Lead-antimony Alloys Research Articles

Kinetics of Oxidation of Lithium-Modified Lead–Antimony Alloy SSu3 in the Solid State

Kinetics of Oxidation of Lithium-Modified Lead–Antimony Alloy SSu3 in the Solid State

Properties of an SSu-3 Lead–Antimony Alloy Sintered from Electroerosion Powders Produced in Distilled Water

Properties of an SSu-3 Lead–Antimony Alloy Sintered from Electroerosion Powders Produced in Distilled Water

A novel machine learning approach for surface roughness quantification and optimization of cast-on-strap lead-antimony alloy via two-point correlation function

Surface roughness has a negative impact on the materials’ lifetime. It accelerates pitting corrosion, increases effective heat transfer, and increases the rate of effective charge loss. However, controlled surface roughness is desirable in many applications. The automotive lead-acid battery is very sensitive to such effects. In our case study, the cast-on-strap machine has the largest effect on the surface roughness of the lead-antimony alloy. In this regard, statistical correlation functions are commonly used as statistical morphological descriptors for heterogeneous correlation functions. Two-point correlation functions are fruitful tools to quantify the microstructure of two-phase material structures. Herein, we demonstrate the use of the two-point correlation function to quantify surface roughness and optimize lead-antimony poles and straps used in the lead-acid battery as a solution to reduce their electrochemical corrosion when used in highly corrosive media. However, we infer that this method can be used in surface roughness mapping in a wide range of applications, such as pipes submerged in seawater as well as laser cutting. The possibility of using information obtained from the two-point correlation function and applying the simulated annealing procedure to optimize the surface micro-irregularities is investigated. The results showed successful surface representation and optimization that agree with the initially proposed hypothesis.

Temperature Dependence of Heat Capacity and the Change in Thermodynamic Functions of Cadmium-Doped Lead Antimony Alloy PbSb3

Temperature Dependence of Heat Capacity and the Change in Thermodynamic Functions of Cadmium-Doped Lead Antimony Alloy PbSb3

Anode Properties of Potassium-Doped Lead Antimony Alloy PbSb3 in NaCl Electrolyte Medium

Anode Properties of Potassium-Doped Lead Antimony Alloy PbSb3 in NaCl Electrolyte Medium

Optimization of the Process of Obtaining a Charge of Lead-Antimony Alloy SSu3 by the Electroerosion Method in Distilled Water

The purpose of this work was to optimize the process of obtaining a charge of lead-antimony alloy SSu3 by the electroerosion method in distilled water according to the criterion of average particle size.Methods. At the experimental facility for the production of lead-antimony powders from conductive materials, the waste of the SSu3 alloy was dispersed in distilled water at a loading weight of 250 g. The following electrical parameters of the installation were used: voltage at the electrodes from 100–200 V; capacitance of capacitors 25–65 UF; pulse repetition frequency 25–50 Hz. The average particle size was studied using the Analysette 22 NanoTec plus laser particle size analyzer. The determination of the optimal parameters of the EED installation was carried out by setting up a complete factorial experiment (PFE) on the average particle size of the obtained electroerosive materials. The parameters of the EED installation operation were selected as factors: the voltage at the electrodes, the capacitance of the discharge capacitors and the pulse repetition rate.Results. According to the conducted series of experiments, the results of which are presented in the table, the limiting values of the optimization parameter y (the average size of electroerosive particles) were determined, which amounted to: 44 microns with a capacity of 65.5 UF discharge capacitors, a voltage at the electrodes of 200 V, a pulse repetition frequency of 75 Hz.The conducted studies have shown that by the method of electroerosive dispersion of SSu3 alloy waste in distilled water, it is possible to obtain an alloy powder with a uniform distribution of alloying elements.Conclusion. Optimization of the process of obtaining the charge of lead-antimony alloy SSu3 by the electroerosion method in distilled water according to the criterion of the average particle size was carried out. The results obtained can be used by enterprises of the industrial sector for the production of lead-antimony powder.

ОПТИМИЗАЦИЯ ПРОЦЕССА ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ СВИНЦОВО-СУРЬМЯНИСТЫХ СПЛАВОВ ИЗ ЭЛЕКТРОЭРОЗИОННОЙ ШИХТЫ, ПОЛУЧЕННОЙ ИЗ ОТХОДОВ СПЛАВА ССУ3

The results of optimization of the process of obtaining lead-antimony alloys by the method of SPS synthesis from an electroerosion charge made from waste of the SSu3 alloy in distilled water and in lighting kerosene are presented. Optimization of the process of obtaining lead-antimony alloys was carried out according to the microhardness parameter. Carrying out the planned measures will allow to obtain optimal microhardness parameters of lead-antimony alloys and thereby expand the scope of their further use.

Anodic Behavior of Lithium-Alloyed Lead–Antimony Alloy SSu3 in NaCl Electrolyte

Anodic Behavior of Lithium-Alloyed Lead–Antimony Alloy SSu3 in NaCl Electrolyte

Structure and Properties of the Powders Fabricated by Electroerosion Dispersion of Lead–Antimony Alloys in Distilled Water

Structure and Properties of the Powders Fabricated by Electroerosion Dispersion of Lead–Antimony Alloys in Distilled Water

Separation of antimony from lead-antimony alloy by molten salt electrolysis

Lead-acid batteries (LABs) are widely used in electric motorcycles, uninterruptible power systems, and stationary energy storage devices. However, spent LABs should be recycled to reuse lead (Pb) and thereby close the Pb cycle and avoid Pb contamination. In order to reuse the recovered Pb, the purity of recovered Pb should meet the required standard. Since antimony (Sb) is a common alloying element in Pb alloy grid such as the Pb-Sb alloy, separating Sb from the recovered Pb is necessary. In this paper, we proposed a molten salt electrolysis method to separate Sb from liquid Pb-Sb alloys in terms of forming a solid Ca-Sb intermetallic at the top of the liquid Pb-Sb cathode. The electrochemical separation process was performed in molten NaCl-CaCl2. The content of Sb (atomic percent) in the Pb-Sb alloy was reduced from 1% to less than 0.01% (atomic ratio). The recovery principle lies in the different alloying potentials between Ca-Sb and Ca-Pb. Hence, molten salt electrolysis is a promising separation method to recover pure Pb from spent Sb-containing Pb alloys.

Prediction of buckling failure load of 304 stainless-steel column at elevated temperatures using lead–antimony alloys

A novel prediction model for the buckling failure load of 304 stainless steel under compression was developed using lead–antimony (Pb–Sb) alloys. The temperature-dependent modulus of elasticity of 304 stainless steel was characterized by changing the Sb concentration of the Pb–Sb alloys from 0 to 15 wt%. Slender Pb–Sb plate columns with a rectangular cross section were fabricated by casting. Buckling tests were performed with Pb–Sb alloys under compression at room temperature and compared with numerical simulations that considered the nonlinearity of the specimen, such as initial bending. Based on the buckling failure load and the modulus of elasticity measurements, the linear relationship between the normalized buckling failure loads and the normalized modulus of elasticity was obtained for both Pb-Sb alloy and 304 stainless steel. The relationship between these two correlations makes it possible to predict the buckling failure load of 304 stainless steel at elevated temperatures up to 1200 °C.

Discussion On Failure Behavior of Piping Systems Under Extremely Large Seismic Loads in BDBE

Abstract To investigate the failure behavior of piping systems under severe seismic loads considering beyond design basis event (BDBE), an experimental approach to use pipes made of simulation materials was applied. "Simulation material" means the substitute material for steel to realize the structural experiment by the existing testing facilities. The simulation materials adopted in this study were pure lead (Pb) or lead-antimony (Pb-Sb) alloy. Using pipe elbows made of simulation materials, static loading tests on elbows and shaking table tests on simple piping system models composed of one or two elbows and an additional mass were conducted. From the static loading tests, the load-deflection relationship of an elbow under monotonic loading was obtained as well as the fatigue failure modes under cyclic loading depending on the several cyclic displacement levels. From the shaking table tests, several failure modes were obtained, namely, "Collapse by self-weight", "Collapse by a few cycles of input", "Ratchet and subsequent collapse", "Overall deformation", and "No failure". It was considered that the occurrence of these failure modes was affected by the ratio of the input frequency to the specimen's natural frequency, the ratio of additional mass weight to the limit mass weight, the configuration of the specimen, and the input acceleration level. The experimental results indicated that it was crucial to understand the structure's ultimate behavior when treating BDBE, and that the research approach using simulation material is effective to investigate the ultimate behavior of piping systems.

A note on the cavitation phenomenon in metallic plates perforated by sharp-nosed rigid projectiles

We explore the perforation process of metallic plates impacted by rigid sharp-nosed projectiles at high velocities. In particular, we are looking at the diameters of the penetration hole in the plates through a series of 2D numerical simulations, in order to check for the occurrence of cavitation in finite-thickness plates. This phenomenon has not been observed by previous workers and we were looking for its effect on the perforation process. Our simulations show that for every projectile/plate pair there is a certain impact velocity which marks the onset of cavitation. These threshold velocities depend on the normalized thickness of the plates, as well as on their effective strength. Our simulations are supported by the results from perforation tests on plates made of a low strength lead-antimony alloy. The main conclusion from our work is that analytical models for plate perforation should take into account the cavitation phenomenon, especially for high velocity impacts.

Исследование процесса прессования и спекания шихты свинцово-сурьмянистого сплава ССу-3, полученной электроэрозионным диспергированием

The purpose of this study is to manufacture blanks from the charge obtained by the method of electroerosion dispersion, lead-antimony alloy - SSu3, under certain pressing and sintering parameters, to determine the effect of pressure on the density of the final blanks, as well as to find shrinkage dependencies during the sintering operation. Methods. To perform this study, a charge of lead-antimony alloy - SSu3, obtained by the method of electroerosive dispersion, was required. The pressing process was carried out in a mold specially designed for this study on a NORDBERG N3612 hydraulic floor press in two modes under load - 2.5 and 5 t. respectively, the holding time under pressure in both cases was 10 minutes. Sintering was carried out in a graphite crucible, which was placed in an oven for heating the molds EKPS - 10, where a constant temperature of 296 degrees is maintained for 120 minutes. Results. Experimentally, it was found that when the force is doubled, the density of the workpiece increases by 2%, which is due to a closer interaction between metal particles. It is noted that in order to create products with greater porosity, it is necessary to reduce the pressure during pressing, and to create products with greater hardness, more pressure is needed. The difference in the color of the workpieces is due to the degree of oxidation of the charge with oxygen during the cooling of the briquettes after pressing, the compounds of the alloy elements change during its oxidation with oxygen, oxides and lead peroxides are formed, which in turn affect the chemical properties of the alloy. Gray color has a low content of oxygen oxides, and brown, up to orange, is characterized by a high content of lead peroxides. Conclusion. The obtained results can be used for further study and improvement of the composition and structure of the alloy, as well as for the selection of optimal modes of pressing and sintering in further studies.

Simulation of lead Antimony Alloy Solidification and its Experimental Validation

The solidification of metals continues to be a phenomenon of great interest to physicists, metallurgists, casting engineers, and software developers. It is a non-linear transient phenomenon, posing a challenge in terms of modeling and analysis. During the solidification of a casting in a mould, the heat-transfer between the casting and the mould plays a vital role. This paper attempts to study heat flow within the casting, as well as from the casting to the mould, and finally obtains the temperature history of some points inside the casting. The most important instant of time is when the hottest region inside the casting is solidifying. ProCAST software has been used to obtain the temperature distribution in the casting process by performing Transient Thermal Analysis. In this research work, solidification of lead-2wt%antimony alloy has been carried out in the different sizes of metallic mold to predict the formation of shrinkage during solidification. Theoretical results have been validated experimentally for a particular case of lead-2wt%antimony alloy solidification. Results obtained by simulation software are compared with the experimental reading of temperature and found to be in good agreement. Voids appeared at the top and isolated area of castings for the defect-free direct method used in this study.

Effect of Thermal Treatment on the Hugoniot Elastic Limit and Spall Strength of the Preeutectic Pb–2.77% Sb Alloy

New experimental data on the dynamic strength of the lead-antimony (2.77%) alloy comprised of different structures formed after thermal treatment in various regimes are presented in this work. The optimal alloy thermal treatment regime (quenching from 250°C) providing the best strength characteristics under explosion or high-speed impact is revealed.

Study on electrochemical properties of gelled electrolytes using nano fumed silica in the presence of some organic additives

A gelled electrolyte is made on the basis of liquid glass and sulphuric acid using nano fumed silica (NFS) in the presence of some other organic additives such as polyacrylamide (PAM) and polypropylene glycol (PPG). Lead-antimony alloy electrodes are prepared to examine the electrochemical properties of manufactured gelled electrolytes through cyclic voltammetric behaviour, electrochemical impedance and polarisation curves. The results from cyclic voltammetric diagrams show that the peak of lead solubility increases while the peak of oxygen evolution decreases due to using nano NFS for gelled electrolytes. Obtained Nyquist diagrams all show that the adsorption process occurs, in which the electrochemical impedance measured in the gelled electrolyte containing NFS increases in comparison with that without NFS. Observing the bigger slope of the outlet branch of oxygen in comparison with that of hydrogen on polarisation curves indicates that the rate of oxygen escape is stronger than that of hydrogen. The results also show that the oxygen overpotential increases while the hydrogen overpotential decreases slightly when NFS is present in gelled electrolytes.

INFLUENCE OF ALKALINE – EARTH METALS ON ANODIC BEHAVIOR OF ALLOY ССУЗ IN NEUTRAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE ELECTROLYTE NaCl

The anodic behavior of a lead-antimony alloy (3 wt% Sb) doped with alkaline-earth metals was investigated in potentiostatic method in the potentiodynamic mode at a potential sweep rate of 2 mV/s and it was shown that with an increase in the content of alkaline earth metals in the alloy (SSUZ), the potentials of free Corrosion and pitting are slightly shifted to the positive region. As the concentration of the chloride ion in the electrolyte increases, these potentials decrease. The current density of corrosion and, accordingly, the corrosion rate of alloys with an increase in the content of alkaline earth metals are reduced by 75–85%, and the concentration of chloride ion increases.In transition from alloys with calcium to alloys with strontium, the corrosion rate of alloys increases by 20–30%, and to alloys with barium it decreases by 25–30%.

Inferring the ballistic resistance of thick targets from static deep indentation tests

The aim of this work is to demonstrate that one can derive the value of the dynamic resistive stress, which a given target exerts on a rigid projectile, by following the force needed to push a rigid indenter into the target in a static deep indentation test. In this study, we used a relatively soft target made of a lead-antimony alloy and a concrete target, representing ductile metals and brittle solids, respectively. For both targets, we followed the force–distance curves obtained by the deep indentations of hard punches, as they were slowly pushed in the targets by a loading frame. The effect of friction during these tests was taken into account in order to obtain the net axial resisting stresses, which were applied by the targets on these indenters. These static resisting stresses, at deep penetrations, were compared with the dynamic resisting stresses, which were inferred from the impacts of armor-piercing projectiles on these targets. The good agreement between the two sets of values strongly enhances the claim that one can use static indentation tests in order to estimate the ballistic resistance of various targets to rigid projectile penetration. The effect of strain rate sensitivity is highlighted by the test results for both the metallic and concrete targets. In addition, important insights concerning the cavitation phenomenon in the penetration of rigid projectiles are also highlighted in this work.

Static loading test on elbow pipes made of lead-antimony alloy

Static loading test on elbow pipes made of lead-antimony alloy