Cable Lead Research Articles

Issues of the effects of lead on circulatory and respiratory diseases

Introduction. At the present economic stage of development of the industry there is a technological modernization of productions, decrease in operating concentrations of chemical substances in this connection reduction of frequency of occurrence of classical forms of intoxications is observed. Th is applies to the lead, occupying the leading position among industrial and environmental contaminants, which has one of the highest indexes of technological social and environmental significance.The aim of the study was to assess the impact of metal (lead) as a trigger of various nosological forms of diseases of the circulatory and respiratory organs.Materials and methods. Clinical and functional, laboratory examinations of 130 persons were carried out: among them 90 employees of the plant for the processing of lead batteries and cables. Th e comparison group included workers who had no contact with lead (40 people), comparable in age and experience.Results. Analysis of the structure of non-professional diseases of internal organs showed that the leading place is occupied by diseases of the upper and lower respiratory tract (58% and 26%), circulatory organs (40%).Conclusions. Th e results of the clinical and laboratory examination of workers of the lead batt ery recycling plant indicate the importance of combined exposure to lead as an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, pathology of the upper and lower respiratory tract.

Regenerated Bragg Grating Sensor Array for Temperature Measurements During an Aluminum Casting Process

An array of regenerated fiber Bragg gratings (RFBGs) was employed to monitor the temperature distribution during an aluminum cast process. Significant temperature gradients in the cast part were observed during the cooling and solidification period. The direction and velocity of the solidification front was revealed by the temperature data obtained by the RFBGs at different measurement points. A generalized calibration curve was established and applied to the RFBG array, avoiding the need of individual calibration measurements of each sensor element of the array. Temperatures measured using the RFBGs and a thermocouple placed in a reference arm of the mold showed excellent agreements and indicated that no thermal drift of the RFBGs sensor elements occurred during the casting. The RFBG measurements were carried out with only a single fiber, which reduced the amount of lead cables in the melt and hence minimized the sensor-induced disturbances to the casting process. In addition, the limited number of cables enables the RFBG sensors to be deployed in small and complex cast geometries. Multipoint temperature sensors based on RFBG arrays can become important tools to improve the quality of casting processes.

Left arm/left leg lead reversals at the cable junction box: A cause for an epidemic of errors

Medical errors, especially due to misinterpretation of electrocardiograms (ECG), are extremely common in patients admitted to the hospital and significantly account for increased morbidity, mortality and health care costs in the United States. Inaccurate performance of an ECG can lead to invalid interpretation and in turn may lead to costly cardiovascular evaluation. We report a retrospective series of 58 sequential cases of ECG limb lead reversals in the ER due to inadvertent interchange in the lead cables at the point where they insert into the cable junction box of one ECG machine. This case series highlights recognition of ECG lead reversal originating in the ECG machine itself. This case series also demonstrates an ongoing need for education regarding standardization of ECG testing and for recognizing technical anomalies to deliver appropriate care for the patient.

A direct tying loop of silk sutures on the electrode

Editor, we experienced a case of lead migration in spinal cord stimulation (SCS), which was successfully corrected and fixed by tying the loops of silk sutures directly around the lead. A-42-year-old man visited our pain clinic with a complaint of burning pain, causalgia, and paresthesia in both legs. Despite continuous conservative therapy, severe pain persisted in the lower back, both buttocks, and knee and ankle areas; therefore, we decided to try spinal cord stimulation. After confirmation of induced paresthesia at the painful site, the lead and extension cables were connected, and a cylindrically shaped hard plastic was used for anchoring. Suture tying on the middle part of the cylindrically shaped hard plastic was performed with black silk. On the second day during the lead trial, paresthesia of the left leg disappeared; however, paresthesia developed in the lower abdomen. Although we changed the programming, paresthesia never developed at the painful site again. We suspected migration of the lead and checked the position of the lead through a T-L spine X-ray. On the left side, migration of the lead occurred in the cephalad direction, and the lead was positioned at the middle of the T7 level. To correct the position of the lead, we pulled the lead to the middle of the ninth vertebral body. Anchoring was performed again, and suture tying on the middle part of the cylindrically shaped hard plastic was performed with black silk. In addition, we made direct tying loops of silk sutures around the lead at the proximal site of the anchoring to prevent lead migration in the longitudinal direction again (Fig. 1). After revision of the lead, the patient could feel the paresthesia again on the painful side and the lead's position was maintained without any migration. Fig. 1 This picture shows the tying loops of the silk suture directly around the lead. Lead migration results in a loss of proper paresthesia coverage and a subsequent reduction in pain relief. Andersen [1], reporting on the use of SCS for angina, found that the most frequent complication requiring repeated surgery was lead migration (23%). Introduction of multichannel leads has greatly reduced the need for repeated revision as the result of lead migration. North et al. [2] found that programmable multichannel systems have a significantly greater clinical reliability than single-channel systems. Our patient also used multipolar leads; however, despite repeated trials of reprogramming, we failed in re-generation of paresthesia. When we checked the position of the lead, the lead had moved almost two vertebral levels, which is too far for generation of paresthesia to the painful site. In this case, to prevent lead migration, we made direct tying loops of silk sutures around the lead at the proximal site of the anchoring, and the result was successful. Oh et al. [3] presented an alternate anchoring technique, which involves tying loops of silk sutures directly around the lead without the use of silicone or hard plastic anchors. In our case, we used the cylindrically shaped anchor; in addition, we tied loops of silk sutures directly around the lead. Because the silk suture is tied directly on the lead, there is a possibility of lead damage. Kreis et al. [4] studied SCS lead integrity when direct silk sutures were made with supramaximal tension on the lead. They concluded that 28 SCS leads with 56 knot ties revealed no significant damage to polyurethane insulation by high power microscopy or change in conductor impedance. Because implanted silk sutures show a gradual loss of tensile strength over time, the risk of further wear and tear due to silk suture tension is minimal [4]. Our method has a limitation of being the routine for use in prevention of lead migration; however, it would be an alternative until a more successful and safe method can be developed.

Recording electrocardiograms using 3-limb lead cables instead of the standard 4: a modification to minimize incorrect electrode placements

The similarity between and the number of limb lead cables play an important role in the frequency of incorrect connection of limb electrodes. Hence, a modified electrocardiogram (ECG) acquisition procedure is proposed in this brief communication, whereby the left-leg (LL) and right-leg (RL) electrode cables are combined into 1 cable, referred to as combined LL/RL cable. The electrode wires in the combined LL/RL cable are connected to 2 electrodes placed on both sides of the LL. The combined LL/RL cable is unique enough (being thicker) not to be mistaken with the upper limb electrode cables. The proposed modification will not in any way influence the ECG waveforms or amplitudes, and it can be expected to substantially reduce incorrect limb electrode placements.

Precursory Voltage Signals in Cosine Theta<tex>$hboxNb_hbox3hboxSn$</tex>High Field Model Magnets

To understand the premature quenches of the Nb/sub 3/Sn high field model magnets, we also made mirror design model magnets, and studied their quenches. With one of the mirror magnet, HFDA-03A, which had extra lead cables installed, some precursory voltage signals were observed at soldered joints in the high field region, leading to quenches at high ramp rate. These voltage signals diminish with slower ramp rate. The ramp rate dependence of the quench behaviors is experimentally studied. In the course of these quench investigation we developed a method to cancel the inductive voltage in the voltage tap signals. This method proved very effective to understand clearly how the quenches are propagating in all parts of the magnets.

Selected panel sessions: 1994 Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exhibition

The 1994 Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exhibition was held April 10-15, 1994 at McCormick Place East in Chicago, Illinois. Over 30 panel sessions, 25 technical sessions, and two collegiate sessions took place at the conference. This article presents a brief resume of panel sessions dealing with lead cables, environmentally friendly dry core cables, fire performance of plastic materials, and practical aspects of six-phase transmission. >

Monte Carlo Simulation of Self-Powered Flux Detectors

This paper has described a Monte Carlo computer code used to predict the response of mineral-insulated cables to (n,s-), (n, ?, e) and (?, e) interactions. Results obtained using the code agree well with experiment, qualifying it as a tool in the design of self-powered flux detectors. A number of studies are currently in progress at Chalk River to: - investigate the effects of changing the relative dimensions of the various detector regions; - optimize the geometry of mineral-insulated cables for use as lead cables; and - estimate the effect of impurities on detector sensitivity. Future work may include predicting the sensitivity of detectors as a function of burn-up.

Cathodic Protection of Lead Cables in an Urban Area

Abstract An account is given of steps taken in establishing a cathodic protection system for lead covered telephone cables in an urban area. Practical applications for the following system arrangements are given: distributed ground beds, forced current through a drainage system, distributed negative connections to several underground cables, and duct anodes. The paper includes the steps taken to prevent damage to surrounding underground plants in the installation and use of these systems. 5.2.1