Lead Ions Research Articles

Mixed-charged polyamide-4-sulfocalix [4] arene hollow fiber nanofiltration membranes for heavy metal removal under various pH

The presence of heavy metal ions in water sources poses significant risks to both human health and environments; hence, it is critical to develop effective and trustworthy removal techniques. This research aims to fabricate a novel hollow fiber membrane consisting of mixed-charged characteristics via the formation of a positively charged thin film composite (TFC), followed by the infiltration of 4-sulfocalix [4] arene (SCA4). The formation, architecture and separation performance of the mixed-charged nanofiltration (NF) membrane have been confirmed by various characterizations. The SCA4-0.03 NF hollow fiber membrane shows excellent rejection performance up to 99.2 % for a variety of ion removals such as common arsenate, nickel (II), and lead (II) ions over a broad pH range. Additionally, the mixed-charged membrane exhibits higher performance stability over 48 h and fouling resistance in both basic and acidic conditions. Consequently, the mixed-charged membrane described in this work is promising to treat both cationic and anionic liquids, and eliminate a variety of ecologically harmful ion species in industries.

Performance-enhanced cellulose ternary composite in removing toxic lead ion pollutants: Atom-level interfacial structures and pseudo-dynamic trapping process

It is appealing but challenging to modulate interfacial structures and reactivity of biomass composites at the atomic level, due to its importance in guiding experimental synthesis and developing application. In this work, the ternary composite, carbon dots-Mg(OH)2-cellulose (CMCel), was examined by experimental characterizations (XRD, FT-IR, SEM, TEM, and XPS) and theoretical computations, along with its immobilization of heavy metal ion (HMI) Pb(II) from wastewater. Using a facile hydrothermal method, the composite material was prepared. It gives a high removal capacity up to 1623.0 mg g–1 towards Pb(II). Moreover, the removal rate maintains almost 99.5 % even after 10-cycle operation. The outstanding performance is attributed to synergetic effects of chemically coupled components in the composite. Specifically, interfacial hydrogen bonds are unraveled by density functional theory calculations and experimental characterizations. The HMI removal is well delineated via a pseudo-dynamic process. The in-depth understanding of interfacial behaviors of CMCel is anticipated to advance the design of novel water treatment agents and improve their removal performance towards HMIs.

Electrochemical sensing of Pb2+, Cu2+, and Hg2+ by an aminoclay-based porous covalent organic polymer/ multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified glassy carbon electrode

We present a novel electrochemical sensor for the simultaneous detection of Lead (Pb2+), Copper (Cu2+), and Mercury (Hg2+) ions in seafood samples using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) technique. The sensor incorporates an aminoclay-based porous covalent organic polymer (AC-PCOP) derived from the polymerization of aminoclay and 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid (trimesic acid). To enhance conductivity, the AC-PCOP is combined with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and utilized for modifying the surface of the glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The AC-PCOP was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, and infrared spectroscopy (IR). These analyses confirmed the presence of a hierarchical architecture in the AC-PCOP, which exhibited a spherical shape. The proposed modifier facilitates the deposition-stripping process and electron diffusion between electrolyte and heavy metal ions. Optimized conditions yielded limit of detections (LODs) of 0.0006, 0.0016, and 0.0003 nM, with linear ranges from 0.002 to 1000 nM, 0.005 to 1000 nM, and 0.001 to 1000 nM for Pb2+, Cu2+, and Hg2+, respectively. The sensor successfully measured these ions in seafood samples. Control experiments and validation were performed using cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (CVAAS) to determine the ions in the chosen food samples.

Tuning quantum dots emission on DNA tetrahedron/silica nanosphere/graphene oxide nanointerface for ratiometric fluorescence assay of Pb2+ in multiplex samples

BackgroundAssembling framework nucleic acid (FNA) nanoarchitectures and tuning luminescent quantum dots (QDs) for fluorescence assays represent a versatile strategy in analytical territory. Rationally, FNA constructs could offer a preferential orientation to efficiently recognize the target and improve detection sensitivity, meanwhile, regulating size-dependent multicolor emissions of QDs in one analytical setting for ratiometric fluorescence assay would greatly simplify operation procedures. Nonetheless, such FNA/QDs-based ratiometric fluorescence nanoprobes remain rarely explored. ResultsWe designed a sensitive and signal amplification-free fluorescence aptasensor for lead ions (Pb2+) that potentially cause extensive contamination to environment, cosmetic, food and pharmaceuticals. Red and green emission CdTe quantum dots (rQDs and gQDs) were facilely prepared. Moreover, silica nanosphere encapsulating rQDs served as quantitative internal reference and scaffold to anchor a predesigned FNA and DNA sandwich containing Pb2+ binding aptamer and gQD modified DNA signal reporter. On binding of Pb2+, the gQD-DNA signal reporter was set free, resulting in fluorescence quenching at graphene oxide (GO) interface. Owing to the rigid structure of FNA, the fluorescence signal reporter orderly arranged at the silica nanosphere could sensitively respond to Pb2+ stimulation. The dose-dependent fluorescence signal-off mode enabled ratiometric analysis of Pb2+ without cumbersome signal amplification. Linear relationship was established between fluorescence intensity ratio (I555/I720) and Pb2+ concentration from 10 nM to 2 μM, with detection limit of 1.7 nM (0.43 ppb), well addressing the need for Pb2+ routine monitoring. The designed nanoprobe was applied to detection of Pb2+ in soil, cosmetic, milk, drug, and serum samples, with the sensitivity comparable to conventional ICP-MS technique. SignificanceGiven the programmable design of FNA and efficient recognition of target, flexible tuning of QDs emission, and signal amplification-free strategy, the present fluorescence nanoprobe could be a technical criterion for other heavy metal ions detection in a straightforward manner.

Improving Hybrid Tin Halide Films by Tin Trifluoromethanesulfonate for Lead-Free Perovskite Solar Cells.

Tin-based perovskite solar cells (Sn-PSCs) without toxic lead ions outperform other types of lead-free PSCs in terms of photovoltaic performance. To avoid the oxidation of Sn2+ cations and the formation of vacancy defects, most reports involve the addition of SnF2 to the perovskite precursor solution, but hybrid tin halide (Sn-PVK) films still suffer from poor crystallinity and stability. In this work, we used an alternative additive of tin trifluoromethanesulfonate (Sn(OTF)2). Compared to SnF2, the solubility of Sn(OTF)2 in the precursor solution is greatly improved, and the crystal nucleation process is delayed, resulting in the enhancement of crystal growth. The coordination ability of the OTF- anions suppresses the oxidation of Sn2+ cations, which promotes the stability of Sn-PVK films. By replacing the conventional additive of SnF2 with Sn(OTF)2, the device achieves an increase in power conversion efficiency from 7.96% to 10.3%, while the stability of the devices is improved simultaneously.

Studying the optical and non-linear optical characteristics of lead ions in structured cadmium sodium diborate glass

Studying the optical and non-linear optical characteristics of lead ions in structured cadmium sodium diborate glass

Fabrication of melamine formaldehyde/graphene oxide composite for efficient static and dynamic adsorption of lead ions from aqueous medium.

The present work discusses the synthesis, characterization, and environmental applications of graphene oxide (GO), melamine formaldehyde resin (MF), and melamine formaldehyde/graphene oxide composite (MGO) for the efficient removal of Pb2+ from aqueous medium via batch and column procedures. TGA, XRD, TEM, zeta potential, nitrogen adsorption/desorption, ATR-FTIR, and other characterization techniques revealed that MGO is characterized by a greater surface area (609 m2/g), total pore volume (1.0106 cm3/g), pHPZC (6.5), and the presence of various surface chemical functional groups. The synthesized solid adsorbents were used in both static and dynamic adsorption processes to remove Pb2+, with varying application parameters such as pH, starting concentration, adsorbent dosage, and shaking time in the case of static adsorption method. While through the column adsorption process the effects of column bed height, flow rate, and starting Pb2+ were taken into consideration. Results of the batch adsorption demonstrated that MGO had the highest Langmuir adsorption capacity (201.5 mg/g), and the adsorption fit the nonlinear Langmuir adsorption model and Elovich kinetic models. The adsorption of Pb2+ onto all prepared solid materials is endothermic, spontaneous, and physical in nature, as demonstrated by thermodynamic studies. Column adsorption of Pb2+ well fitted by Thomas and Yoon Nelson nonlinear adsorption models. MGO showed a maximum column adsorption capacity of 168 mg/g when applying 4 cm, 15 mL/min, and 150 mg/L as bed height, flow rate, and initial Pb2+, respectively. With only a 12.6% reduction in its adsorption capacity, column regeneration showed that MGO exhibited a high degree of reusability even after five cycles of adsorption/desorption studies.

Experimental and density-functional theory simulation studies on the surface of Mn/Pb-activated scheelite

The results of this study indicate that lead and manganese ions can serve as effective activators for the flotation of scheelite using benzohydroxamic acid (BHA) collectors, and even the addition of a small amount of lead ions can significantly improve the recovery rate of scheelite. The roughness of scheelite treated with binary activators and BHA is 8.19 nm and 2.1 nm higher than that the roughness values of scheelite treated with Mn(NO3)2 and Pb(NO3)2 alone, respectively. The adsorbed products are uniformly distributed on the scheelite surface, and the adsorption forms a “strip-like and dot-like” morphology. Lead ions are mainly adsorbed on mineral surfaces through Pb-O(H)-Ca, and manganese ions are mainly adsorbed in the form of Mn (II) species (i.e., Mn-O-Ca). In the presence of BHA, compared with scheelite treated with manganese and lead ions alone, scheelite treated with binary activators exhibits a more negative zeta potential on its surface, a higher contact angle of 89.30°, and a more pronounced infrared adsorption characteristic peak (C-N-O). DFT calculations confirm that lead ions and manganese ions are adsorbed on the surface of scheelite (112) in the forms of Pb-O-W, Mn-O-W, and Mn-O(H)-Ca. Moreover, the Pb-O(H)-Mn structure covers the surface atoms of scheelite, forming a layer of active substance on the surface of scheelite, and the structure is more stable than in the case of single ion activation, according to the BHA adsorption calculations.

Investigative performance of activated anthill clay on the sorption of lead(II) ion from textile wastewater: Characterization, parametric optimization, isotherm, kinetics and thermodynamics studies

The increase in population have had a negative impact on the water quality environment despite the strong polices implemented on the wastewater treatment as the problem remains demanding. However, it is imperative to secure the environment of aquatic and human life. In this study, Anthill clay was activated with H2SO4 to obtain activated Anthill clay (AAC). The adsorbent was analyzed using the state of art techniques. The Brunner emitter teller (BET) surface area of AAC was 228.453 m2/g. The response surface methodology (RSM) was introduced for the optimization of lead (II) ion uptake where the removal efficiency of 92.73% was observed at optimum condition of 35 °C, 0.1g and 10 min respectively. Various adsorption parameter such as pH, temperature, adsorbent dosage and contact time was carried out. The interaction effect between the parameters were investigated. The Jovanovich model and Pseudo second order revealed the adsorption data fitted well for both isotherm and kinetics model. The thermodynamic results showed that the reaction is endothermic, spontaneous, and chemisorption in nature. From the various analysis conducted it can therefore be inferred that anthill clay can be effective and efficient for treatment of harmful substance present in wastewater.

Application of Noug (Guizotia abyssinica cass.) stalk activated carbon for the removal of lead (II) ions from aqueous solutions

Due to the rise of industries worldwide, huge amounts of pollutants including heavy metals are released into the surroundings. Disposal of effluents containing heavy metals in higher concentrations without proper treatment is common in industries; lead is one of them. This study aims to determine and optimize the efficiency of Noug (Guizotia abyssinica Cass.) stalk porous carbon (NSAC) for the elimination of lead (II) from aqueous solutions. For studying the adsorption characteristics of Noug stalk activated carbon (NSAC) an adsorbate of lead (II) ions was used. The interaction and effect of the following parameters on Pb(II) adsorption were investigated using Design Expert version 7.0 software (central composite design) to determine the optimum adsorption condition: pH, initial concentration of Pb(II) ion, adsorbent dose, and contact time. The optimized condition for the elimination of lead (II) using Noug stalk porous carbon (98.77 %) was achieved at pH [4.87], initial concentration of Pb(II) [84.66 mg/L], adsorbent dose [18.43 g/L], and contact time [2.04 h]. The pseudo-second-order kinetics and the Langmuir isotherm model which had a maximum adsorption capacity of 89.25 mg/g, provided the best-fit models for Pb(II) adsorption, with R2 values of 0.99 and 0.98, respectively. Efficient elimination of Pb(II) from wastewater can be performed through the use of NSAC. Future research should delve more into column adsorption under continuous wastewater flow.

Bioremoval of lead ion from the aquatic environment using lignocellulosic (Zea mays), thermodynamics modeling, and MC simulation

Lead (Pb+2) ions considered a crucial neurotoxic heavy metal result in serious troubles in the live biological environment including poisoning, and liver and kidney shortage, in addition to anemia, hepatitis, encephalopathy, and renal syndrome. In the current study, the biomass of Zea mays (ZMS) was prepared as a biosorbent for the elimination of Pb+2 ions from the aquatic environment in batch mode relevant to contact time, pH solution, biosorbent dose, and temperature. The Zea mays biomass was characterized using an SEM microscope coupled with EDX, FTIR, XRD, and BET surface area analysis to investigate the modification of chemical structure for the biosorption system. According to the biosorption experiments, the supreme biosorbent capability of ZMS approaches 16.9 mg/g for 180 min at pH = 5.5. The evaluation of kinetics analysis reveals that the (Pb+2) biosorption by ZMS was better described with pseudo-second-order kinetics. In addition, the nonlinear regression of Freundlich, Langmuir, Temkin, and Elovich isothermal models was modeled to the equilibrium data, and it was deduced that the Langmuir isotherm provides a better fit than Langmuir based on the correlation coefficient values. The thermodynamic factors were calculated for this biosorption process in which the lead ions are sequestered by the ZMS. According to these factors, it was elucidated that the (Pb+2) ions biosorption onto the Zeamays sponge is exothermic and spontaneous. In addition, Monte Carlo (MC) simulations were conducted to screen the adsorption competence of pigments and ligands in Zea mays for Pb+2 ions adsorption. The outputs of experimental and simulation studies proved the potentiality of Zea mays sponge (ZMS) as a promising biosorbent for eliminating heavy metallic elements from aqueous media.

A novel electrochemical aptamer biosensor for lead (Ⅱ) ion detection utilizing GO/PAMAM @Au and Au/MB as dual signal amplifiers

A competitive electrochemical aptamer biosensor for the selective detection of Pb2+ was developed in this study. The PAMAM@Au hybrid materials and the bioprobe MB-GNPs-ssDNA were synthesized with chemical methods. Modified electrode with carboxylated graphene oxide was prepared via electrodeposition. PAMAM@Au was immobilized on the modified electrode using the EDC/NHS crosslinker, and aptamer (Apt) was bound to PAMAM@Au hybrid materials using the glutaraldehyde crosslinker. The assembly of MB-GNPs-ssDNA/Apt/PAMAM@Au/GO/SPCE biosensors was achieved through immobilizing bioprobe onto electrodes, based on the theory of aptamer-complementary chain reactions. The fabricated biosensor was characterized through electrochemical experiments, SEM, AFM, TEM, XPS and FTIR. The biosensor's performance was evaluated in a series of Pb2+ aqueous solutions by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and the results demonstrated this biosensor had excellent repeatability, stability, and specificity. The detection range spanned from 0.5 pM/L to 500 nM/L, with a detection limit of 5 fM/L. Consequently, the proposed biosensor can serve as a reliable analytical tool for the sensitive detection of lead ions.

The migration process and temperature effect of aqueous solutions contaminated by heavy metal ions in unsaturated silty soils

Adsorption-desorption experiments of three heavy metal ions (i.e., lead, copper, cadmium) in silty soil were carried out at different temperatures, and the microscopic characteristics of silty soil loaded with the three heavy metal ions were analyzed. A one-dimensional soil column was used to discuss the influences of heavy metal ion types and concentrations on the soil moisture distribution and the migration level of different heavy metal ions, especially during the dynamic change process from an unsaturated state to a saturated state. Studies show that the adsorption of heavy metal ions onto silty soil is closely related to the mineral composition and functional groups in silty soil. In addition to physical adsorption, the adsorption of heavy metal ions is closely related to the hydrolysis reaction of mineral components such as kaolinite, calcite, dolomite, plagioclase and quartz. Under constant temperature, the types and concentrations of heavy metal ions play an important role in the moisture migration of unsaturated soil. In the presence of heavy metal ions, the penetration of lead ions is the greatest, followed by copper ions and then cadmium ions. The greater the ion concentration is, the stronger the penetration of heavy metal ions in silty soils.

In vitro and in vivo screening of bacterial species from contaminated soil for heavy metal biotransformation activity

Heavy metals (HMs) are widely used in various industries. High concentrations of HMs can be severely toxic to plants, animals and humans. Microorganism-based bioremediation has shown significant potential in degrading and detoxifying specific HM contaminants. In this study, we cultivated a range of bacterial strains in liquid and solid nutrient medium containing different concentrations of different HMs to select and analyze bacteria capable of transforming HMs. The bacterial strains most resistant to selected HMs and exhibiting the ability to remove HMs from contaminated soils were identified. Then, the bacterial species capable of utilizing HMs in soil model experiments were selected, and their ability to transform HMs was evaluated. This study has also generated preliminary findings on the use of plants for further removal of HMs from soil after microbial bioremediation. Alcaligenes faecalis, Delftia tsuruhatensis and Stenotrophomonas sp. were selected for their ability to grow in and utilize HM ions at the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) and two times the MPC. Lysinibacillus fusiformis (local microflora) can be used as a universal biotransformation tool for many HM ions. Brevibacillus parabrevis has potential for the removal of lead ions, and Brevibacillus reuszeri and Bacillus safensis have potential for the removal of arsenic ions from the environment. The bacterial species have been selected for bioremediation to remove heavy metal ions from the environment.

Weak alkaline flotation separation of galena from sphalerite with 6-butylamino-1,3,5-triazine-2(1H)-thione-4-thiol sodium

The reduction of lime usage in flotation separation of lead–zinc sulfide ores has an interesting topic for protecting environment and recovering valuable metal minerals. In this study, BN (6-butylamino-1,3,5-triazine-2(1H)-thione-4-thiol sodium) was introduced for the first time as a selective collector for galena flotation. The results of UV spectra, adsorption capacity, zeta potential and in-situ AFM manifested that BN exhibited the selective affinity towards Pb2+ over Zn2+ ions, and preferred to adsorb on galena surface, not on sphalerite. The FTIR and XPS further uncovered that BN assembled on galena via bonding its sulfur atoms with lead ions of galena to form the surface BN-Pb complexes. The micro-flotation findings revealed that BN returned the stronger collecting power and higher selectivity than isobutyl xanthate during flotation separation of galena from sphalerite, and achieved their effective separation at low alkaline conditions (pH ∼ 8.0). This study also offers an enlightenment for the design of chelating collectors suitable for use under weak alkaline conditions.

Preparation of a Porous Protein-Based Composite Material by In Situ Polymerization of Pickering High Internal Phase Emulsion for Adsorption of Lead Ions.

The preparation of complex porous materials using a small molecular surfactant as the stabilizer of a high internal phase emulsion can result in harm to the environment. In this study, porous composites based on soy protein isolate with poly(acrylic acid) were prepared by in situ polymerization of a high internal phase monomer emulsion with an internal phase volume fraction of 80%. The material was prepared from acrylic acid and an N,N-methyl diacrylic acid monomer solution as the continuous phase, peanut oil as the dispersed phase, and soy protein isolate as the composite stabilizer. Scanning electron microscopy showed that porous composites exhibited a concave/convex three-dimensional interpenetrating pore structure. Fourier-transform infrared spectra revealed the existence of many active groups such as carboxyl, amino, hydroxyl, and sulfhydryl. The composite had a high adsorption capacity for lead ions, even at low concentration, with a removal rate of up to 95.7%. The adsorption process conformed to a two-stage model involving internal diffusion and Langmuir isothermal adsorption. The maximum saturated adsorption capacity was 36.71 mg/g when the initial solution concentration was 150 mg/L, the adsorbent concentration was 7.0 g/L, and the adsorption mechanism involved chemical interactions between the lead ions and the composite groups -COOH, -OH, and -SH.

Green separation of galena from molybdenite by flotation using DL-dithiothreitol as a depressant

Developing an environment-friendly depressant to separate galena from molybdenite by flotation remains greatly challenging. Herein, the nontoxic DL-dithiothreitol (DLD) was used as a galena depressant in a molybdenite–galena flotation system. Flotation experiments showed that a recovery difference of 88.45 % was achieved in a binary mixed-mineral system with a DLD dosage of 40.00 mg/L at pH 8.00, indicating that DLD significantly reduced the floatability of galena while barely altering that of molybdenite. The adsorption mechanism of DLD on the surfaces of galena and molybdenite were investigated by various characterization techniques. Results showed that DLD can coordinate with unsaturated lead ions on the galena surface through its sulfhydryl groups. DLD stably adsorbed onto the galena surface because of the presence of chemical bonding (Pb–S), which significantly changed the surface potential of galena. Molybdenite cannot chemisorb DLD because only saturated sulfur atoms were exposed on its cleavage surface. Hence, the selective adsorption of DLD enhanced the hydrophilicity of the galena surface without affecting the hydrophobicity of the molybdenite surface. Evidently, DLD was a high-performance and promising industrial application of galena depressant. This study provided new insights into the separation of molybdenite and galena, thereby facilitates the sustainable development of the mining industry.

A Review on the Activation Effect of Lead Ions in Mineral Flotation

A Review on the Activation Effect of Lead Ions in Mineral Flotation

Synthesis of metal–organic framework ZIF-9-Mel and its application as an electrochemical modifier in Pb2+ detection

In this study, a selective electrochemical sensor was introduced for determination of lead ions based on a metal–organic framework (MOF)-melamine together with carbon black (CB) on the glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Herein, the zeolitic imidazolate framework-9-Mel (ZIF-9-Mel), which is a type of MOF, was synthesized and used as an electrode modifier. The interaction between Pb2+ and amine groups is conditioned by dative attachment, which causes the complexation of Pb2+-N through soft–soft interactions. To enhance the performance of the modified electrode, several parameters such as the pH of the buffer solution, the deposition potential, and the deposition time that affect response were optimized. Under optimized conditions (pH = 3, deposition time = 270 s, deposition potential = −0.7 V) the ZIF-9-Mel/CB/GCE sensor shows two linear ranges (0.5 nM–50 nM and 50 nM–1000 nM), low detection limit (0.16 nM), long-term stability, good repeatability and desirable reproducibility by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) technique. To display the sensor ability for actual application, ZIF-9-Mel/CB/GCE was used for Pb2+ detection in lettuce and tomato samples with excellent results. According to the introduced method, MOFs are satisfactory materials for fabricating effective electrochemical sensors to detect Pb2+ ions simply and cost-effectively.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by waste of Murcott Mandarin peel as a sustainable approach for efficient heavy metal removal from metal industrial wastewater

This study introduces a sustainable and environmentally friendly method for synthesizing silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) using waste from Murcott Mandarin peel (Citrus reticulata Blanco × C. sinensis (L.) Obs.). By repurposing agricultural waste as a precursor for nanoparticle synthesis, the research not only reduces waste but also aligns with green chemistry principles. The synthesis process involved extracting bioactive compounds from Murcott Mandarin peel, which acted as both reducing and stabilizing agents during nanoparticle formation. Characterization techniques, including UV–Vis spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD), confirmed the successful formation of silver nanoparticles. These nanoparticles demonstrated exceptional efficiency in removing heavy metals from metal industrial wastewater, particularly lead ions. Batch experiments revealed significant adsorption capabilities, with lead ions being uptake by silver nanoparticles at a rate of 42.7 mg/g under optimal conditions of pH 5.5 and 60 min of stirring. Additionally, Murcott Mandarin Solid Residue (MM-SR) obtained from the filtration process during Ag-NP synthesis exhibited promising lead ion uptake, reaching 6.6 mg/g under the same optimal conditions. The eco-friendly synthesis route and the efficient heavy metal removal capabilities of silver nanoparticles underscore the potential of utilizing agricultural waste in nanomaterial synthesis for wastewater treatment. This approach not only tackles waste disposal challenges but also generates value-added materials with practical applications in environmental management. Overall, the study emphasizes the importance of exploring innovative and sustainable pathways for nanoparticle synthesis, highlighting the promising role of silver nanoparticles synthesized from Murcott Mandarin peel waste in cost-effective and environmentally benign strategies for heavy metal removal in metal industrial wastewater treatment.