Lead Antimony Research Articles

Kinetics of Oxidation of Lithium-Modified Lead–Antimony Alloy SSu3 in the Solid State

Kinetics of Oxidation of Lithium-Modified Lead–Antimony Alloy SSu3 in the Solid State

Properties of an SSu-3 Lead–Antimony Alloy Sintered from Electroerosion Powders Produced in Distilled Water

Properties of an SSu-3 Lead–Antimony Alloy Sintered from Electroerosion Powders Produced in Distilled Water

Temperature Dependence of Heat Capacity and the Change in Thermodynamic Functions of Cadmium-Doped Lead Antimony Alloy PbSb3

Temperature Dependence of Heat Capacity and the Change in Thermodynamic Functions of Cadmium-Doped Lead Antimony Alloy PbSb3

Anode Properties of Potassium-Doped Lead Antimony Alloy PbSb3 in NaCl Electrolyte Medium

Anode Properties of Potassium-Doped Lead Antimony Alloy PbSb3 in NaCl Electrolyte Medium

Anodic Behavior of Lithium-Alloyed Lead–Antimony Alloy SSu3 in NaCl Electrolyte

Anodic Behavior of Lithium-Alloyed Lead–Antimony Alloy SSu3 in NaCl Electrolyte

Structure and Properties of the Powders Fabricated by Electroerosion Dispersion of Lead–Antimony Alloys in Distilled Water

Structure and Properties of the Powders Fabricated by Electroerosion Dispersion of Lead–Antimony Alloys in Distilled Water

Prediction of buckling failure load of 304 stainless-steel column at elevated temperatures using lead–antimony alloys

A novel prediction model for the buckling failure load of 304 stainless steel under compression was developed using lead–antimony (Pb–Sb) alloys. The temperature-dependent modulus of elasticity of 304 stainless steel was characterized by changing the Sb concentration of the Pb–Sb alloys from 0 to 15 wt%. Slender Pb–Sb plate columns with a rectangular cross section were fabricated by casting. Buckling tests were performed with Pb–Sb alloys under compression at room temperature and compared with numerical simulations that considered the nonlinearity of the specimen, such as initial bending. Based on the buckling failure load and the modulus of elasticity measurements, the linear relationship between the normalized buckling failure loads and the normalized modulus of elasticity was obtained for both Pb-Sb alloy and 304 stainless steel. The relationship between these two correlations makes it possible to predict the buckling failure load of 304 stainless steel at elevated temperatures up to 1200 °C.

Dysprosium concentration-dependent fluorescent properties of antimony lead Oxyfluoroborate glasses

Different concentrations of dysprosium (Dy3+) ions doped antimony lead oxufluoroborate (SbPbOFB) glasses were synthesized through melt quenching method. These prepared glasses are aimed to study for their utility in photonic device applications such as white Light Emitting Diodes (w-LEDs) and visible lasers. Glassy nature and thermal stability of the undoped SbPbOFB glass was investigated by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Thermal Gravimetry Analysis (TGA) techniques. Spectroscopic features were studied by diverse methods like optical absorption, photoluminescence (PL) excitation, PL emission and PL decay spectra. The Judd-Ofelt (J-O) analysis was used to understand the asymmetry and bonding nature in the as prepared glasses. The emission spectra recorded from 400 to 700 nm show three intense bands in blue (482 nm), yellow (575 nm) and red (663 nm) regions corresponds to the transitions 4F9/2 → 6H15/2, 4F9/2 → 6H13/2 and 4F9/2 → 6H11/2 respectively. Relatively higher values of emission cross-section (σse) along with branching ratio and quantum efficiency obtained for SbPbOFBDy1.0 glass for 4F9/2 → 6 H13/2 transition (yellow band) reveal its ability as potential candidate for visible yellow lasers. The Commission Internationale de I'Elcairage (CIE) color chromaticity coordinates estimated from the PL spectra are in proximity with the traditional white light coordinates (x = 0.333, y = 0.333) and illustrate the ability of the as prepared glasses to fabricate w-LEDs.

Influence of Sm3+ ion concentration on the photoluminescence behavior of antimony lead oxy fluoro borate glasses

The synthesis and characterization of a new glass series with the chemical composition 70B2O3–20PbO-5Sb2O3–(5-X) NaF-XSm2O3 where X is 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 were discussed in detailed in this paper. The glasses were made by using the traditional melt quenching process, and their spectroscopic behavior was studied to understand their utility in the development of lasers, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and optical devices. Fourier-Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and EDX studies have been conducted to identify the functional groups and elemental composition present in the as prepared undoped glass. Optical and luminescent behaviors of the as prepared glasses were studies using absorption, photoluminescence (PL) excitation, PL emission and PL decay spectral features. The strengths of absorption bands called oscillator strength were calculated by using absorption spectral data and subsequently subjected to Judd-Ofelt (J-O) analysis to estimation various radiative properties like radiative transition probability (AR), total radiative transition probabilities (AT), branching Ratios (βR) and the radiative lifetimes (τR) for the prominent fluorescent levels of the Sm3+ ions in the titled glasses. The experimental lifetimes (τexp) measured from the PL decay curves are correlated with τR to estimate quantum efficiency (ƞ) of the as prepared glasses. The quantum efficiency, emission cross sections and other radiative parameters along with the CIE coordinates estimated for the Sm3+ ions doped titled glasses finally allows us to contemplate its potentiality for the fabrication of optoelectronic devices in visible reddish-orange region.

Simulation of lead Antimony Alloy Solidification and its Experimental Validation

The solidification of metals continues to be a phenomenon of great interest to physicists, metallurgists, casting engineers, and software developers. It is a non-linear transient phenomenon, posing a challenge in terms of modeling and analysis. During the solidification of a casting in a mould, the heat-transfer between the casting and the mould plays a vital role. This paper attempts to study heat flow within the casting, as well as from the casting to the mould, and finally obtains the temperature history of some points inside the casting. The most important instant of time is when the hottest region inside the casting is solidifying. ProCAST software has been used to obtain the temperature distribution in the casting process by performing Transient Thermal Analysis. In this research work, solidification of lead-2wt%antimony alloy has been carried out in the different sizes of metallic mold to predict the formation of shrinkage during solidification. Theoretical results have been validated experimentally for a particular case of lead-2wt%antimony alloy solidification. Results obtained by simulation software are compared with the experimental reading of temperature and found to be in good agreement. Voids appeared at the top and isolated area of castings for the defect-free direct method used in this study.

Study on polarization of antimony lead electrode in gelled electrolyte

AbstractGelled electrolyte is prepared from liquid glass and sulfuric acid with various specific weights in the presence of both gelling agents such as polyacrylamide and polyaniline. The antimony lead electrode is polarized by potentiodynamic method in gelled electrolyte compared with sulfuric acid solution (1.26 g/cm3). The results found that not only the overpotential of gas evolution but also the polarization resistance depends on sample preparation conditions. The concentration of PAM at 0.55 wt% contributed to the shift of overpotential of oxygen release in the more positive side but made decreasing the hydrogen escape overpotential compared with H2SO4 solution (1.26 g/cm3). It showed that the presence of PANi together with PAM did not improve the overpotential of oxygen release, but significantly inhibited the hydrogen evolution, although polarization resistance was approximately or smaller than that in H2SO4 solution (1.26 g/cm3).

Electrochemical properties of antimony lead electrode in gelled electrolyte prepared by liquid glass and sulfuric acid using polyacrylamide together with polyaniline

AbstractGelled electrolyte is made at different temperatures based on liquid glass and sulfuric acid using two organic additives such as polyacrylamide and polyaniline. The antimony lead electrode is used to study the electrochemical properties of gelled electrolyte through cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance and ionic conductivity determination. The results showed that the gelled electrolyte made at low temperature is in a more favorable form of gel than that at high temperature, the ability to extract water was also overcome. The resistance of charge transfer of lead electrodes operating in an gelled electrolyte environment is all lower than that in sulfuric acid (d = 1.26 g /cm3), in which the presence of PANi together with PAM is recorded as the smallest. When the lead electrode was anodized, the simultaneous formation of PbO with PbSO4 did not appear due to the presence of PANi.

Lead–Antimony Sulfosalts from Tuscany (Italy). XXIV. Crystal Structure of Thallium-Bearing Chovanite, TlPb26(Sb,As)31S72O, from the Monte Arsiccio Mine, Apuan Alps

A thallium-bearing variety of the lead–antimony oxysulfosalt chovanite from the Monte Arsiccio mine (Apuan Alps, Tuscany, Italy) has been reexamined. It occurs as thin, ribbon-like crystals, black in color, up to 5 mm in length in vugs of dolomite ± baryte ± quartz veins embedded in the metadolostone of the Sant’Olga level. Associated minerals are rouxelite, robinsonite, sphalerite, valentinite, baryte, dolomite, quartz, and Ba-rich K-feldspar. Chemical analysis pointed to contents of Tl up to 0.86 apfu, corresponding to the ideal chemical formula TlPb26(Sb,As)31S72O. The structural role of thallium has been investigated using single-crystal X-ray diffraction using synchrotron radiation (λ = 0.59040 Å). Thallium-rich chovanite is monoclinic, space group P21/c, with unit-cell parameters a = 34.280(3), b = 8.2430(7), c = 48.457(4) Å, β = 106.290(4)°, and V = 13143(2) Å3. The crystal structure was refined to a final R1 = 0.083 for 12,052 reflections with Fo > 4σ(Fo) and 1210 refined parameters. The general features of thallium-rich chovanite agree with those of chovanite. Thallium is present as Tl+; it is disordered among two mixed (Pb/Tl) positions, with a Tl/Pb atomic ratio below 1, that precludes this compound to be a new species.

First Find of Trace Metal Minerals at the Albaza Gold Deposit

The results of mineralogical–geochemical study of the Albaza gold deposit (Khabarovsk Krai) are presented here. The ore mineral assemblage, in addition to already known sulfides of iron, arsenic, lead, zinc, and copper, contains sulfides of Sb, Bi, and Mo, as well as native bismuth, bismuth tellurides, cobalt sulfoarsenide, nickel sulfoantiminide, silver sulfobismuthide, lead–antimony–bismuth sulfosalts, and oxides of tin and titanium, among others. These features of the ore chemical composition suggest attribution of the deposit to a gold–trace metal formation. The genesis of the deposits of this formation is related to granitic magmatism that occurred at the transform continental margin under conditions of movement of the lithospheric plates.

Thermoelectric properties of p-type Ag1−x(Pb1−ySny)mSb1−zTem+2

The thermoelectric properties of Ag1−x(Pb1−ySny)mSb1−zTem+2 (4≤m≤16, −0.1≤x≤0.3, 1/3≤y≤2/3, 0.2≤z≤0.4; Lead Antimony Silver Tellurium Tin, LASTT-m) compositions were investigated in the temperature range of 300 to ~670K. All samples crystallize in the average NaCl-type structure without any noticeable second phase and exhibit very narrow bandgaps of <0.1eV. We studied a range of m values, silver concentrations (x), Pb/Sn ratios (y), and antimony concentrations (z) to determine their effects on the thermoelectric properties. The samples were investigated as melt grown polycrystalline ingots. Varying the Ag contents, the Pb/Sn ratios, and the Sb contents off-stoichiometry allowed us to control the electrical conductivity, the Seebeck coefficient, and the thermal conductivity. The electrical conductivity tends to decrease with decreasing m values. The highest ZT of ~1.1 was achieved at ~660K for Ag0.9Pb5Sn5Sb0.8Te12 mainly due to the very low lattice thermal conductivity of ~0.4W/(mK) around 660K. Also, samples with charge-balanced stoichiometries, Ag(Pb1−ySny)mSbTem+2, were studied and found to exhibit a lower power factor and higher lattice thermal conductivity than the Ag1−x(Pb1−ySny)mSb1−zTem+2 compositions.

Thermodynamic properties of lead–sodium–antimony liquid alloys

The thermodynamic properties of lead–sodium–antimony liquid alloys were determined by the emf method. The thermodynamic properties of the edge binary systems, sodium–lead, sodium–antimony, and lead–antimony, were analyzed. The possibility of approximately estimating the thermodynamic properties of the ternary system on the basis of data on the edge binary systems using the simplest geometric models was demonstrated. The sodium-containing alloys show significant negative deviations from the ideal behavior. All the data are given for 900 K.

Penentu Jarak Tembak Berdasarkan Kerusakan Proyektil Timah Tanpa Jacket untuk Senjata Api Genggam Jenis Revolver S&amp;W Kaliber .38 Spesial pada Target Tulang

Abstract This study aims to predict the shooting range based on damage the type of lead a projectile without jacket caliber.38 special fired from handguns kinds brand Revolver S &amp; W caliber .38 specials. Based on the phenomenon of criminal cases of abuse handguns types Revolver and the fact that real data it was found that 8% of the amount of lead projectiles without jacket as forensic evidence, the condition has broken the deformed moderate to severe. The study was conducted at the Police Forensic Laboratory experimental method test-fired in the shooting box at short throw distance range of 0.5 to 6 meters , where the bone is positioned at the target position changes location every 0.5 meters, so the total number of shots is 12 times shot on 12 position target location, and finally obtained 12 variations of deformation projectile shot results. Stages test firing conducted through three stages as follows: 1). Phase sample preparation equipment and materials firearms, bullets and target bone. 2). Phase shooting target accurately. 3). Stages of deformation measurements and weighing projectile, arranged in the form of table data. Material samples of bullet used was the type of lead bullets without jacket caliber .38 special with technical specifications diameter of projectile 9.09 mm (real 9.05 mm), length of projectile 17.90 mm (real 18.61 mm), projectile material lead antimony, projectile weight of 10.25 grams, muzzle velocity (initial) 265 m / sec, rounded nose shape, coefficient of form C = 2, the ballistic coefficient i = 0,9 effective range or the distance accurately of 25 meters. Material samples of bone were used as target is 1694 SR veal ribs with bone hardness values (87 ± 1.5) shore, is used for the calibration test firing, a human skull age adults (≥ 35 years) with a value of hardness (78 ± 6 ) shore, is used as the target subjects of research, human ribs (costal C-3 / C-6) adult (≥ 35 years) with a value of hardness (69 ± 19.5) shore, is used as the target subjects of research. Keywords : deformation; projectiles; bones

Dielectric dispersion and ac conduction phenomena of Li2O−Sb2O3−PbO−GeO2:Cr2O3 glass system

Lithium antimony lead germanate glasses doped with different concentrations of Cr2O3 (ranging from 0 to 0.5mol %) were synthesized. The optical absorption and ESR spectral studies have indicated that there is a gradual increase in presence of octahedral chromium ions with increase of Cr2O3 concentration in the glass network. These studies have also revealed that a fraction of chromium ions get oxidized into Cr5+ and Cr6+ states. IR and Raman spectroscopic studies have pointed out that there is an increasing degree of depolymerization of the titled glass network with increase of Cr2O3 content. The dielectric parameters (viz., dielectric constant, loss and electrical modulus coefficients measured over a wide range of frequency and temperature) and also ac conductivity were found to increase with increase of Cr2O3 content. The reasons for such increase were discussed quantitatively in terms of various polarization mechanisms coupled with structural variations of the glass network.

Lithium-antimony-lead liquid metal battery for grid-level energy storage.

The ability to store energy on the electric grid would greatly improve its efficiency and reliability while enabling the integration of intermittent renewable energy technologies (such as wind and solar) into baseload supply. Batteries have long been considered strong candidate solutions owing to their small spatial footprint, mechanical simplicity and flexibility in siting. However, the barrier to widespread adoption of batteries is their high cost. Here we describe a lithium-antimony-lead liquid metal battery that potentially meets the performance specifications for stationary energy storage applications. This Li||Sb-Pb battery comprises a liquid lithium negative electrode, a molten salt electrolyte, and a liquid antimony-lead alloy positive electrode, which self-segregate by density into three distinct layers owing to the immiscibility of the contiguous salt and metal phases. The all-liquid construction confers the advantages of higher current density, longer cycle life and simpler manufacturing of large-scale storage systems (because no membranes or separators are involved) relative to those of conventional batteries. At charge-discharge current densities of 275milliamperes per square centimetre, the cells cycled at 450 degrees Celsius with 98 per cent Coulombic efficiency and 73 per cent round-trip energy efficiency. To provide evidence of their high power capability, the cells were discharged and charged at current densities as high as 1,000milliamperes per square centimetre. Measured capacity loss after operation for 1,800hours (more than 450 charge-discharge cycles at 100 per cent depth of discharge) projects retention of over 85 per cent of initial capacity after ten years of daily cycling. Our results demonstrate that alloying a high-melting-point, high-voltage metal (antimony) with a low-melting-point, low-cost metal (lead) advantageously decreases the operating temperature while maintaining a high cell voltage. Apart from the fact that this finding puts us on a desirable cost trajectory, this approach may well be more broadly applicable to other battery chemistries.

Evolution of phase segregation and eutectic structures in AgPb18SbTe20

The evolution of phase segregation in stoichiometric quenched AgPbmSbTe2+m (m = 18, Lead–Antimony–Silver–Tellurium – LAST‐18) compounds was studied starting from the known pseudo‐binary diagrams among Ag2Te, PbTe, Sb2Te3 and AgSbTe2. The compositions of secondary phases indicate that liquid phase during cooling, even under quenching conditions, follows mainly the liquidus line on the 2PbTe–Ag0.45Sb0.55Te1.05 quasi‐binary section of the phase diagram until it reaches a critical point (18 mol.% of 2PbTe) and then turns to Ag2Te‐ and Sb2Te3‐rich sides of quasi‐ternary system. This has led to the formation of various secondary phases at various stages during the solidification, whose microstructural features and morphology strongly depend upon their chemical composition. Moreover, during solidification the local compositional fluctuations of liquid phase in combination with the shift of liquid composition towards Sb‐rich side of the phase diagram resulted in the development of eutectic microstructures in some regions of LAST‐18 matrix phase. This suggests there exists a miscibility gap and eutectic point below 600 °C on the 2PbTe–Ag0.45Sb0.55Te1.05 boundary line. These eutectic lamellar structures with a cumulative composition close to LAST‐3 are on the 200–500 nm length scales and possess thermal conductivity of 0.55–0.65 W/m K at room temperature. The low thermal conductivity of lamellar eutectic structures was later confirmed on bulk samples using laser flash analysis, where the samples were synthesized by quenching and annealing. The results clearly demonstrate that one can engineer the microstructures in LAST compounds by selecting the appropriate initial composition from quasi PbTe–Ag2Te–Sb2Te3 ternary phase diagram to lower the thermal conductivity further.