Amount Of Chlorophyll In Leaves Research Articles

Impact of individual, combined and sequential stress on photosynthesis machinery in rice (Oryza sativa L).

Abiotic stresses such as heat, drought and submergence are major threats to global food security. Despite simultaneous or sequential occurrence of these stresses being recurrent under field conditions, crop response to such stress combinations is poorly understood. Rice is a staple food crop for the majority of human beings. Exploitation of existing genetic diversity in rice for combined and/or sequential stress is a useful approach for developing climate-resilient cultivars. We phenotyped ~400 rice accessions under high temperature, drought, or submergence and their combinations. A cumulative performance index revealed Lomello as the best performer across stress and stress combinations at the seedling stage. Lomello showed a remarkable ability to maintain a higher quantum yield of photosystem (PS) II photochemistry. Moreover, the structural integrity of the photosystems, electron flow through both PSI and PSII and the ability to protect photosystems against photoinhibition were identified as the key traits of Lomello across the stress environments. A higher membrane stability and an increased amount of leaf chlorophyll under stress may be due to an efficient management of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at the cellular level. Further, an efficient electron flow through the photosystems and, thus, a higher photosynthetic rate in Lomello is expected to act as a sink for ROS by reducing the rate of electron transport to the high amount of molecular oxygen present in the chloroplast. However, further studies are needed to identify the molecular mechanism(s) involved in the stability of photosynthetic machinery and stress management in Lomello during stress conditions.

Amount of Chlorophyll in Leaves, Temperature and Drought Resistance of the Varieties of Tea Grown in the Village of Khanbulan (Lankaran, Azerbaijan)

Data on the content of chlorophyll in tea leaves are given. The place of research is the area of the Khanbulan village of the Lankaran Regional Scientific Center. The synthesis of chlorophyll in the leaves of the tea plant is activated in spring, and at the end of summer the intensity decreases. The environmental factors of the atmosphere, especially the rise in temperature, cause some harm to tea leaves. The tea plant tolerates 40°C heat and develops under optimal conditions. At temperatures above this level, burns of varying degrees occur on the tea leaf, brown spots are observed. Varieties were used on the experimental site: Azerbaijan-2; FAQ-22; FAQ-19; Farman pink and Farman tea. The process of photosynthesis, heat resistance, water-holding capacity of tea leaves, as well as the explanation of the resistance of the tea plant to environmental factors were also studied.

The effectiveness of Arbuscula Mycorrhyza Fungi stater with different fortification in increasing the productivity of Clitoria ternatea on saline soil

Saline soil has a high salt content and low productivity, so it is rarely used as agricultural land or forage land for animal feed. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) is a soil fungus that can help plants absorb water and nutrients so that it can help increase plant growth and productivity. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of AMF in increasing the productivity of Clitoria ternatea on saline soil. The research used a completely randomized design (CRD) with a factorial pattern of 5 x 3 with 8 replications. The results showed that the interaction effect of AMF treatment and saline soil was significant (P<0.05) for all variables. This study concluded that saline soil increased the proline content of Clitoria ternatea leaves, and reduced the amount of leaf chlorophyll. AMF could help Clitoria ternatea to overcome saline stress and reduce the use of fertilizer doses by 50%. The addition of AMF increased the total vertical length gain, canopy dry weight, percentage of root colonization, and root dry weight. The type of AMF product IPB 2 gave the best results.

Increasing Growth And Production of Corn (Zea Mays L.) With Different Planting Point Patterns and Management of Weeds

Abstract This study aims to determine the pattern of planting points, and effect of weed control with pre-emergence herbicides on the growth and production of maize. This studies became conducted from November 2019 to the end of February 2020 in Sendang Rejo Village, Binjai District, Langkat Regency. The design of this research used factorial split-plot design: Factor I: The planting point pattern (P)- P1 = Single row cropping point pattern (70 cm x 20 cm), P2 = Two row planting point pattern (20 cm x 20 cm, the next row spacing is 70 cm), P3 = Triangular planting point pattern (20 cm x 20 cm, distance with the next row of triangles 70 cm). Factor II: Herbicide Application (H)- H1 = No herbicide application (control), H2 = Weed free (manual control), H3 = applied with dimethenamide-P + saflufenacil 3 days before planting, H4 = applied with dimethenamide-P + saflufenacil at planting, H5 = applied with dimethenamide-P + saflufenacil aged 3 DAP H6 = applied with topramezone + atrazine at 14 DAP, H7 = applied with topramezone + atrazine at 21 DAP. The type of sampel in this study were plant height, amount of leaf chlorophyll and production. The results showed that the pattern of planting points had a completely huge effect on plant heigh at the age of 6 and 8 WAP and total chlorophyll and corn production (Zea mays L.). Weed control with pre-emergence and post-growth herbicides had no huge impact on plant height, total chlorophyll and maize production (Zea mays L.). However, from this study it was found that the best herbicide application was at H7 (Toppramezone + atrazine at 21 days after planting). While the use of planting point patterns and weed control with pre-emergence and post-growth herbicides interacted significantly with the observation of total chlorophyll, while there was no huge impact on the observation of plant height and maize production (Zea mays L.).

Study of Application Liquid Organic Fertilizer and Monosodium Glutamate on Chlorophyll and Yield of Cannabis

Cannabis (Canna edulis Kerr.) is a plant source of local food that contains carbohydrates so that cannabis is included as an alternative food crop to replace rice. The purpose of this study was to obtain a dose of liquid organic fertilizer (POC) and monosodium glutamate (MSG) on the chlorophyll content and yield of cannabis. The research was conducted from October 2020 to April 2021 on agricultural land in Plumbon Village, Selopampang, Temanggung with an altitude of 460 m above sea level. The research method was arranged in a completely randomized block design using a factorial experiment consisting of two factors and repeated three times. The first factor is the POC dose with levels: 0 mL/L, 2 mL/L, 3 mL/L, and 4 mL/L. The second factor was the dose of MSG consisting of: 0 g/plant, 3 g/plant, 6 g/plant, and 9 g/plant. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance with 1% and 5%. Data that showed significant differences were tested for orthogonal polynomial. The results showed that the addition of 2-3 mL/L of POC gave very significant differences in the amount of leaf chlorophyll and the fresh weight of tubers. The addition of MSG gave significantly different results to the fresh weight of tubers. The dose interaction of POC and MSG was significantly different to the fresh weight of tubers and significantly different to the amount of leaf chlorophyll.

Pertumbuhan Bibit Kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) pada Berbagai Jenis Klon dan Jenis Pupuk Kandang

Several factors that affect production of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.), one of which is the quality of seedlings. The quality of seedlings is affected by the type of clones and the composition of the planting media. This study aims to obtain the influence of clone types and types of manure, as well as the interaction between clone types and types of manure on the growth of cocoa seedlings. The study was conducted in the field of practices and Laboratory of the State Polytechnic of Lampung, in January to June 2017. The method used was a Randomized Block Design (RBD) factorial pattern consisting of two factors. The first factor is the type of clone consisting of three levels, namely K1 = TSH clone 858, K2 = ICS 60, and K3 = TSH 908. The second factor consists of four levels namely P0 = Control, P1 = Chicken Manure, P2 = Cow Manure , and P3 = Goat Manure. The results showed that the use of TSH 858, ICS 60, and TSH 908 clones had the same effect on all observed variables. However, the use of manure has a significant effect on each variable, but the amount of leaf chlorophyll is relatively the same between clone types and types of manure, there are interactions between clone types and types of manure.

Efek Paparan Musik Klasik, Hard Rock dan Murottal Terhadap Pertumbuhan Vegetatif Tanaman Bayam Merah (Alternanthera amoena Voss)

This research was conducted to determine the effect of classical music, hard rock and murottal against to vegetative growing of red spinach plants. The research used a completely randomizes design with 4 treatments and 5 replicates. ANOVA result showed that music exposure had significant effect on plant growth. Murottal exposure gave optimal result on plant height 35,70 cm, leaf area 43,40 cm2, root length 9,40 cm, stomata porous length 23,00 µm, wet weigh 15,59 g, and dry weight of the plant 11,25 g. Exposure to hard rock music gives optimal results on the amount of leaf chlorophyll is worth 34,52 spad unit.

English

Fusarium related root rots have been associated with reduced cowpea productivity in Uganda. Sources of genetic resistance to Fusarium redolens which was found to be the most virulent have been identified but the mode of inheritance of the genes conferring the resistance is unknown. This study aims to investigate how the genes for resistance to F. redolens are inherited in cowpea. Four F. redolens root rot resistant cowpea genotypes were crossed with four intermediately resistant and 2 susceptible cowpea genotypes using North Carolina mating design II. The F1 and the parents were evaluated and data were collected on resistance to seed rot, leaf chlorophyll amount, produced lateral roots, response to plant mortality and root rot severity. Results revealed that additive gene effects were significant for all evaluated traits and non-additive genetic effects were significant in resistance to seed rot and chlorophyll amount. General combining ability (GCA) effects showed that the Asontem genotype was a good combiner for increased lateral roots production and resistance to root rot. Degree of dominance estimates revealed that response to plant mortality, root rots and increased lateral root production traits were recessively inherited while seed rot and amount of leaf chlorophyll were dominantly inherited. Key words: Vigna unguiculata, Baker’s ratio, combining ability, Fusarium redolens, heritability, Uganda.

Evaluation of Cowpea Genotypes for Resistance to <i>Fusarium redolens</i> in Uganda

Fusarium redolens, a virulent fungus which causes damping off, leaf yellowing, wilting and root rots has recently been devastating cowpea fields in Uganda. This study aimed at identifying cowpea genotypes that are resistant to Fusarium redolens. Therefore, ninety cowpea genotypes were evaluated two times against a highly virulent Fusarium redolens (isolate from Zombo in Paidha district) in the screen house in 2016. Genotype effect was highly significant (P 0.001) for root rot severity. Based on the Index of Susceptibility (IS), three genotypes (Asontem, Dan1 LA and IT89KD-88) remained resistant (IS 3.5) over the two screening periods, 72 moderately resistant (3.5 ≤ IS 6.5) and 11 susceptible (IS ≥ 6.5). Resistance was found to be enhanced by presence of lateral roots above or at the ground level. Further results suggested a difference in genetic control of resistance to root rots and seed rots caused by Fusarium redolens. All the released varieties tested (SECOW 1 T, SECOW 2 W, SECOW 3 B, SECOW 4 W and SECOW 5 T) had moderate resistance to Fusarium redolens. Correlation analysis revealed root rot severity was strongly correlated to disease incidence (+0.64, P 0.001), to proportion of plants with lateral roots (-0.56, P 0.001), to amount of leaf chlorophyll (-0.53, P 0.001) and to proportion of plants that died prematurely due to Fusarium redolens infection (+0.45, P 0.001). No significant correlation was detected between root rot severity and proportion of plants that germinated. The established resistance could be exploited for improvement of farmer preferred cowpea varieties towards Fusarium redolens resistance in Uganda.

Pertumbuhan Bibit Kelapa Sawit pada Tanah Gambut Berbagai Ketinggian Genangan

The area of dry land for plantation cultivation is limited, so peatland would be an alternative development. Adaptation of plant oil palm on the long inundation need to be investigated. This study aims to determine the growth response of oil palm seedlings in peat with some duration of flooding. The research was conducted in the experimental farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Musi Rawas at an altitude of 110 m above sea level on March to June 2014. This study used a randomized block design (RBD) consists of six treatments and four replications. Treatment includes without flooding, duration of flooding 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 days. The results showed that oil palm seedlings can survive up to 50 days of flooding. Long flooding inhibits the growth of plant height, number of leaves, reducing the amount of leaf chlorophyll. flooding also causes morphological changes in the root of the formation of adventitious shoots.

The effect of arbuscular mychorizal fungi (AMF) and root plant growth regulator (rPGR) in increasing number of tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) planting material

Among problems encountered in the availability of quality seedlings in nurseries is a low percentage of seedlings ready to plant. The seedling will remain stunted if no treatment is provided. Therefore, there must be some treat-ments carry in the nursery, as increase seedling ready to plant. One of the problems causing lack of good seedling growth is less than optimal growth and the role of the root, thus, the increase in the growth of the tea plant seeds can be cultivated among others through im-proved root system. The objective of this re-search was to determine the effect arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and plant growth regulator (PGR) against the percentage of root seedlings were ready to plant. Root growth can be accelerated by the application of PGR roots, ability to function and role of the roots can be improved by application of biological fertilizers such as AMF. The experimental design used was a randomized block design combined con-centration of PGR roots consisting of Z0: 0 mg/mL; Z1: 25 mg/mL; Z2: 50 mg/mL; Z3: 75 mg/mL with a dose of FMA consisting of: F0: 0 g FMA/plant; F1: 5,0 g FMA/plant; F2: 7,5 g FMA/plant and F3: 10,0 g FMA/plant. The experiment was conducted at the Gambung Experimental Station at the Research Institute for Tea and Cinchona, Bandung, West Java, at a height of ± 1.350 m above sea level with the type of Andisols. Rainfall including B-type according to the classification of Schmidt and Fergusson (1951). The experiments resulted in the conclusion FMA 7,5 g dose combination treatment plants PGR-1 with a concentration of 25 mg/mL root, generating growth in both the percentage of root infection, seedling height, the number of leaves, and the amount of leaf chlorophyll and the percentage of tea planting material. The treatment resulted in a 35% increase in plant height, a number of leaves nearly 68% and the amount of chlorophyll is 83% higher compared to treatment without the FMA and without PGR. The percentage of 12 months old planting material with treatment reached 78,11% higher than the treatment without AMF and PGR which reached 49,28%.

Contrasting correlation networks between leaf structure, nitrogen and chlorophyll in herbaceous and woody canopies

Abstract We studied acclimation patterns in leaf dry mass per area ( M A ), nitrogen ( N A ) and chlorophyll ( ζ A ) content per area, and chlorophyll to nitrogen ratio ( ζ / N ) along vertical light gradients in natural temperate mixed herbaceous canopy and deciduous tree canopy. In the deciduous tree canopy, all leaves are formed at approximately the same time, and the light gradient during the rest of the growing season reflects the differences in light availability during leaf development, whereas in the herbaceous canopy, leaf production continues during most of the growing season and major changes in light conditions occur after leaf maturation. M A and N A increased strongly with increasing current light availability ( I D ) in the tree canopy. In the herbaceous canopy, M A and N A were generally unrelated to I D . Depending on species, the correlation between chlorophyll content per leaf area ( ζ A ) and I D was positive, negative, or non-significant. Path analyses revealed two opposite effects of I D on the amount of leaf chlorophyll. In the tree canopy, increasing I D enhanced ζ A through changes in M A and N A , whereas the direct effect of light was negative in both canopies. The overall correlation network between foliage structural and chemical traits and the relationships with I D were significantly stronger in the tree canopy, suggesting limited re-acclimation potential in the mixed herbaceous canopy. Within-species acclimation patterns reflected the patterns within the main functional types. These data demonstrate that the relationships of current light availability vs. leaf dry mass per area, leaf nitrogen and chlorophyll contents, and chlorophyll to nitrogen ratio differ among multi-species herbaceous canopies and deciduous tree canopies due to contrasting canopy development.

Relação da leitura do clorofilômetro com os teores de clorofila extraível e de nitrogênio na folha de milho

Os métodos utilizados para determinar a quantidade de clorofila na folha requerem destruição de amostras de tecido e muito trabalho no processo de sua obtenção. O recente desenvolvimento do medidor portátil de clorofila, que permite leituras instantâneas do teor relativo de clorofila na folha sem destruí-la, surgiu como uma nova técnica para estimar esse parâmetro. Com os objetivos de avaliar a relação entre leitura do clorofilômetro com os teores de clorofila extraível e de nitrogênio na folha em três estádios de desenvolvimento da planta de milho e de validar o uso do equipamento como parâmetro para estimar o teor relativo de clorofila na folha, conduziu-se um experimento no município de Eldorado do Sul, na região fisiográfica da Depressão Central do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, no ano agrícola de 1999/2000. Os tratamentos constaram de dois híbridos de milho (Pioneer 32R21 e Premium) e de oito sistemas de manejo de nitrogênio em cobertura. As leituras com clorofilômetro, a extração de clorofila e a determinação do teor de nitrogênio da folha foram realizadas nos estádios de seis a sete folhas, 10 a 11 folhas e de espigamento do milho. Nos dois híbridos, as quantidades de clorofila total e das clorofilas a e b extraíveis foram significativamente relacionadas às leituras do clorofilômetro, nos três estádios de desenvolvimento avaliados. A leitura realizada com clorofilômetro estimou com boa precisão o teor relativo de clorofila na folha de milho, além de apresentar as vantagens de maior rapidez, menor custo e de não implicar em destruição de folhas. No entanto, o clorofilômetro não é muito preciso para avaliação do nível de N na planta nos estádios iniciais de desenvolvimento de milho (seis a sete folhas).

The Influence of Removal of Specific Wavelengths of Light on the Height of Chrysanthemum Plants

The influence of removal of specific wavelengths [red (R), blue (B), and farred (FR)] from sunlight on the height of chrysanthemum plants was investigated by overlaying Roscolux™ colored acetate films on 4% CuSO4 or water (control) spectral filters. CuSO4 filters removed FR wavelengths and significantly reduced plant height and internode length compared to control plants that received B, R, and FR wavelengths of light. Plants grown under Roscolux blue filters did not receive R light and were significantly taller compared to plants from any other treatments. Plants grown under Roscolux red filters did not receive B light and were significantly shorter compared to plants from other treatments. Leaf area, leaf dry weight, and stem dry weight were highest in plants grown under Roscolux red and control filter combination. The amount of leaf chlorophyll and the ratio of Chl A: Chl B was highest in plants grown under Roscolux blue filters. In general, plants that received FR light (control + film) were taller than the plants that did not receive FR light in the corresponding (CuSO4 + film) filter combination. The influence of removal of specific wavelengths on plant height control and developmental physiology will be discussed.

The Influence of Removal of Specific Wavelengths of Light on the Height of Chrysanthemum Plants

The influence of removal of specific wavelengths [red (R), blue (B), and farred (FR)] from sunlight on the height of chrysanthemum plants was investigated by overlaying Roscolux™ colored acetate films on 4% CuSO4 or water (control) spectral filters. CuSO4 filters removed FR wavelengths and significantly reduced plant height and internode length compared to control plants that received B, R, and FR wavelengths of light. Plants grown under Roscolux blue filters did not receive R light and were significantly taller compared to plants from any other treatments. Plants grown under Roscolux red filters did not receive B light and were significantly shorter compared to plants from other treatments. Leaf area, leaf dry weight, and stem dry weight were highest in plants grown under Roscolux red and control filter combination. The amount of leaf chlorophyll and the ratio of Chl A: Chl B was highest in plants grown under Roscolux blue filters. In general, plants that received FR light (control + film) were taller than the plants that did not receive FR light in the corresponding (CuSO4 + film) filter combination. The influence of removal of specific wavelengths on plant height control and developmental physiology will be discussed.

Leaf development and senescence in Panicum miliaceum L., a cereal with a short seed-to-seed cycle

Leaf development and senescence in proso millet ( Panicum miliaceum L.) has been investigated for leaves from intact plants, for excised leaf segments induced to senesce by dark treatment, and for leaves on water-stressed plants. For well-watered plants, the amount of leaf chlorophyll, soluble protein, and α-NH 2 nitrogen increased after emergence, and then indicated no appreciable changes due to senescence through the time of seed filling in the main panicle. Total chlorophyll and soluble protein decreased and α-NH 2 nitrogen increased during dark-induced senescence of detached segments, while all three of these constituents decreased with drought-accelerated senescence of intact leaves. As either dark-induced or drought-accelerated senescence proceeded, chlorophyll a and b levels decreased steadily, with the a/b ratio decreasing significantly only after the total chlorophyll concentration had been reduced by more than 85%. As measured after extraction directly from leaf tissue, total carotenoid levels were nearly stable throughout senescence. As measured after extraction from thylakoid preparations, however, carotenoid levels did decrease with senescence, although not as sharply as the decrease in chlorophyll levels. These results are consistent with carotenoid loading into the plastoglobuli during senescence. Seed-to-seed cycles as short as 32 days were observed when proso millet was grown in a greenhouse. The rapid development of this plant makes it a convenient model system for additional studies of senescence and other physiological or genetic phenomena.