus, and by 0·8 t/ha at Woburn attributed to control of S. lineatus and perhaps also to migratory nematodes, particularly Tylenchorhynchus. Triazophos and benomyl plus zineb did not individually increase yield but at Woburn when both aldicarb and triazophos were applied benomyl plus zineb increased mean yield by 0·7 t/ha.All crops lodged severely, irrespective of treatment but perhaps because of experimental conditions. We suggest that susceptibility to lodging under field-scale conditions requires further study.

A preliminary assessment of ‘leafless peas’

Reductions in the amount of haulm in peas would be of value to growers of vining peas and harvest peas. Two mutant forms of pea, the ‘leafless pea’ (afaf) and the ‘reduced stipule pea’ (stst), have been used in a breeding programme to develop lines with commercial potential. Four cultivars and 15 of these experimental lines have now been assessed for their agricultural potential in a yield trial.