Le Sueur Research Articles

Control of Chironomid Midges in Recreational Lakes13

Several commonly available and experimental insecticides were evaluated for control of chironomid midge larvae, Chironomus spp., Proclaideus spp., and Tanytarsus spp. in 2 recreational lakes. In Lake Calabasas, where the bottom has a thin layer of mud on a surface of cement, standard midge larvicides such as Abate® ( O, O -dimethyl phosphorothioate O, O -diester with 4,4′-thiodiphenol) and fenthion proved highly effective. Fenthion at 0.5 Ib per surface acre controlled the larvae for more than 7 weeks. At this rate of application very slight mortality of the mosquito fish Gambusia affinis (Baird & Girard) was observed. Abate at 0.75 pounds per acre controlled the midges for about 4–5 weeks and caused slight mortality of the fish. Dursban® ( O, O -diethyl O -(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl) phosphorothioate) at the rate of 0.2 Ib/acre yielded long-lasting control of midge larvae, the suppression lasting for almost 5 months. In Westlake (about 10 miles from Lake Calabasas), with a natural bottom, where small portions were treated, fenthion at 0.5 lb/acre yielded little or no control of the midge larvae. Abate at 0.5 pounds per acre produced similar results. Carbaryl at 0.5 and 1.0 pounds per acre yielded good control, but its longevity was for only 2-3 weeks. Dursban insecticide applied as granules or sprays at 0.2 pounds per acre yielded excellent control of midge larvae. The granular formulations produced better and longer-lasting larval control than an emulsifiable concentrate formulation. The latter formulation at 0.2 lb/acre or higher rate caused slight kill of blugill, Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque; largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides Lacepede; and black crappie, Pornoxis nigromaculatus (Le Sueur) in the lake. No mortality of fish was observed in plots treated with a granular formulation of Dursban at the same rate.

The Antigenic Specificity of Blood Groups Which Differentiate Populations of Fresh Water Catfish

Abstract Erythrocytes derived from fresh water catfish, Ictalurus nebulosus (Le Sueur) and Ictalurus catus (Linneaus), referred to as groups I and II, were capable of eliciting specific immune responses as demonstrated by cross-immunization, stimulation of goats and rabbits, and absorption studies of immune antisera. Two forms of immune response were elicited in goats and rabbits, one against an antigen common to erythrocytes from individuals of groups I and II, and the other against a Forssman-like antigenic substance present on group I, but not group II, erythrocytes. The presence of two classes of immunoglobulins formed during immune responses was suggested on the basis of differences in sensitivity of agglutinins to mercaptoethanol before and after antigenic stimulation. Members of group I possessed a soluble blood group substance in serum and mucus, as demonstrated by agglutination-inhibition tests in the presence of human anti-A antiserum, lima bean lectin, and hemagglutinins in serum from group II individuals.

Study of fish movements under constant conditions of light and darkness

This paper deals with the locomotor movements of four fish species, Salmo gairdnerii irideus Gibbons, Ambloplites rupestris rupestris (Rafinesque), Ictalurus nebulosus nebulosus (Le Sueur), and Lepomis gibbosus (Linnaeus), and the locomotor patterns displayed by non-conditioned animals in constant conditions of light and darkness.The entries into the 16 sectors of the tank were uniformly distributed; there was no preference shown by the fish for any one sector of the experimental tank, regardless of the light condition.Most animals with the exception of the rock bass displayed a definite pattern of locomotor movements, consisting of a range of turning angles. Variations in this pattern were not significant from day to day under similar experimental conditions of light.Frequencies of right- and left-handed turns showed individual differences in a large number of bullhead and pumpkinseed, whereas there were no differences in rock bass. Thigmotaxis and vision might play a role in this turning behavior.Animals displayed a different angular pattern of locomotion under light and dark conditions. Rock bass and pumpkinseed showed a preference for short angle turns whereas rainbow trout made turns of longer angles. Bullhead showed no change in the magnitude of the angles of turn.

Effects of Temperature upon “Naturally Occurring” Blood Group Agglutinins in Fresh Water Catfish

Abstract “Naturally occurring” isohemagglutinins and heterophilic agglutinins in 10 fresh water catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus, Le Sueur, and Ictalurus catus, Linneaus), disappeared from circulating blood following a decrease in storage temperature from 25C° to 5°C. They reappeared subsequent to an increase in storage temperature from 5°C to 25°C. The changes in agglutinating activity were accompanied by corresponding alterations in total body weight, total serum proteins and in certain electrophoretic components. It is suggested that the change in immunologic status is but one reflection of general metabolic shifts associated with fluctuations in ambient temperature.

A. D. C. LE SUEUR

A. D. C. LE SUEUR Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research, Volume 42, Issue 2, 1969, Page 208, https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/42.2.208 Published: 01 October 1969

The Use of Catfish, Ictalurus Nebulosus (Le Sueur), as Experimental Animals for Immunization with Human Secretor Saliva and Other Antigenic Materials

Summary Five of eight brown bullhead catfish surviving a 6-week series of three immunizing injections of human secretor saliva, mixed with Freund's complete adjuvant, produced high titered heteroagglutinins against human erythrocytes of all A-B-O types. Agglutination-inhibition and cell absorption tests indicated potent fractions of activity specific for human A, B, or O erythrocytes corresponding to the A-B-O group of the secretor saliva injected. Bullfrog erythrocytes with B-like specificity were agglutinated only by the hyperimmune plasma from the catfish injected with group B saliva. Sheep erythrocytes were weakly hemolyzed but not agglutinated by the catfish plasma specimens. The usefulness of the brown bullhead catfish, both from the point of view of the quantities of blood obtainable by repeated bleedings, as well as the immunologic competence of the species to produce specific high titered antibodies in response to injected antigenic materials of major interest in human blood group studies, has been clearly established.

HEMATOLOGY OF THE ATLANTIC THREAD HERRING, OPISTHONEMA OGLINU.M (LE SUEUR)

In the present paper the data of blood cell counts, cytology and cytochemistry performed in 100 Atlantic thread herring, Opisthonemaoglinum (Le Sueur), are presented.

New Species of Dactylogyrinae from Alabama Fishes

Seven new species of dactylogyrid trematodes are reported from Alabama fishes: Dactylogyrus absidatus sp. n. and Dactylogyrus bellicae sp. n. from Hybopsis bellica (Girard); Dactylogyrus niger sp. n. and Dactylogyrus plumbeus sp. n. from Moxostoma duquesnei (Le Sueur); Dactylogyrus alabamensis sp. n. from Hybopsis amblops (Rafinesque); Dactylogyrus hamatus sp. n. and Pellucidhaptor alabamensis sp. n. from Hypentelium etowanwmn (Jordan). The recently discovered pair of haptoral hooks (4A) was present in each of the species. All fish hosts were collected in Lee County, Alabama. Fish hosts used in this study were collected in the vicinity of Auburn (Lee County) Alabama, as a part of a survey of fish parasites conducted by the Southeastern Cooperative Fish Parasite and Disease Project. Branchial material was frozen and treated as recommended by Mizelle and Klucka (1953), with the modification of removing the gills and placing them in vials prior to freezing. Host specimens also were brought to the laboratory where the gills were removed and placed in vials of 1:4,000 formalin (modification of Putz and Hoffman, 1963). After 45 to 60 min, the parasites were removed for immediate study or placed in 5% formalin solutions for later study. Measurements were made from specimens mounted in glycerin jelly using the procedures of Mizelle (1962). Observations were made with a phase-contrast microscope, and illustrations were prepared with the aid of a camera lucida. All measurements are in microns. Averages are to the nearest micron and ranges are in parentheses. This constitutes the first published report of Dactylogyrinae from Alabama. Dactylogyrus absidatus sp. n.

Comparative investigation of immune globulins of various vertebrate classes.

DURING the past few years our knowledge of the immunoglobulins of man and mammals has been substantially extended. The method of making antiglobulin sera developed by Milgrom et al. in 1956 (ref. 1) has played a decisive part in this particular connexion. As is well known, this method makes it possible to prepare antisera which react, in addition to γ-globulins (IgG, IgA, IgM), with complemental factors, if any2. Since our knowledge of non-mammalian immunoglobulins is limited3–10, I prepared (using a modification of Milgrom's method2) antisera to the globulins of mammals (horse, cattle, hog), birds (duck, goose), turtles (Testudo hermanni Gmelin), and fishes (Cyprinus carpio L., Tinca tinca (L.), Perca fluviatilis L., and Ictalurus nebulosus Le Sueur). The serum concentration used to bring about coupling with erythrocytes was chosen so that, for the mammals, only antibodies were detectable against the γ-globulins during immunoelectrophoresis. In this connexion, distinct precipitate lines of the IgG and IgM globulins were always observed. Moreover, for both horse and hog a weak line was observed corresponding to the IgA globulin. The antisera prepared against the globulins of goose and duck showed wide identity during immunoelectrophoresis. Two parallel lines were found that could be assigned to the IgG and IgM globulins (Fig. 1A). Clearly visible is a splitting up of the IgG line in the anodic region.

DETERGENTS: EFFECTS ON THE CHEMICAL SENSES OF THE FISH ICTALURUS NATALIS (LE SUEUR).

Two types of detergents, one easily oxidized and the other not, damage the chemoreceptors of yellow bullheads, Ictalurus natalis (le Sueur) exposed to concentrations of 0.5 parts per million in the surrounding water. This concentration is considerably lower than that at which sublethal damage has been detected previously. Histological examination reveals erosion of the taste buds; electrophysiological methods and observations of swimming and feeding behavior reveal impairment of receptor function. Affected fish do not fully recover after 6 weeks in detergent-free water.

Lipids and Component Fatty Acids of the Newfoundland Squid, Illex illecebrosus (Le Sueur)

The component fatty acids of the muscle, liver, and viscera lipids from the squid, Illex illecebrosus (Le Sueur), caught in Newfoundland waters have been determined by gas–liquid chromatography (GLC). Silicic acid chromatography was used to segregate the main groups of lipids and the fatty acid composition of each fraction was determined on two organosilicone polyester columns.The lipids from the muscle consisted mainly of phospholipids with three fatty acids, palmitic (16:0), eicosapentaenoic (20:5), and docosahexaneoic (22:6) acids making up 80% of the total. The liver contained mainly triglycerides with a fatty acid composition similar to liver oils in other marine species.

Behavior and Ecology of Some North American Cyprinid Fishes

Form of the nest, nest-building and reproductive be- havior, and social interactions are described in five species of cyprinids associated with Notropis cornutus, N. rubellus, and hybrid N. cornutus X N. rubellus during the breeding season. Environmental and social factors which maintain species isolation are discussed. Reproductive and social behavior of the three shiners is described and compared. The parent species differ in ten behavioral characteris- tics. In six characters the hybrid resembles N. cornutus and in three it resembles N. rubellus. The hybrid and N. cornutus often feed on the bottom and occur in backwaters. They usually form large, multispecies aggregates while N. rubellus often are in separate schools. Spawning temperature is 70 F or higher for N. rubellus and 60 F or more for the other two forms. Nest digging and defense of a definite bottom territory is present only in N. cornutus. A tilt display by the male preceding spawnings and a spawning clasp are present in N. cornutus, rare in the hybrid, and absent in N. rubellus. The number of head butts during a parallel-swimming behavior is low in N. cornutus, high in N. rubellus, and intermediate in the hybrid. Over-all aggression is higher in N. cornutus than in either N. rubellus or the hybrid. In the spring of 1959, 1960, and 1961 I studied the reproductive behavior and ecology of the cyprinid fishes Notropis cornutus (Mitchill), Notropis rubellus (Agassiz), and the hybrid between them. Much of the basic reproductive behavior of these forms was described by Raney (1940a; 1940b) and Pfeiffer (1955). The present study concerns the behavior of the three forms in a single population known consistently to contain many hybrids, attempts to determine how be- havioral characteristics of the parent species are represented in the hybrid, and considers the factors maintaining the high incidence of hybrids. I found that these fishes carry out most territorial and repro- ductive activities over the pebble nests of other cyprinids such as Hybopsis micropogon (Cope), Semotilus corporalis (Mitchill), Semo- tilus atromaculatus (Mitchill), and Exoglossum maxillingua (Le Sueur), a situation previously described by Hankinson (1932), Raney (1940a), and others. I also found that most shiners spawn over the nests during their construction or shortly after their completion and only rarely after the nests were deserted by the resident species. This circumstance facilitated observations on the nest-building, territorial, and reproductive behaviors of several species and on various kinds of interspecific encounters. This report presents additional information on the behavior of several cyprinids, with emphasis on nest-building, reproduction, and cohabitation of nest sites. This information may shed some light on the complex factors controlling interspecific encounters and their signi- ficance in species isolation and hybridization. 313

Symbiotic Behavior among Fishes from Temperate Ocean Waters

Symbiotic cleaning among Atlantic coastal fishes has been observed under laboratory conditions. The cleaning phenomenon may be commonplace in the natural environment along the Atlantic seaboard. The black sea bass, Centropristes striatus (Linn.), parasitized by the copepod, Lernaeenicus radiatus (Le Sueur), was cleaned by a topminnow, Fundulus heteroclitus (Linn.). The behavior was recorded by cinematography and analyzed.

A gravity investigation of the Precambrian of southeastern Minnesota and western Wisconsin

A southward-trending axis of Bouguer anomaly maximums as high as +53 mgal flanked by subparallel axes of anomaly minimums as low as −75 and −89 mgal has been demonstrated in southeastern Minnesota by ten westward-trending traverses consisting of a total of 2572 gravity observations taken at half-mile intervals. The maximum coincides with a belt of Middle Keweenawan basic igneous rocks as thick as about 29,000 feet near Minneapolis and probably thicker southward; the minimums are considered to reflect adjacent belts of less dense Upper Keweenawan sedimentary rocks as thick as about 11,000 feet. Two narrow zones of high gravity gradients that parallel the anomaly maximum northeast of Minneapolis are interpreted as defining steep faults which bound a major crustal feature, the St. Croix horst; this block has been elevated thousands of feet, mainly in late Precambrian time. An abrupt bend in the anomaly maximum southwest of Minneapolis may result from sinistral strike-slip movement of about 30 miles along a fault of Precambrian age that strikes N35°W. Minor rejuvenation of these Precambrian tectonic elements can account for many structural features developed in the Paleozoic strata. Near the southern Minnesota border the anomaly curve can be interpreted as resulting from a root of basic igneous rocks about ten miles thick below Upper Keweenawan strata as much as two miles thick. The Middle Keweenawan igneous province extends southward at least to Le Sueur County, Minnesota, and probably into Iowa.

Sex Reversal as a Natural Process in the Synbranchiform Fish Monopterus albus

KIRK, R. L., A. R. MAIN, AND F. G. BEYER. 1954. The use of paper partition chromatography for taxonomic studies of land snails. Biochem. J. 57(1):440-2. LE SUEUR, C. A. 1821. Description of a new 951b. The proteins of fish. Bioc em. oc. Symposia 6:8-27, in The Bioc mistry of ish, Cambridge University Press. . 1951c. Further investigations on fish ropomyosin a d fish nucleotropomyosin. genus, and of several new species of fresh water fish, indigenous to the United States. J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 2:2-8. OWEN, A. R. G. 1959. Mathematical models for selectio , in Natural Selection in Human Populations, Pergamon Press 11-6. VISWANATHAN, R. AND V. KRISHNA PILLAI. 1956. Paper chromatography of fish taxonomy. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. 43, B(6):334-9. WRIGHT, C. A., R. H. HARRIS, AND D. CLAUGHER. 1957. Paper chromatography in taxonomic work. Nature 180:1489.

Saccocoelioides sogandaresi sp. n., a New Haploporid Trematode from the Sailfin Molly Mollienisia latipinna Le Sueur in Texas

The adult morphology of Saccocoelioides sogandaresi sp. n. is described. The current status of the family Haploporidae and certain genera of the subfamily Haploporinae are reviewed. The role of host ecology in the distribution of haploporid trematodes is discussed. Szidat (1954) erected the genus Saccocoelioides for certain haploporid trematodes from the intestines of anostomid fishes in Argentina. He noted the similarity between Saccocoelioides, Saccocoelium Looss, 1902, Haploporus Looss, 1902, Lecithobotrys Looss, 1902, and Dicrogaster Looss, 1902; genera which differ primarily in lobation and distribution of the vitellaria. Yamaguti (1958) reduced Saccocoelioides and Paralecithobotrys Freitas, 1947, to subgenera of Lecithobotrys, and included only six genera in the family Haploporidae Nicoll, 1914: (1) Dicrogaster Looss, 1902, for which Yamaguti (1958) erected a new subfamily, Dicrogasterinae; (2) Haploporus Looss, 1902; (3) Lecithobotrys Looss, 1902; (4) Megacoelium Szidat, 1954; (5) Saccocoelium Looss, 1902; and (6) Skrjabinolecithum Belous, 1954. However, Manter (1957) believed the families Megasolenidae and Waretrematidae were synonyms of Haploporidae, a view shared by Sogandares and Hutton (1959), Siddiqi and Cable (1960), and Cable (1962). Yamaguti (1953) considered Megasolenidae and Waretrematidae synonymous, but (1958) retained the latter as a distinct family. According to Cable (1962), Yamaguti's (1958) separation of Haploporidae and Waretrematidae is contradicted by his assigning Skrajabinolecithum to Haploporidae and Pseudohapladena Yamaguti, 1952, to Waretrematidae. The overlap between these two genera is such that Skriabinolecithum is probably a synonym of Pseudohapladena. Siddiqi and Cable (1960) emended the diagnosis of Haploporidae to include the genus Neomegasolena Siddiqi and Cable, 1960, which lacks a hermaphroditic sac. While there is considerable intergradation between Looss' (1902) genera and those of Szidat (1954) and Freitas (1947), the characteristics separating Saccocoelioides, Paralecithobotrys, and Lecithobotrys sensu stricto appear no less significant than those between the haploporid groups recognized by Yamaguti (1958) as full genera. In any event, the current scheme appears highly artificial. Present information indicates overlap and convergence of adult characters in species groups comprising the Lecithobotrys-Saccocoelioides-Paralecithobotrys complex, and it is doubtful that much definitive information concerning the natural affinities of these forms will be acquired from studies solely of adult morphology. A valid revision of the Haploporidae awaits knowledge of the larval stages of these trematodes. For clarity, therefore, Saccocoelioides is provisionlly retained as a genus separate from Lecithobotrys, sensu stricto until life history studies indicate otherwise. Haploporid trematodes representing a new species of Saccocoelioides were recovered from the intestines of sailfin mollies Mollienisia latipinna Le Sueur collected from brackish water ponds near Galveston Bay, Texas. This form, the first record of Saccocoelioides in North America, is named S. sogandaresi in honor of Professor Franklin Sogandares-Bernal in recognition of his contributions to helminthology. Received for publication 20 November 1962. * This study was supported in part by a training grant (2E-106) from the National Institutes of Health, U. S. Public Health Service, and was done under the direction of Dr. Clark P. Read.

HISTOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF 3-TRIFLUORMETHYL-4-NITROPHENOL (TFM) ON LARVAL LAMPREY AND TROUT

Larvae of the lamprey, Entosphenus lamottei (Le Sueur), and rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, were exposed to the sodium salt of 3-trifluormethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) in concentrations of 0.75 p.p.m., 3.00 p.p.m., and 6.00 p.p.m. Microscopic examination of changes induced in the gills, liver, cloacal region, and musculature were made on 7-micron sections stained with Harris' haematoxylin and Bowie's eosin, and in the gill region with periodic acid Schiff reagent. A comparison of the degree of the effects in the two species was made by planimetry of the vascular, cellular, and edematous areas from enlarged drawings of sections.Upon exposure to lethal concentrations of TFM, the body of the larval lamprey becomes distended at the pharyngeal level and heavy cords of mucus emerge from the external gill clefts. A deep red coloration is evident in the pharyngeal region consequent upon vasodilatation of the arterioles and capillaries of the gill filaments. Trout exhibit a similar vasodilatation of the gills together with increased mucous secretion. Edema in the connective tissue between the respiratory epithelium and the vascular endothelium is induced in both species. After prolonged exposure to TFM, the mucous cells in the lining of the branchial chamber and covering the tips of the gill filaments are actively discharging their secretions or completely spent.Certain effects induced by TFM in the larval lamprey are not evident in the trout. The cloacal region takes on a deep red coloration due to dilatation of the venous sinuses and the liver becomes reddish because of sinusoidal dilatation. Extensive edema of the fibrous connective tissue of the skeletal musculature is characteristically present. A slightly increased secretory activity of mucous-secreting cells may occur in the epidermis.With the techniques employed in this study, there was no evidence in either species of cytological or histological changes in the nervous tissue, cardiac musculature, notochord, alimentary canal (including the haemopoietic typhlosole of the lamprey), or mesonephros.

Haemoglobin pattern and chromosome number of American, European, and Japanese eels (Anguilla).

ACCORDING to Schmidt1 the Atlantic representatives of the genus Anguilla constitute two separate species, namely, the American eel, A. rostrata (Le Sueur), and the European eel, A. anguilla (Linnaeus), both of which migrate to a spawning area in the Sargasso Sea.

Commercial Fruit and Vegetable Products, 4th Edition

Soil Science Society of America JournalVolume 23, Issue 3 p. iv-iv Book Review Commercial Fruit and Vegetable Products, 4th Edition By W. V. Cruess, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 330 West 42nd Street, New York 36, N. Y. 884 pp. 1958. $15.00 J. F. Bartz, J. F. Bartz Green Giant Co., Le Sueur, Minn.Search for more papers by this author J. F. Bartz, J. F. Bartz Green Giant Co., Le Sueur, Minn.Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 May 1959 https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1959.03615995002300030002xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume23, Issue3May-June 1959Pages iv-iv RelatedInformation

Utilization of Plankton by Juvenile Gizzard Shad in a Shallow Prairie Lake

Irruptions of gizzard shad, Dorosoma cepedianum (Le Sueur), in North Twin Lake, Iowa in 1954 and 1955 provided opportunities for investigating certain basic ecological relationships of this species. Of the approximately 358 plankton species and varieties found in North Twin Lake, 260 were encountered in shad digestive tracts. On a volume basis, phytoplankton (primarily Cyanophyta and Chlorophyta) constituted the bulk of young-of-the-year and yearling gizzard shad food. Crustacean zooplankton were important food elements of recently hatched individuals. Rotifers and crustaceans were about equally abundant in the plankton and in gizzard shad digestive tracts, and a fair degree of relationship was found between the amounts of green algae and diatoms ingested by age 0 shad and the proportions of the same forms in the plankton. Yearling gizzard shad apparently select green algae. Blue-green algae were apparently not consumed in proportion to their relative abundance in the environment. Where the relatively scarce Microcystis aeruginosa appeared to be a selected item, the most abundant plankter, Aphanocapsa delicatissima, constituted comparatively small portions of gizzard shad foregut contents. Gizzard shad are capable of consuming relatively minute plankters, some commonly ingested forms being no larger than 20 microns in greatest dimension. Circumstantial evidence suggests that large shad populations may play a significant role in suppressing irruptions of objectionable algae. Where hatching periods overlap, feeding activities of newly hatched shad may adversely affect survival of the young game species through direct competition for crustacean plankton which both groups seem to require during early growth stages.