Leaf Rust Disease Research Articles

Classification of Corn Diseases and Pests Using Fuzzy Naïve Bayes Method

Corn is an essential dietary source for humans and animals. In addition to being a food source, corn has numerous benefits as a manufacturing commodity. The quality of grain crops must be considered to minimise the likelihood of disease and pest infestations. Therefore, the diseases and pests that attack corn plants must be classified so that farmers can control them during the growth period of corn plants. The fuzzy naive Bayes method is a statistical machine learning method that can be used to classify the diseases and pests of corn crops based on colour space-transformed digital images. This study aims to classify corn plant diseases and pests using the fuzzy naive Bayes method. Digital images of corn plant diseases and pests were transformed into a red, green and blue colour space model. The following seven classes of corn plant diseases and pests were classified: leaf rust disease, downy mildew disease, leaf blight disease, Locusta pest, Heliotis armigera pest, Spodoptera frugiperdita pest and non-pathogenic pest. With this method, the classification model achieves an accuracy of 87.83%, a macro precision of 34.91%, a macro recall of 35.90% and a macro f-score of 33.82%.

Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) as a Defense Booster for Wheat against Leaf Rust Pathogen (Puccinia triticina).

Wheat leaf rust, caused by Puccinia triticina, poses a growing threat to global wheat production, necessitating alternative strategies for effective disease management. This study investigated the potential of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) to enhance resistance to leaf rust in two wheat cultivars: the susceptible Morocco and moderately resistant Sakha 94 cultivar. Our findings revealed that GABA significantly improved resistance in both cultivars to P. triticina, particularly in Morocco, by mitigating disease severity and reducing pustule density and size while extending both incubation and latent periods. This study assessed the effectiveness of two GABA application methods: plants received 1 mM GABA treatment, as a foliar spray, twenty-four hours prior to infection (pre-GABA), and plants received 1 mM GABA treatment both 24 h before and after infection (pre-/post-GABA), with the latter yielding significantly better results in reducing infection severity and improving plant resilience. Additionally, GABA application influenced stomatal behavior, promoting closure that may enhance resilience against leaf rust. GABA application on plants also modulated the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This led to a stronger oxidative burst in both susceptible and moderately resistant cultivars. GABA increased O2●- levels in guard cells and surrounding stomata, enhancing stomatal closure and the hypersensitive response. GABA enhanced the accumulation of soluble phenols and increased the activity of key antioxidant enzymes, catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POX), which are vital for managing oxidative stress. To the best of our knowledge, this investigation represents the first report into the impact of GABA on wheat leaf rust disease.

Rapid transfer of the leaf rust resistance gene Lr52 for the improvement of bread wheat cultivar HD3086

For varietal improvement, parental genotypes are crossed and advanced to generate homozygous lines with selection for desirable traits like disease resistance and yield. In the current study, leaf rust resistance gene Lr52 from Lr52/Yr47/2*Mace, the donor parent (DP), transferred to the recurrent parent (RP) HD3086, a popular Indian wheat cultivar, which has become susceptible to leaf rust. During the backcross breeding, the plants were grown sequentially under natural field conditions during the winter season and under controlled environmental conditions to take two crop generations during the summer season. Generations comprising F1, BC1F1, and BC2F1-3 plants were developed by crossing and successive backcrossing with RP HD3086 and further selfing to generate homozygous resistant lines. Plants with leaf rust resistance in backcross generations were selected phenotypically to identify the superior or similar plants as of RP HD3086. The Lr52/Yr47-linked SSR marker icg16c004_2 was initially utilised to confirm hybridity and foreground analysis in the BC1F1 generation but was found to be recombinant. Homozygous resistant (HR) lines in BC2F3 generation were selected based on leaf rust disease score and phenome recovery. Finally, the SSR markers unveiling parental polymorphism across the genome were employed to estimate the background recovery of phenotypically selected superior plants, revealing a recovery of 91.48 to 94.81 % of RP genome. The selected improved lines of HD3086+Lr52 displayed similar performance for most agro-morphological traits, and a few lines were also found to yield significantly superior to that of RP HD3086. Overall, the study shows the practical utility of phenotypic selection with intermittent selection under controlled and natural field conditions for improving popular cultivars with relatively higher speed and precision.

Transcriptome, hormonal, and secondary metabolite changes in leaves of DEFENSE NO DEATH 1 (DND1) silenced potato plants

DEFENSE NO DEATH 1 (DND1) is a cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel protein. Earlier, it was shown that the silencing of DND1 in the potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) leads to resistance to late blight, powdery mildew, and gray mold diseases. At the same time, however, it can reduce plant growth and cause leaf necrosis. To obtain knowledge of the molecular events behind the pleiotropic effect of DND1 downregulation in the potato, metabolite and transcriptome analyses were performed on three DND1 silenced lines of the cultivar ‘Désirée.’ A massive increase in the salicylic acid content of leaves was detected. Concentrations of jasmonic acid and chlorogenic acid and their derivatives were also elevated. Expression of 1866 genes was altered in the same way in all three DND1 silenced lines, including those related to the synthesis of secondary metabolites. The activation of several alleles of leaf rust, late blight, and other disease resistance genes, as well as the induction of pathogenesis-related genes, was detected. WRKY and NAC transcription factor families were upregulated, whereas bHLHs were downregulated, indicating their central role in transcriptome changes. These results suggest that the maintenance of the constitutive defense state leads to the reduced growth of DND1 silenced potato plants.

Comprehensive analysis of hairpin small RNAs involved in resistance and pathogenesis during wheat-Puccinia triticina interactions.

Wheat leaf rust, caused by the fungus Puccinia triticina (Pt), severely affects the grain quality and quantity of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Hairpin small(s)RNAs, like micro(mi)RNAs and their variants [including isomiRNAs (isomiRs) and microRNA-like RNAs (milRNAs)], along with their corresponding target genes, bestow leaf rust disease resistance, development and progression from both interacting species. However, the regulatory networks remain inadequately understood. Thirteen differentially expressed novel miRNAs, including two isomiRs and three milRNAs were discerned from induced reads of wheat sRNA libraries, and a further 5,393 and 1,275 candidate target genes were predicted in wheat and Pt, respectively. Functional annotation divulged that wheat-originated miRNAs/isomiRs were involved in resistance, while Pt-derived milRNAs imparted pathogenesis. The identified milRNAs- Tae-Pt-milR5, Tae-Pt-milR12, and Tae-Pt-milR14b and their cleavage sites on Pt target gene MEP5 were confirmed through degradome library screening, suggesting cross-kingdom translocation of Pt virulent genes in wheat host. Co-expression analysis of miRNAs/isomiRs-target genes provided insights into combating leaf rust disease, while co-expression analysis of milRNAs-target gene pairs reflected the extent of pathogenicity exerted by Pt with varied expression levels at the analyzed time points. The analysis pinpointed leaf rust-responsive candidate hairpin sRNAs- Tae-miR8, Tae-Pt-miR12, Tae-Pt-miR14a, and Tae-Pt-miR14b in wheat and Tae-Pt-milR12 in Pt. This study provides new insights into the hairpin sRNAs involved in the resistance and pathogenesis of wheat and Pt, respectively. Furthermore, crucial hairpin sRNAs and their promising targets for future biotechnological interventions to augment stress resilience have been identified.

Anti‐Phytopathogenic and Phytotoxic Effects of Annona glabra Lin. and Annona muricata Lin. Seed Extracts: In vitro and In vivo Assessment, Bioactive Compound Quantification, and Mechanism Involved

AbstractBuilding upon prior research demonstrating the excellent antifungal and nematicidal efficacy of Annona squamosa Lin. seed extracts, this study extends its scope to investigate similar properties in seed extracts from two other Annonaceae species: Annona muricata Lin. and Annona glabra Lin. The focus is on assessing their effectiveness against tomato late blight (TLB) and wheat leaf rust (WLR) diseases, as well as their broader antifungal activity against Colletotrichum sp. and Fusarium sp. The A. glabra seed extract exerted a superior control efficacy against TLB (85 % at 62.5 μg/mL) and WLR (75 % at 125 μg/mL) in vivo. The two Annonaceous extracts also exhibited in vitro antifungal inhibition against Colletotrichum sp. and Fusarium sp., as well as toxicology against pine wilt nematodes and Artemia salina. Besides, they showed phytotoxicity against Raphanus sativus seed germination. Squamocin G, a potent bioactive acetogenin, was isolated from A. glabara, which was found to occur at high contents in the following ascending order in A. glabra, A. muricata and A. squamosa dichloromethane extracts. To investigate the antifungal mechanism, molecular docking and molecular dynamic of squamocin G ligand were also performed for the first time at the active site of succinate dehydrogenase and β‐tubulin.

Mitigasi Penyebab Risiko Usahatani Kopi Arabika (Studi Kasus pada Kelompok Tani Hutan Giri Senang, Kampung Legok Nyenang, Kecamatan Cilengkrang, Kabupaten Bandung)

The Giri Senang Forest Farmer Group (KTH) has experienced a significant decline in arabica coffee production over the past few years. This indicates the existence of risks that need to be addressed immediately. The research was conducted with the aim of identifying the causes of risks in arabica coffee farming, understanding the mitigation actions that have been taken by KTH Giri Senang, and proposing mitigation actions that can be implemented to overcome these problems. The research was carried out using descriptive qualitative analysis with a case study research technique. The causes of risk were identified using a Fishbone Diagram and analyzed with the Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) method. Based on the results of the research, there are 7 priority risk causes out of 26 total causes: unfavorable weather, leaf rust disease, insufficient or excessive rainfall, leaf spot disease, coffee berry borer pests, weather changes due to the La Nina-El Nino phenomenon, and lack of pruning. Mitigation actions that have been taken include making a holding pond, using pesticides, traps, pest control agents, harvesting spoils, and sanitation to eradicate pests and diseases, as well as forming a Pest Control Team. Proposed mitigation actions that can be implemented include organizing agricultural insurance, subsidizing insurance premiums, making holes or roraks, switching to organic farming, using spare harvest bags, collaborating with educational or research institutions, holding discussion forums for farmers, and creating video tutorials and educational content as alternative extension activities.

5-mC methylation study of sORFs in 3'UTR of transcription factor JUNGBRUNNEN 1-like during leaf rust pathogenesis in wheat.

JUB1, a NAC domain containing hydrogen peroxide-induced transcription factor, plays a critical role in plant immunity. Little is known about how JUB1 responds to leaf rust disease in wheat. Recent discoveries in genomics have also unveiled a multitude of sORFs often assumed to be non-functional, to argue for the necessity of including them as potential regulatory players of translation. However, whether methylation on sORFs spanning the 3'UTR of regulatory genes like JUB1 modulate gene expression, remains unclear. In this study, we identified the methylation states of two sORFs in 3'UTR of a homologous gene of JUB1 in wheat, TaJUB1-L, at cytosine residues in CpG, CHH and CHG sites at different time points of disease progression in two near-isogenic lines of wheat (HD2329), with and without Lr24 gene during leaf rust pathogenesis. Here, we report a significant demethylation of the CpG dinucleotides occurring in the sORFs of the 3'UTR in the resistant isolines after 24h post-infection. Also, the up-regulated gene expression observed through RT-qPCR was directly proportional to the demethylation of the CpG sites in the sORFs. Our findings indicate that TaJUB1-L might be a positive regulator in providing tolerance during leaf rust pathogenesis and cytosine methylation at 3'UTR might act as a switch for its expression control. These results enrich the potential benefit of conventional methylation assay techniques for unraveling the unexplored enigma in epigenetics during plant-pathogen interaction in a cost-effective and confidentially conclusive manner.

Genome-wide analysis of R2R3-MYB transcription factors in poplar and functional validation of PagMYB147 in defense against Melampsora magnusiana

Main conclusionTranscription of PagMYB147 was induced in poplar infected by Melampsora magnusiana, and a decline in its expression levels increases the host's susceptibility, whereas its overexpression promotes resistance to rust disease.Poplars are valuable tree species with diverse industrial and silvicultural applications. The R2R3-MYB subfamily of transcription factors plays a crucial role in response to biotic stresses. However, the functional studies on poplar R2R3-MYB genes in resistance to leaf rust disease are still insufficient. We identified 191 putative R2R3-MYB genes in the Populus trichocarpa genome. A phylogenetic analysis grouped poplar R2R3-MYBs and Arabidopsis R2R3-MYBs into 33 subgroups. We detected 12 tandem duplication events and 148 segmental duplication events, with the latter likely being the main contributor to the expansion of poplar R2R3-MYB genes. The promoter regions of these genes contained numerous cis-acting regulatory elements associated with response to stress and phytohormones. Analyses of RNA-Seq data identified a multiple R2R3-MYB genes response to Melampsora magnusiana (Mmag). Among them, PagMYB147 was significantly up-regulated under Mmag inoculation, salicylic acid (SA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment, and its encoded product was primarily localized to the cell nucleus. Silencing of PagMYB147 exacerbated the severity of Mmag infection, likely because of decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) enzyme activity, and up-regulation of genes related to ROS scavenging and down-regulation of genes related to PAL, SA and JA signaling pathway. In contrast, plants overexpressing PagMYB147 showed the opposite ROS accumulation, PAL enzyme activity, SA and JA-related gene expressions, and improved Mmag resistance. Our findings suggest that PagMYB147 acts as a positive regulatory factor, affecting resistance in poplar to Mmag by its involvement in the regulation of ROS homeostasis, SA and JA signaling pathway.

Biochemical Responses of Wheat Leaf Rust Disease by Using Silica and Orange Oil Nanoparticles

Biochemical Responses of Wheat Leaf Rust Disease by Using Silica and Orange Oil Nanoparticles

Biopotential of Cyanobacteria, Fulvic Acid and Nano-chitosan in Controlling Leaf Rust of Wheat

Biocontrol agents, including Cyanobacteria, Spirulina platensis and Nostoc calcicole, as well as Fulvic Acid and nano-chitosan were tested to control leaf rust of wheat under field conditions during 2021/2022 and 2022/2023 growing seasons. All biocontrol agents significantly reduced all parameters for disease severity i.e. coefficient of infection (CI), the average coefficient of infection (ACI) and the area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) compared to untreated control. The best treatments were nano-chitosan which recorded efficacy of 91.17% followed by S. platensis (90.2%) in the application of two sprays for disease control. All biocontrol agents significantly increased grain yield components of wheat. Applications of two sprays were more effective than one spray. From our research work it can be concluded that S. platensis, N. calcicole, Fulvic Acid and nano-chitosan can be used for controlling leaf rust disease as a safe alternative to chemical fungicides.

Synergistic Action of New Combination of Fungicides in the Management of Tikka Leaf Spot and Rust Diseases in Groundnut

Tikka leaf spot and rust diseases are major constraints in groundnut at Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh. We conducted front line demonstration on effect of new combination of fungicides for management of foliar diseases in groundnut and the experiment was carried out at different farmer’s field. The farmers practicing variety TAG24 is highly susceptible to tikka leaf spot and soil borne diseases. The trial was conducted during rabi season for two years. During rabi, 2022-2023, the percent disease incidence of tikka leaf spot recorded 38.46% in demo plot where as in farmer practice 74.62% recorded. During rabi 2023-2024, recorded 38.8% and 65.4% tikka leaf spot disease in demo plot and farmer practice respectively. The average pod yield was increased 5% more in demo plot over farmer practicing plot. The average of 2 years, rust diseases recorded 5% in demo plot and 16% in farmer practice. In both treatments the incidence of tikka leaf spot was high due to farmers cultivating variety is highly susceptible to foliar diseases and farmers are used higher seed rate i.e. 200kg/acre. Based on results we concluded that the combination fungicides i.e. tebuconozole 50% +trifloxystrobin 25% WG and pyraclostrobin 5% +metiram 55% WG are best chemicals than single mode of action fungicides and time of application of fungicide is also important.

Disease Incidence of Leaf Rust of Soybean Caused by Phakopsora pachyrizi Planted in Mahogany Agroforestry System

Abstract Soybean (Glycine max L.) is one of the agricultural commodities needed in high quantities in Indonesia. Using agroforestry systems for soybean cultivation can solve the domestic fulfillment of soybean needs. The moist environmental conditions of agroforestry plantings due to shading make soybeans susceptible to leaf rust disease. The pathogen Phakopsora pachyrhizi causes leaves to fall off early, inhibiting soybean seed pod growth. Research on the incidence of leaf rust disease in several soybean varieties is essential to optimize soybean production in agroforestry systems. The study was conducted from June to October 2023 in the Special Purpose Forest Area (KHDTK) of Alas Bromo, Karanganyar, Central Java, Indonesia. The experiment used a randomized experimental design (RAK) with seven soybean varieties: Anjasmoro, Agromulyo, Dena-1, Dena-2, Denasa-1, Denasa-2, and Devon-1. Disease incidence observation was based on visual symptoms. The disease incidence was in the range of 3.33-26.67%. The highest incidence occurred in the Denasa-1 and Dena-2 varieties, while the lowest was in the Anjasmoro and Dena-1 variety.

Response of mineral formulation towards different growth phases of arabica coffee in lowland

Arabica coffee cultivation is limited by altitude, which affects its production. Some farmers in Jember Regency are innovating to grow arabica coffee in the lowland, but the potential for leaf rust disease is quite high. Plant natural resistance can be enhanced by adding minerals formulation (containing silica, iodine, and calcium). This research aimed to determine which phase is more effective for applying mineral formulation that induces plant resistance. The formulation was tested on arabica coffee plants grown at the lowland (460 masl) in Jember Regency on 12 years old (y.o) mature and 1 y.o immature plants. One formulation was dissolved in 14 L of water and applied by foliar feeding. The effect was analyzed using two-way T-test of two samples assuming unequal variances at 95% confidence level to determine the differences. The analysis showed that the plants supplemented with the formulation could increase the variables that supported the natural resistance of plants (both mechanically and through the production of chemical compounds), such as polyphenol content, flavonoids, antioxidant activity, total dissolved protein, vitamin C, reducing sugar, lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, and iodine content in the plant. The response of the formulation application showed that the most resistance variables was better in 1 y.o immature plants than in 12 y.o mature plants. The application of mineral formulation in immature phase will have a better impact on increasing natural resistance, and it has the potential to be used as a supplement for arabica coffee plants cultivated in the lowland.

The expansion of oligopeptide transporters in Melampsora larici-populina may reflect its adaptation to a phytoparasitic lifestyle

The acquisition of nutrients from host plants by phytopathogenic fungi is critically important for their invasion success. Melampsora larici-populina, an obligate biotrophic pathogenic fungus, causes the poplar leaf rust disease and can severely damage host poplar plants. Previously, we found that oligopeptide transporters (OPTs) have undergone a convergent expansion, which might reflect adaptation to a phytoparasitic lifestyle. Here, we used various methods to evaluate this hypothesis, including conserved motif identification, positive selection signal mining, expression pattern clustering analysis, and neutral selection tests. The motif composition of the five clades in the OPT family differed, and positive selection was observed during clade differentiation. This suggests that OPTs in these five clades may be functionally differentiated, which would increase the range of transported substrates and promote the absorption of more types of nitrogen compounds from the hosts. According to clustering analysis of gene expression patterns, the expression of most genes from the two expanded clades (clade 2 and 4) was up-regulated during the infection of poplar trees, indicating that the expansion of OPTs likely occurred to promote the uptake of oligopeptides from host poplar plants. The MellpOPT4g gene was determined to be under significant balancing selection based on the neutral selection tests, suggesting that it plays a role in the pathogenic process. In conclusion, these three observations provide preliminary evidence supporting our hypothesis, as they indicate that the expansion of OPTs in M. larici-populina has aided the ability of this pathogen to acquire nutrients from host plants.

The F-box protein encoding genes of the leaf-rust fungi Puccinia triticina: genome-wide identification, characterization and expression dynamics during pathogenesis.

The F-box proteins in fungi perform diverse functions including regulation of cell cycle, circadian clock, development, signal transduction and nutrient sensing. Genome-wide analysis revealed 10 F-box genes in Puccinia triticina, the causal organism for the leaf rust disease in wheat and were characterized using in silico approaches for revealing phylogenetic relationships, gene structures, gene ontology, protein properties, sequence analysis and gene expression studies. Domain analysis predicted functional domains like WD40 and LRR at C-terminus along with the obvious presence of F-box motif in N-terminus. MSA showed amino acid replacements, which might be due to nucleotide substitution during replication. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the F-box proteins with similar domains to be clustered together while some sequences were spread out in different clades, which might be due to functional diversity. The clustering of Puccinia triticina GG705409 with Triticum aestivum TaAFB4/TaAFB5 in a single clade suggested the possibilities of horizontal gene transfer during the coevolution of P. triticina and wheat. Gene ontological annotation categorized them into three classes and were functionally involved in protein degradation through the protein ubiquitination pathway. Protein-protein interaction network revealed F-box proteins to interact with other components of the SCF complex involved in protein ubiquitination. Relative expression analysis of five F-box genes in a time course experiment denoted their involvement in leaf rust susceptible wheat plants. This study provides information on structure elucidation of F-box proteins of a basidiomycetes plant pathogenic fungi and their role during pathogenesis.

Ant communities and their trophobionts shape the incidence of pests and diseases in Indonesia’s coffee agroforestry system

Abstract. Muhammad FN, Rizali A, Rahardjo BT. 2024. Ant communities and their trophobionts shape the incidence of pests and diseases in Indonesia’s coffee agroforestry system. Biodiversitas 25: 1127-1134. Ants play various roles in a coffee agroecosystem, and their presence may impact biological control in coffee plantations. Despite the pantropical economic importance of coffee, most research is focused on the Americas. This study investigates how ant communities and their trophobionts shape the incidences of pests and diseases in the Indonesian shade coffee agroecosystem. Three 30 m x 30 m plots consisting of a total of 256 coffee plants were observed from January to March 2022. Ant communities and their trophobiont were observed using three methods: visual, tuna bait, and live bait. The ants found were classified into dominant and non-dominant based on their nesting behavior and dominance in the bait trap. Pest damage and disease intensity observation were also conducted three times. Generalized linear models were used to test the relationships between ant, hemipteran, coffee berry borer, twig borer damage and leaf rust disease intensity. Twenty-one species of ants were found, and five of them were categorized as dominant ants. Ants correlate coffee pest damage and disease intensity, their hemipteran trophobionts, or both. Dolichoderus thoracicus ant positively correlated with all trophobiont hemipteran and negatively correlated with twig borer damage. Technomyrmex albipes positively correlated with aphids but negatively with flatids. Meanwhile, Tetraponera sp.1 ant only positively correlated with flatids. In trophobiont hemipteran group, all except aphids positively correlated with coffee pests and disease. Scale insect Coccus viridis positively correlated with coffee leaf rust and twig borer infestation intensity, while flatid presence even positively correlated with all coffee plant pest and disease intensity. Indirectly, ants may reduce coffee pests and diseases through hemipteran suppression. The results suggest that the interaction of ants and their trophobiont hemipteran can act as a biological control agent for coffee pests and diseases.

Unraveling the role of microRNA-like RNAs in enhancing Puccinia triticina pathogenicity in wheat by high-throughput sequencing data

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), a staple crop cultivated across an estimated 215 million hectares worldwide, encounters significant yield reductions due to the leaf rust disease, instigated by the fungus Puccinia triticina (Pt). Control strategies for this pathogen are limited. Research on wheat-leaf rust interaction in the past few years has mainly focused on characterizing and modulating the performance of resistance (R) and other defense genes of the host plant, but rarely targeted to decipher the network of molecular strategies employed by the pathogen except secretome analysis. In wheat plants, pathogen may induce a greater diversity of small RNAs (sRNAs) to manipulate the host's gene expression and suppress defense responses. In the present study, Pt microRNA-like-RNAs (milRNAs) were screened and identified from sRNA libraries prepared from leaf rust pathogen-infected leaves of wheat near isogenic lines (NILs). Pathogenesis engendering Pt target genes were validated through degradome libraries. Our study indicates that milRNAs enter the host system to suppress its immunity and promote symbiosis-like association to maintain a longer virulence span. Through RT‒qPCR expression analysis, it was suggested that milRNAs create an environment to enhance symbiosis via cross-kingdom silencing of host disease resistance gene encoding proteins. We found that seven out of eight milRNAs effectively regulate pathogenesis-related genes and repressed the disease-resistance genes in host wheat. Functional annotation of target genes of Pt reveals regulation of vesicle synthesis, transport, and fusion, which represents cross-kingdom vesicle-mediated export of milRNAs. Our results also manifest an integrative view of how virulence-associated milRNAs endeavor to stamp out PTI (PAMP-triggered immunity) and ETI (Effector-triggered immunity) to increase susceptibility of the host. This study epitomizes one of the tactics developed by Pt employing milRNAs in regulating virulence during leaf rust infection and will usher to design strategies to manage pathogenesis to protect wheat immunity against leaf rust disease.

Coffee disease detection and classification using image processing: A Literature review

Coffee, as one of the world's most consumed beverages, sustains livelihoods for millions across more than 50 nations. The vulnerability of coffee plants to diseases, particularly Coffee Leaf Rust and Coffee Berry Disease, poses a significant threat to global production and quality. Leveraging advancements in image processing and computer vision, researchers have explored diverse classification algorithms, ranging from traditional Support Vector Machines to state-of-the-art Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (DCNNs). This review literature addresses the challenges of coffee disease detection, emphasizing the need for precise and early identification. Notable studies have achieved commendable accuracies, such as SVMs reaching 96% and DCNNs demonstrating precision but with extended training times. Innovations like feature concatenation, transfer learning, and ensemble methods have emerged as strategies to overcome classification limitations. Recent breakthroughs showcase impressive results, including DenseNet models achieving a classification accuracy of 99.57% and MobileNetV2 reaching 99.93%. Additionally, Convolutional Neural Networks and VGG-19 architecture demonstrated a promising F1-Score of 90% in classifying various coffee leaf diseases. This concludes with a vision for ongoing advancements, emphasizing the fusion of image processing and machine learning technologies to safeguard the global coffee industry by enabling early and accurate disease detection.

Comparative Effects of Potassium Iodate and SAAF-Fungicide on the Control of Fusarium Wilt (Fusarium oxysporum) And the Yield of Pepper (Capsicum spp. L.)

SAAF Fungicide is a systemic and contact fungicide that is used to prevent leaf spot, blast disease, rust disease, and other types of fungi pests in all kinds of crops, especially on vegetable plant. Hence, the objective of this paper as to compare the effects of Potassium Iodate and SAAF-fungicide on the control of Fusarium Wilt (Fusarium oxysporum) and the Yield of Pepper (Capsicum spp L.) using appropriate standard methods. Agronomic data such as number of leaves, plant height and flowers was collected. Disease incidence and severity as well as yield were measured and analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Among all the treatment, Gulpinar F1 with KIO3 has the highest height and number of leaves across the experiment while negative control has the least height and number of leaves. De cayenne with SAAF has the highest yield of pepper harvested followed by Gulpinar F1 with KIO3, the negative control has the highest disease infection and severity, there are very mild infection on the treated plots. The two treatments have positive effect on the growth, disease control and yield of pepper. The highest pepper yield was achieved from SAAF treated sample.