Lb Of Body Weight Research Articles

Time to Correctly Predict the Amount of Weight Loss with Dieting

Max Wishnofsky asked in a 1958 report, “What is the caloric equivalent of one pound of body weight gained or lost?”1 After a thoughtful analysis of the existing literature, Wishnofsky concluded that “the caloric equivalent of one pound of body weight lost” or “gained will be 3,500.” Fifty years later and with thousands of citations in the scientific literature and the lay press, Hill and his colleagues repeated the often-used statement “an energy deficit of approximately 3,500 kcal is needed to lose 1 lb of body weight” in the authoritative textbook, Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease.

Feedlot performance, health, and carcass characteristics of beef heifers treated with Cydectin® or Dectomax® at processing (2005)

Two parasite-control products were compared in an experiment evaluating growth performance, health, and carcass characteristics. Crossbred heifers (n=1747; 837 lb average weight) were randomly assigned to receive either Cydectin® or Dectomax®. Both products were administered at processing at 1 ml per 22 lb of body weight. Cattle were randomly allotted to 12 paired pens by treatment based on source, truckload, and arrival date. Fecal egg counts taken at processing (9.74 eggs per gram) and at reimplanting (0 eggs per gram) indicated that both products were effective in eliminating adult female gastrointestinal parasites. No differences were detected in average daily gain, feed intake, feed efficiency, or most carcass characteristics. Respiratory pulls, realizer cattle, and death loss did not differ between treatments. In this experiment, similar growth performance, health, and carcass traits were observed for heifers treated with either macrocyclic lactone product.

Comparison of bovine transfer factor and Micotil®: effects on health and performance of receiving heifers (2004)

Transfer factors are antigen-specific products of T lymphocytes that are capable of transferring delayed-type hypersensitivity and cell-mediated immunity. We evaluated bovine transfer factor (TF) for use in receiving cattle. Crossbred beef heifers (n = 665) initially weighing 495 lb were used to determine the effects of TF on the health and performance of beef cattle during a 36-day receiving period. Heifers were processed within 24 hours after arrival. Treatments were subcutaneous injection with 1.5 ml of Micotil/100 lb of body weight or oral administration of 700 mg of TF isolated from bovine colostrum. Heifers given TF during initial processing received an additional 700 mg/day of TF in the diet on days 2 through 5. The percentage of heifers treated at least one, two, or three times for bovine respiratory disease (BRD) was greater (P<0.01) for heifers given TF than for heifers given Micotil (72.5 vs. 47.1; 31.5 vs. 14.7; and 18.0 vs. 4.2, respectively). There were no differences between TF and Micotil with respect to dry matter intake, weight gain, or gain efficiency of heifers. Subsequent in vitro fermentations indicated that TF protein is readily degraded by ruminal microbes. Oral administration of TF was not as effective as Micotil injection in decreasing BRD in receiving cattle.

1248 LONG-TERM ZINC PROTAMINE GLUCAGON AND ORAL STARCH IN IN THE MANAGEMENT OF FAMILIAL NESIDIOBLASTOSIS

Chronic or prolonged hypoglycemia can have devastating effects on a child's neurologic function. Support of normoglycemia is thus pivotal. We report the management of a child with familial nesidioblastosis who had failed to tolerate and respond to diazoxide therapy following a subtotal pancreatectomy at the third week of life. Long acting intramuscular zinc protamine glucagon was given with some success twice daily for 3 1/2 years along with frequent oral dextrose supplements. However, early morning hypoglycemia persisted, and wide fluctuations in plasma glucose levels occurred during 48 hours of frequent sampling (coefficient of variation 56.8%). At the fourth year of treatment circulating anti-insulin antibodies were found in our patient interfering with the plasma insulin determinations. Subsequently, we showed presence of trace amounts of insulin in the zinc-glucagon preparation Oral starch granules (1.25 tbsp/10 lb of body weight) were substituted for dextrose supplements and glucagon was discontinued. Over the subsequent months, plasma glucose concentrations have been more stable (coefficient of variation 23.6%) and within the normal range (70-120 mg/dl). We conclude that oral starch may be an effective treatment or therapeutic supplement in states of hyperinsulinism.

Immobilizing Trapped European Wild Hogs with Cap-Chur-Barb

Wild-trapped European wild hogs (Sus scrofa) were injected intramuscularly with Cap- Chur-Barb (pentobarbital scopolamine). Only 1 of 130 hogs was killed, and complete immobilization occurred in 115 hogs at dosages ranging from 1 cc/8.6 to 1 cc/53.9 lb of body weight. Time required for immobilization ranged from 12 to 281 minutes and averaged 55.5 minutes. Immobilization usually lasted at least 3 hours; in eight cases it lasted from 154 to 327 minutes and averaged 251.9 minutes. The recommended dosage is 1 cc/15 lb body weight. Cap-Chur-Barb is highly satisfactory for handling European wild hogs and is the best immobilizing drug tested to date. Abstract: Wild-trapped European wild hogs (Sus scrofa) were injected intramuscularly with Cap- Chur-Barb (pentobarbital scopolamine). Only 1 of 130 hogs was killed, and complete immobilization occurred in 115 hogs at dosages ranging from 1 cc/8.6 to 1 cc/53.9 lb of body weight. Time required for immobilization ranged from 12 to 281 minutes and averaged 55.5 minutes. Immobilization usually lasted at least 3 hours; in eight cases it lasted from 154 to 327 minutes and averaged 251.9 minutes. The recommended dosage is 1 cc/15 lb body weight. Cap-Chur-Barb is highly satisfactory for handling European wild hogs and is the best immobilizing drug tested to date.

Area Population Control of Heel Flies by Ruelene Pour-on Application Annually to Cattle1

The study was conducted on the Vail and Vickers Ranch, Santa Rosa Island, a grazing range of 54,000 acres off the California coast about 30 miles southwest of Santa Barbara. For more than 20 years, heel fly gadding was extremely inconvenient to the spring round-up and caused a serious extra labor cost. The record suggests that both the common cattle grub, Hypoderma Uneatum (de Villers), and the northern cattle grub, H. bovis (L.), were present. Each spring the herd on the island is sorted, and some of the animals remain until the following spring; in the fall, calves purchased on the mainland are brought to the island. It is likely the large heel fly population was supported by either or both sources of cattle. Control treatments started in August 1960. A single annual treatment of pour-on of one part Ruelene® 25 E (4- tert -butyl-2-chlorophenyl methyl methylphosphoramidate) mixed with 2 parts of water and applied at 1 oz of the mixture per 100 lb of body weight was selected, but in the fall of 1960 it was necessary to spray some of the cattle with wettable powder. In 1961–63 cattle on the island were treated in September; the new calves were treated on the mainland before shipment to the island. Each year a representative lot of cattle on the island was left untreated, taken to a feedlot on the mainland before November, and examined in January for cattle grubs by palpation of the back. The average number of cattle grubs found each year in the untreated cattle decreased progressively from 22.6 in 1960 to zero in 1963; however, 1 grub was found in 977 treated cattle in 1963. In contrast to the situation prior to the control program, the spring round-up work of 1962 and of 1963 was completely free of inconvenience from gadding by heel flies.

VERIFICATION OF L-ASCORBIC-1-C14 ACID CATABOLISM TO CARBON14 DIOXIDE IN THE HUMAN BY LIQUID SCINTILLATION COUNTING.

ConclusionAs previously pointed out in the literature, a certain portion of ascorbic acid administered to the human could not be accounted for before the availability of radioactive compounds (13,14). We have shown that this unknown balance can now be accounted for as carbon dioxide excreted in the exhaled air. The catabolism of ascorbic acid is relatively slow in the human. An appreciable amount of radioactive ascorbic acid must therefore be ingested in order that the ca-tabolized carbon dioxide can be detected in man. It is therefore necessary to ingest quantities in the range of 1 μc of L-ascorbic-1-C14 acid per lb of body weight to measure ca-tabolized C14O2 in the expired air with an ionization chamber or a liquid scintillation spectrometer. Important contributions to human nutrition and the nutritional requirements of vit C may be derived from the demonstration of this new human excretory pathway in the catabolism of ascorbic acid.

Ad Libitum Intake and Digestibility of Several Alfalfa Hays by Cattle and Sheep

Summary The relative rates of voluntary consumption of chopped and ground-pelleted alfalfa hay cut at the bud and bloom stages of maturity by three age groups of bovines and by sheep were determined. The hay consumption per 100 lb of body weight and per 100 kg of metabolic body weight was 3.28, 23.7; 3.02, 31.4; 2.91, 17.6; and 2.23, 23.1 lb for the dairy calves, dairy cows, wether sheep, and yearling dairy heifers, respectively. The grinding and pelleting depressed digestibility but increased intake except for intake of the early-cut hay with the cows. The early-cut hay was more digestible than the late-cut hay. The cows, yearlings, and sheep digested the dry matter, protein, and energy of the four experimental hays equally well, but the calves’ digestion coefficients for these constituents were significantly lower. The Nutritive Value Indices were calculated and the yearlings, sheep, and calves ranked the four hays from highest to lowest, early-cut pelleted, early-cut chopped, late-cut pelleted, and late-cut chopped, whereas the cows ranked the four hays early-cut chopped, early-cut pelleted, late-cut chopped, and late-cut pelleted.

High Dry Matter Zinc Bacitracin-Treated Legume-Grass Silage vs. Untreated High Dry Matter Silage: Each with Corn, Soybran Flakes, and Dried Beet Pulp

Summary Zinc bacitracin–treated alfalfa-brome high dry matter silage and similar untreated silage were each fed free-choice with one-third of a pound of hay per 100 lb of body weight per day to similar groups of milking cows. Each silage was fed in a 6 × 6 Latin-square design experiment with three different supplemental grain mixtures containing 15% total protein, in which either ground shelled corn, soybran flakes, or dried beet pulp predominated. The amount of grain fed represented 25% of the ration dry matter intake. The differences in digestibility of dry matter and protein, due to each of the above three grain mixtures, were not significant, indicating that the cellulose of soybran flakes and dried beet pulp supplemented the silages as well as ground shelled corn. Differences in milk production and body weight changes were not significant. Digestion trials showed the dry matter of the bacitracin treated silage to be significantly more digestible, near the 2.5% level of probability, whereas differences in digestibility of protein were not significant.

Effects of Breed, Stage of Lactation, and Season of Year on Thyroid Secretion Rate of Dairy Cows as Determined by the Chemical Thyroxine Turnover Method1,2

Summary A study of the thyroid secretion-rate in 12 dairy cows (total of 48 determinations) was made in which breed (six Holsteins and six Guernseys), stage of lactation (seven to 14 days, and three, six, and nine months), and season of year (winter, spring, summer, and fall) were the variables under study. The mean thyroid secretion rate per 100 lb body weight for all animals and all determinations was 0.142 mg of thyroxine per day. The secretion rate for the Holsteins and Guernseys, respectively, was 0.127 and 0.156 mg of thyroxine per 100 lb body weight per day. The breed sample of animals was, however, too limited to consider this a true breed effect. Thyroid secretion rate per 100 lb of body weight was highest at the beginning of lactation (0.155 mg thyroxine per day) and lowest at the ninth month of lactation (0.132 mg of thyroxine per day). In contrast, the trend for blood thyroxine level (PBI) shows PBI to be lowest at the beginning of lactation (2.72 µg %) and to reach its height at six months of lactation (3.58 µg %). Thyroid secretion rate per 100 lb body weight was highest in the spring (0.165 mg thyroxine per day) and lowest in the fall (0.129 mg of thyroxine per day). In general, it may be stated that environmental influences, as represented by months and seasons of year, had a much greater influence upon thyroid secretion rate than did stage of lactation of the cows.

Duration of Secretion of Bacteriostatic Drugs in Milk. I. Penicillin, Following Oral and Parenteral Administration

Summary The duration and concentration of penicillin in milk were determined following intramuscular and oral administration of procaine penicillin G in sesame oil with 2% aluminum monostearate and intramuscular, intravenous, and intrauterine administration of potassium penicillin G in aqueous suspension. Following intramuscular injection at the rate of 3,000 units per lb of body weight, the maximum interval that penicillin was detected in the milk of the test animals was 96 hr for cows that received penicillin in oil, and 72 hr for those that received aqueous penicillin. Milk from only 25% of the cows in both groups contained detectable penicillin at the maximum intervals. Intravenous injection of 2,000 units of aqueous penicillin per pound of body weight yielded detectable penicillin in the milk of 25% of the test animals at 20 hr, and in 8.3% at 44 hr post-injection. Penicillin was found in the milk of 16.7% of the test animals 27 to 31 hr after intrauterine infusion of 1,000,000 units of aqueous penicillin, and at subsequent intervals no penicillin was detected in milk from any of the cows. A single dose of 10,000,000 units of penicillin in oil fed with concentrate resulted in detectable penicillin in the milk a maximum of 86 hr post-feeding, at which time only 8.3% of the samples were positive. Correlations between the duration of secretion of milk containing penicillin and milk production, fat content of the milk, and body weight were nonsignificant (P > .05) for all methods of administration.

Parathyroid action on calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and citric acid in dairy cattle.

Parathyroidectomized lactating Jersey cows were used to study the effects of parathyroid extract (PTE) on calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and citric acid metabolism. Treatments consisted of 0, 2,200, and 4,400 U.S.P. units of PTE per 1,000 lb of body weight per day for three experimental periods. Calcium 45 and phosphorus 32 were administered orally 56 hr after initiation of PTE treatment. The plasma calcium, but not C45, showed an increase ( P &lt; 0.01) with parathyroid hormone treatment. Calcium and Ca45 urinary excretion increased. In milk and plasma, high concentration of P32, but not of phosphorus, was associated with hormone administration. Total phosphorus and P32 in urine was increased with higher levels of PTE due to diuresis and greater concentration. Plasma levels of magnesium were not affected by PTE administration whereas an increase of magnesium concentration in milk occurred. A concomitant decrease was observed in the urinary excretion of magnesium. With increased PTE, citric acid levels of plasma and urine increased but remained constant in milk.

Availability and Metabolism of Various Substrates in Ruminants. IV. Glucose Metabolism in the Young Calf and Growing Steer

Summary The glucose pool size, rate of utilization, and glucose space were measured in three young calves and three growing steers, using an isotope dilution technique. The pool size of glucose, when expressed in terms of grams per 100lb of body weight, was found to be 41% greater in the calves than in the steers, which agrees in magnitude with the recognized differences in whole blood glucose concentrations between young and older animals. These data suggest that differences in blood glucose concentrations reflect differences in pool size. The mean glucose space was approximately 11% higher in the calves than in the steers, averaging 32.0 and 20.7% of the body weight, respectively. These data indicate that the glucose space involves only the extracellular fluids. Glucose was utilized at a rate of 8.3 g/hr/100lb of body weight by the calves, whereas for the steers it was 4.7. This represents a 43% decrease in the rate of glucose utilization by the older animals and is of the same magnitude as the 41% difference obtained in pool size. These data are interpreted as suggesting that glucose utilization is dependent upon the amount available to the tissue.

Extracellular Body Water of Growing Calves as Measured by Thiocyanate Space

Summary Estimates of the size of the extracellular body water compartment of growing calves were determined by observing the distribution of sodium thiocyanate. One hundred and forty-six estimates of thiocyanate space were made on 76 calves. Data were collected on heifer and bull calves up to 800 lb of body weight. Extracellular water, estimated by thiocyanate space, decreased rapidly in growing calves from about 48% of body weight at birth to about 30% at 1 yr. This decrease occurred during the first four months in heifers and in the fifth to seventh month for bulls. Thiocyanate space of young bulls tended to be higher than in heifers of the same weight. In bulls, the pronounced decline in this space coincided with the probable time of onset of sexual maturation.

Intramuscular succinylcholine for endotracheal intubation in infants and children.

In a senes of 155 infants and children, relaxation for endotracheal intubation during the period of induction of anaesthesia was attained by giving succinylcholine in the form of Anectme intramuscularly In forty conscious patients the intramuscular Anectine was given first, followed by induction with some anaesthetic mixture by mask, but most patients were rendered unconscious before the injection, which was mainly with cyclopropane. If the appropriate dosage of Anectine was given, all the patients were fully relaxed within two to three minutes after the intramuscular injection, and could be easily intubated. This kind of induction was found to be especially useful in grave risk patients and cardiac surgery. The 10 per cent solution of Anectrne containing 100 mg./c.c. was used in most patients. It was found to be more effective than the 2 per cent solution, containing 20 mg./c.c. The intramuscular doses of Anectrne necessary for intubation were: 11/2 mg./lb of body weight in children three years old and younger, 2 mg/lb, of body weight m children four years: and older The full recovery of respiration ensued within 25 minutes of the intramuscular injection.

ALCOHOL LEVELS IN BODY FLUIDS AFTER INGESTION OF DISTILLED SPIRITS

Known volumes of 70-proof distilled spirits were fed to 68 volunteers, making a total of 141 separate doses. The amount of alcohol appearing in the venous blood, saliva, and urine at various time intervals after ingestion was determined by a modified Widmark method, and in the breath by the Breathalyzer. The relationship between time after ingestion, venous blood alcohol concentration (VBA), and Breathalyzer reading (BR) was as follows:(1) between 0.5 and 2.5 hours after ingestion, VBA = (BR + 0.048) ± 0.124 mg/ml;(2) between 30 to 40 minutes after ingestion, VBA = (BR − 0.071) ± 0.065 mg/ml;(3) between 2 to 2.5 hours after ingestion, VBA = (BR + 0.102) ± 0.117 mg/ml. The weighted average ratios of saliva and urine alcohols to venous blood alcohol were 1.12:1 and 1.24:1, respectively. The standard error of estimating the venous blood alcohol indirectly from the saliva alcohol was ±0.075 mg/ml, and from urine alcohol ±0.081 mg/ml when the samples were obtained from 0.5 to 2.5 and from 0.75 to 2.5 hours after drinking, respectively. Over the range of concentrations studied alcohol disappeared from the venous blood at the rate of 0.13 ±0.05 mg/ml/hr and the quantity eliminated from the whole body, per 100 lb of body weight per hour, approximated 0.4 fl. oz of 70-proof distilled spirits.

ALCOHOL LEVELS IN BODY FLUIDS AFTER INGESTION OF DISTILLED SPIRITS

Known volumes of 70-proof distilled spirits were fed to 68 volunteers, making a total of 141 separate doses. The amount of alcohol appearing in the venous blood, saliva, and urine at various time intervals after ingestion was determined by a modified Widmark method, and in the breath by the Breathalyzer. The relationship between time after ingestion, venous blood alcohol concentration (VBA), and Breathalyzer reading (BR) was as follows:(1) between 0.5 and 2.5 hours after ingestion, VBA = (BR + 0.048) ± 0.124 mg/ml;(2) between 30 to 40 minutes after ingestion, VBA = (BR − 0.071) ± 0.065 mg/ml;(3) between 2 to 2.5 hours after ingestion, VBA = (BR + 0.102) ± 0.117 mg/ml. The weighted average ratios of saliva and urine alcohols to venous blood alcohol were 1.12:1 and 1.24:1, respectively. The standard error of estimating the venous blood alcohol indirectly from the saliva alcohol was ±0.075 mg/ml, and from urine alcohol ±0.081 mg/ml when the samples were obtained from 0.5 to 2.5 and from 0.75 to 2.5 hours after drinking, respectively. Over the range of concentrations studied alcohol disappeared from the venous blood at the rate of 0.13 ±0.05 mg/ml/hr and the quantity eliminated from the whole body, per 100 lb of body weight per hour, approximated 0.4 fl. oz of 70-proof distilled spirits.