Plant Leaf Surface Area Research Articles

Photosynthetic activity of winter barley crops (Hordeum vulgare L.) depending on mineral nutrition and biostimulators

Barley in Ukraine has always been and is the leading fodder crop, the grain of which is the most balanced in terms of amino acid composition. The use of mineral fertilizers remains the most influential and necessary factor in increasing plant productivity and an effective means of preserving soil fertility. The goal is to determine the indicators of the leaf surface area of barley plants and the photosynthetic activity of winter barley varieties depending on the complex application of doses of mineral fertilizers and biological preparations in the conditions of Right-Bank Forest Steppe. The highest indicators of the leaf surface area of winter barley plants were recorded in the areas where mineral fertilizers were applied; foliar top dressing with nitrogen fertilizers was carried out, and the biological preparation Agrinos B was applied. With the introduction of mineral fertilizers and biological preparation N10P26K26 + N46 + N8 + Agrinos B, 1.0 l/ha in the phase of the beginning of emergence into the tube, the leaf surface area of plants in the earing phase was the highest, in Atlant Myronivskyi variety — 58.30 thousand m2/ha, which is by 25.68 thousand m2/ha more than the control plots, PASO barley variety — 61.13 thousand m2/ha, which is more than the control plots by 27.71 thousand m2/ha. On average, during the three years of research, when applying a dose of N10P26K26 + N34 fertilizers in top dressing in the phase of the beginning of tillering, the photosynthetic potential of the Atlant Myronivsky winter barley variety was 1.76 million g/m2 per day, the PASO variety, respectively, 1.90 million g/m2 per day, which is more than the control areas by 0.58– 0.69 million g/m2 per day. The highest indicators of net productivity were noted on the plots where mineral fertilizers and biopreparation N10P26K26 + N46 + N8 + Agrinos B were applied, 1.0 l/ha in the phase of the beginning of emergence into the tube, variety Atlant Myronivskyi — 3.04 g/m2 per day, variety PASO 3.12 g/m2 per day.

The effect of increasing doses of mineral fertilizers on productivity and structural indicators of Raphael spring barley new variety

Study of the effectiveness of the use of increasing doses of mineral fertilizers (N16P16K16...N120P120K120) was carried out in 2020-2022 in the conditions of the Ryazan region on dark gray forest heavy loamy soil of average fertility. The object of the research was a new variety of spring barley Raphael, included into the State Register of the Russian Federation for the Central (3) and Volga–Vyatka (4) Regions in 2022 (patent No. 12254). As the result of the research, there was revealed a positive trend for raising the yield of the Raphael variety resulted from the use of increasing doses of NPK (y = 0.1829x + 6.36, R2 = 0.8866). On average, over the years of the research, the minimum yield productivity (6.50 t/ha) was shown by the control variant (N16P16K16), the variant with application of high doses (N120P120K120) had the maximum productivity (7.40 t/ha). The yield increase by 0.6...0.9 t/ha was provided by mineral fertilizers in doses of N45P45K45...N120P120K120. The yield of barley per year with sufficient moisture supply during the growing season (HTC = 1.39) was 4.6-5.1 % higher than in dry years (HTC = 0.63-0.53). Structural analysis of yield indicates that during the experiment, the yield of this variety has been influenced by the length of the ear (r = 0.689), the number of grains in the ear (r = 0.467), the weight of grain per the ear (r = 0.715). Increasing doses of applied fertilizers led to an increase in the leaf surface area of plants and the height of the productive stems. The highest protein content in barley grain was observed in the variant with the use of N120P120K120 (on average 14.1 %), the minimum – with the application of N16P16K16 (on average 13.2 %). The calculation of economic efficiency showed that the highest conditional net income (69413 rubles/ha) and the level of profitability (187.1 %) with the yield of the new Raphael variety of 7.1 t/ha can be achieved by applying medium doses of fertilizers N45P45K45.

Photosynthetic activity of winter wheat depending on fertilization and lime application on sod-podzolic soil in the conditions of Western Polissia

Topicality. Increasing the productivity of crop photosynthesis, i.e. the amount of organic matter synthesised per unit of leaf surface in a day, is an essential condition for high crop yields. The area of the leaf surface depends on the biometric parameters of the plant, the nutritional regime, as well as the duration of leaf activity, which significantly affects the accumulation of organic matter. Purpose. To identify the influence of mineral nutrition optimization and chemical amelioration on the formation of leaf surface area, photosynthetic potential, and net photosynthetic productivity in the main development stages of winter wheat grown on sod-podzolic soil in the conditions of the Western Polissia. Methods. Field experiment, calculation and statistical methods. Results. In particular, with the application of dolomite powder at a dose of 1.0 Hh and different fertilisation variants, the leaf surface area of plants increased from 1.5 ths. m2/ha to 4.12– 6.99 ths. m2/ha in the tillering stage, from 4.07 ths. m2/ha to 14.16–21.34 ths. m2/ha in the stem elongation stage, and from 2.59 ths. m2/ha to 5.33–9.49 ths. m2/ha in the heading stage, respectively, compared to the control (without fertilisation). It is noted over the years of research that the application of mineral fertilisers on the background of liming increased the indicator of photosynthetic potential by 2.6–3.5 times compared to non-fertilised one, and the net productivity of photosynthesis increased by 15.4–21.3 % compared to the control. Conclusions. The largest indicators of leaf surface area, photosynthetic potential, and net photosynthetic productivity in the tillering, stem elongation and heading stages were formed by application of N150Р50К125 + S40 + microfertilizer (two applications). The highest photosynthetic activity of winter wheat plants were noted in the stem elongation stage. Key words: winter wheat, fertilization, amelioration, leaf surface area, photosynthetic potential, net photosynthetic productivity

Комбинационная способность линий кукурузы и генетический контроль морфометрических параметров

The article presents the results of studying the combination ability of new dihaploid maize lines created by diploidization of haploid plants obtained using a haploinducer line. The experiment involved simple hybrids (30 combinations) obtained according to the complete diallel scheme of 6 homozygous lines. The effects of GCA and variance of SCA lines, as well as the components of genetic variance in terms of the main morphometric parameters of the plant (stem length, ear height, panicle length, stem diameter, plant leaf surface area) were revealed. Lines with a high GCA score and a dispersion of SCA have been identified, which are advisable to use in the breeding process for tall stature, resistance to lodging, and manufacturability. The influence of overdominance in the manifestation of the length of the panicle and the diameter of the stem and the predominance of additive effects in the formation of the height of the cob were noted. Analysis of the components made it possible to identify the number of genes or groups of genes that influenced the manifestation of traits in 2021 (stem length – 1–2, ear height – 2–3, panicle length – 1–2, stem diameter – 2–3, area of leaf surface – 1–2). Dominance according to the studied parameters is directed towards parental forms with a greater severity of the trait. A significant influence of cultivation conditions on the manifestation of the length of the stem, the height of the cob, the length of the panicle, and the diameter of the stem was noted.

DYNAMICS OF SHEET SURFACE AREA OF PEAS DEPENDENCE DEPENDING ON VARIETY FEATURES, SOIL LIMITATION AND NUTRITIONAL SYSTEM

The article presents the results of research on the influence of varietal characteristics, soil liming, fertilizers on the formation of the leaf surface area. The use of microfertilizers Vuxal Extra CoMo for pre-sowing seed treatment, foliar fertilization with microfertilizers Vuxal Microplant during vegetative growth and Vuxal Calcium, Boron during budding provided against the background of control of increasing leaf area by increasing vegetative growth and surface growth rate -37% depending on the stage of plant development in vegetable varieties Skinado and Somerwood. Limeing also helped to increase the leaf surface area of plants from 2.5 to 7.8% depending on the phase of development, in our opinion due to the indirect effect on the reaction of soil solution and improving nitrogen fixation processes in the soil. The highest index of leaf surface of vegetable pea varieties was observed in the experimental variants, where against the background of control pre-sowing treatment of seeds with microfertilizer Vuxal Extra CoMo, foliar fertilization with microfertilizers Vuxal Microplant during vegetative growth and Vuxal Calcium, Boron, which changed from budding 1.15 to 1.17 in the Skinado variety and from 1.19 to 1.22 in the Somerwood variety. This was subsequently reflected in the indicators of the leaf index in the phase of flowering and bean formation. Leaf index in the phase of flowering and bean formation varied in Skinado variety from 1.58 to 1.59 and from 1.60 to 1.64.In the Somerwood variety in these phases, the leaf surface index was higher and varied from 1.64 to 1.68 in the flowering phase, and in the bean formation phase from 1.67 to 1.73. The content of chlorophyll in the leaves of vegetable peas largely depended on the phase of plant development, as well as the action of trace elements during seed treatment, foliar fertilization, and liming.

ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ ВНЕСЕНИЯ РОГО-КОПЫТНОЙ КРОШКИ И ТРЕПЕЛА ПОД ПРОПАШНЫЕ КУЛЬТУРЫ С ПОСЛЕДЕЙСТВИЕМ НА ЯЧМЕНЕ

The purpose of the work is to study the effectiveness of using horny hoofed crumbs from the waste of the meat processing industry as an organic fertilizer, in comparison with mineral nitrogen fertilizers and zeolite-containing trepel in the Chuvash Republic. The direct effect was determined on potatoes and fodder beets, the aftereffect was determined on spring barley. The soil of the experimental plot is light gray forest with a low (2.5 ... 2.6 %) humus content. The application of horn-hoof crumbs to potatoes and fodder beets at a rate of 430 kg/ha, equivalent to N60, together with phosphorus-potassium mineral fertilizers (P60K60), in terms of influence on crop yields, was not inferior to the effect of a complete mineral fertilizer at a rate of N60P60K60. In the variants with the introduction of horn-hoofed crumbs and phosphorus-potassium fertilizers, both independently and with the addition of zeolite-containing trepel at a rate of 2 t/ha, compared with the use of complete mineral fertilization, on average for 2012–2016. an increase in the biological activity of the soil was noted by 7.1 ... 11.0 %; in potato plantings, the leaf surface area increased by 7.0 ... 15.1 thousand m2/ha, the dry matter content in tubers - by 1.4 ... 2.5 %, their marketability - by 0.4 ... 0.7 %, the nitrate content decreased by 1.14 ... 1.45 %. In the crops of fodder beets, the leaf surface area of plants increased by 3.3 ... 5.0 thousand m2/ha, the dry matter content - by 0.8 ... 2.8 %, the concentration of nitrates - decreased by 43.9 ... 40.3 %. The coefficient of energy efficiency of the combined use of horn-hoofed crumb and trepel for row crops was at the level of 1.0. The aftereffect from their introduction was noted the next year when growing barley, the coefficient of bioenergy efficiency was 2.0 ... 2.2

The formation of the leaf surface area and biomass of the miscanthus giganteus plants depending on the sewage sludge rate

The case study to determine the peculiarities of Miscanthus giganteus aboveground biomass formation depending on sewage sludge and composts rate carried out in the Precarpathian region of Ivano- Frankivsk province on sod-podzolic soils. The largest area of the leaf surface of miscanthus is formed in the trials where fresh sewage sludge was applied in the rate of 20 - 40 t/ha. The leaf surface area increases from 19 up to 24.0 cm2/plant, and the yield of raw mass of plants at the level of 23.5 - 25.1 t/ha due to increasing rates of sewage sludge application. The highest indicators of net photosynthesis productivity were found in the period of intensive growth, which amounted to 7.78 g/m²/day and in the maturation period of 7.56 g/m²/day in the trial SS - 40 t/ha + N10P14K58. The amount of dry mass of miscanthus plants significantly depends on the height of the shoot and the leaf surface area of the plants. The use of compost based on sewage sludge and straw in a ratio of 3: 1 at a rate of 30 t/ha contributes to the dry weight of miscanthus plants at the level of 15 t/ha.

Вплив способів зрошення на продуктивність кукурудзи

Modern methods of irrigation are considered as a key factor in the intensification of technologies for growing of grain corn. The productivity of the crop as a result of the optimization of water and nutrient regimes increases from 100 to 380% in comparison with non-irrigated conditions. The aim of the research was to study the effect of sprinkling, drip irrigation and subsurface drip irrigation on growth processes, the structure of the crop formation and the yield of grain corn. Field experimental studies were conducted on the lands of Kamyans'ko-Dnieprovs'ka research station IWPLM of NAAS during 2018-2020The obtained results confirm that the method of irrigation significantly affects the formation of basic biometric parameters, yield structure and productivity. It is established that the maximum parameters of growth processes (plant height, leaf surface area, as well as photosynthetic potential and net photosynthesis productivity) of corn are provided by drip irrigation. Significantly lower and similar values were determined for the conditions of subsurface drip irrigation and sprinkling, and the lowest parameters of corn productivity were obtained under natural moisture conditions. The highest yield of corn grain was obtained under drip irrigation – 20,69 t on ha, while under subsurface laying of irrigation pipelines it was significantly lower – 16,44 t on ha. In the variant with sprinkling, the decrease in grain yield by 0,62 t on ha compared to subsurface drip irrigation was within the least significant difference of the experiment (LSDА0,5 = 1,93). On the variant of conditional control (without irrigation), on average, for three years, a low yield level was obtained - only 3,85 t on ha, which confirms the significant risks and inexpediency of this crop in the Steppe conditions without irrigation. The results also confirm the existence of a close correlation between corn yield and leaf surface area of plants. The obtained dependence is described by a linear equation of the form y = 0,6227x – 14,133, and the coefficient of determination is R2 = 0,98.

Productivity of different species of sainfoin depending on the elements of cultivation technology

Purpose. To determine the features of the leaf surface area formation and the dynamics of growth of the vege­tative mass of various sainfoin species depending on the influence of mineral fertilizers and inoculation. Methods. Field, laboratory, statistical. Results. In the course of experimental studies, the morphological features of plants in the process of growth and development of various sainfoin species were studied. As our studies showed, all sainfoin species had different plant densities, which accordingly affected the leaf surface area. In the budding phase, the leaf surface area of plants of the first year in continuous cultivation ranged from 17.01 to 24.3 thousand m2/ha on average over three years; in particular, from 18.06 to 24.3 – for common sainfoin; 17.6–20.5 – for transcaucasus sainfoin and 17.1–20.3 thousand m2/ha – for sand sainfoin. The maximum leaf surface area of the plants of the first year of cultivation, regardless of its species, was observed during flowering with the application of complete mineral fertilizer (N45P60K90). In areas without fertilizer this figure was much lower. In the experiments, an increase in the leaf surface on all three studied species and sainfoin varieties from the first to the third year of their cultivation was clearly observed. According to the results of gross productivity for 2 mowings, it was found that common sainfoin forms the maximum increase of top with complete mineral fertilizer and seed inoculation – 43.03 t/ha. Conclusions. The productivity of sainfoin crops depended mostly on the application of complete fertilizer at a dose of N45P60K90 + inoculation of seeds. To a much lesser extent, the species of sainfoin and the cutting height of the first mowing of the grass stand affected its productivity. It was revealed that the greatest dynamics of vegetative mass growth was observed in common sainfoin, and the smallest was recorded in sand sainfoin.

Searching Efficiency of Trichogramma nubilale12

The influence of seasonal increases in plant-leaf surface area on the searching efficiency of Trichogramma nubilale Ertle and Davis was investigated in field and laboratory studies. Parasitoids were released continuously in corn throughout the weeks of plant growth and their success in discovering European corn borer ( Ostrinia nubilalis (Hbn.)) egg masses was measured. In the laboratory, single female parasitoids were placed with a host egg mass within different sized arenas to measure the effect of an increase in area on the searching efficiency of the parasitoid. Increases in the leaf surface area or in searching arena size showed an inverse response in percent discovery by the parasitoid of O. nubilalis . Field and laboratory studies support Knipling and McGuire's (1968) theoretical model. where an Increase In searching area results in a decrease in host discovery, when the searching pattern of the parasitoid is random.