Lazarus's Theory Research Articles

Relationships between emotions and disruptive behaviour in physical education - a systematic literature review

Classroom disruptions and disruptive behaviour occur frequently in physical education and can constitute important psychological stress factors. However, so far, the relationships between disruptive behaviour and emotions in physical education have not been studied in detail. Therefore, a systematic literature review was conducted, to explore these relationships. Studies were selected through a systematic literature search from the databases Pubmed, Web of Science, ERIC, BISp, and SCOPUS. Twelve articles met the specified inclusion criteria. Results show that anger is a well investigated emotion in this context, but psychological constructs such as boredom or low intrinsic motivation to participate in class also were described as leading to disruptions. In accordance with Lazarus's theory on emotions extended by the model of emotional contagion, a first conceptual model of relationships between teachers’ and students’ emotions regarding the identified typical disruptive behaviour in physical education is derived.

The Effectiveness of the Native Training Model Designed Based on Lazarus Theory and Behavioral Planning Theory in the Consolidation of Family Functioning: A case study

Introduction: Recently, consolidation of family functioning is considered as one of the most important solutions for elevating and strengthening marital life. Therefore, benefiting from family strengthening approaches is so truly significant. This research aims at investigating the effectiveness of the native model based on Lazarus theory and behavioral planning theory on the consolidation of family functioning. Method: This research is a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design and control group. The population includes all the couples referring to counseling and psychotherapy centers of Yazd Province, in Iran, 2019. Purposive sampling was used to select 34 couples who have the inclusion criteria, and they were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The couples answered the family consolidation questionnaire designed by Movahed et al. The experimental group received 11 sessions of interventions extracted from the localized Lazarus model and behavioral planning theory. Finally, data analysis was done by SPSS version 16 and an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The significance level of research was considered to be α=0.05 Findings: The results showed that there is a significant difference between the estimated mean score of the family consolidation in the experimental and control groups. Also, the findings suggest that compared with the control group, the posttest scores of the performance, problem-solving, relationship, emotional involvement, emotional support, role play, behavioral control, media, and superstition have been improved in the experimental group. This significant difference results from the training intervention. However, the variable of religious beliefs has not changed significantly. Conclusion: The training intervention done by the model has developed based on Lazarus theory and behavioral planning theory which can consolidate the family functioning.

Exploring a Family Consolidation Model based on the Lazarus Multifaceted Theory among Couples in Yazd City

Introduction: Family consolidation leads the society towards its desirable ideals. Therefore, the youth should be encouraged to marry and provided with the necessary trainings on family consolidation. The present qualitative research aimed to develop a family consolidation model based on the Lazarus Multifaceted Model in order to consolidate the family foundation. Methods:To collect the study information, 19 family therapists and experts were selected by purposive sampling method and interviewed in Yazd province, Iran. The guided qualitative content analysis was used to analyze the data. The interview questions were semi-structured based on the Lazarus theory including components such as behavior, emotion, cognition, senses, relationship, mental imagery, and physical senses. The interviews continued up to the data saturation where no new code was created. Later, the recorded interviews were transcribed, typewritten, and coded. After coding, the qualitative research experts’ opinions were asked to determine the content validity of the extracted codes based on the extracted results of the native model. Results: Data analysis ultimately led to the formation of 14 sub-themes and 7 main themes (behavior, emotion, cognition, senses, relationship, mental imagery, and physical senses). The sub-themes consisted of adherence to the family, intimacy, effective communication, importance of counseling, forgiveness, introversion / extraversion, timing, sensory improvement, family visiting, family ceremony, self-confidence, media impact, diversity in nutrition, exercises, and recreation. Conclusion: Since family is the best emotional, social, and emotional basis for its members, this research presented a model to educate family consolidation to indvudlas with different problems. This model can also be valuable for therapists and family experts dealing with family members.

Interplay of Exploitative Leadership & Fear of Negative Evaluation on Knowledge Hiding & Outcomes

Using the assumptions of Lazarus theory of stress appraisal and coping we unveil relationship of exploitative leadership on employee outcomes (turnover intentions, creativity and performance). We h...

Stress Among Working Women: Counselling Services Using the Lazarus Stress Theory and the Practice of Solution-Focused Therapy


 
 
 This paper aims to understand the stress among working women and helping method that can be used by counseling practitioners through the concept of Lazarus Stress Theory and Solution-focused Therapy application. The Focused issue is the stress among working women. Stress is an issue that often occurs to women working due to factors such as work load, health problems, childcare, social relations, relationships with spouses, time management and self-care. Although there are various methods that can be used to help them reduce the level of stress, it still can not be resolved properly. In fact, it continues to effect women's emotions and their quality of life. The adverse effects of stress can be identified based on four aspects namely physical, emotional, behavior and thinking. Therefore, it is important for counseling practitioners to help women to manage their stress. The application of the concept of Lazarus Stress Theory in counseling sessions is important as a guide to counselors in understanding the factors, effects, and situations that are happening to the client. Based on Lazarus's Theory, stress can be understood through three aspects, namely the stimulus, the respond and the process. After getting a clear understanding of the issue, counselors can apply specific techniques in Solution-Focused Therapy such as scaling techniques and miracle questions to help clients. The combination of understanding theoretical concepts and application of therapeutic techniques enhances counseling services as well as demonstrating professionalism of counselors in carrying out their duties.
 
 

Anxiety and anger of homeless people coping with dental care.

To reveal and describe from open-ended interviews how homeless people in Vancouver interpret, appraise and cope with dental care. Audio-recorded interviews with 25 homeless people (18 men and 7 women; age range: 25-64years), purposefully selected for a range of experiences, were transcribed and analysed inductively. The process of interpretive description drawing from the Behavioral Model for Vulnerable Populations and Lazarus's Theory of Emotions identified how participants appraised and coped with dental care. Four dominant themes emerged: barriers to care; service use; opinions on dental health; and improving dental services. Participants were anxious aboutthe cost of dentistry and fearful of dentists. They got emergency dental care with difficulty, usually in hospital emergency departments although mostly they preferred self-treatment. They acknowledged the importance of dental health but felt stigmatized by their homelessness and visibly unhealthy mouths. They wanted accessible dental services with financial assistance from government, more widespread information about community dental clinics, and, notablyamong the Indigenous participants, less humiliating discrimination from dentists. Homeless people have difficulty coping with dental care. They believe that dentistry is frightening, humiliating and expensive, and governments are neither sympathetic to their disability nor willing to provide helpful information about community dental clinics or sufficient dental benefits for their needs.

EFEKTIVITAS EXPRESSIVE WRITING THERAPY DALAM MENURUNKAN TINGKAT STRESS PADA REMAJA DENGAN ALBINO DITINJAU DARI TIPE KEPRIBADIAN INTROVERT DAN EKSTROVERT

                                                                              Abstract                             The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of expressive writing therapy in reducing stress levels in adolescents with albinism, and to see the difference in the effects of expressive writing therapy to reduce stress in adolescence with albinism in terms of introverted personality types and. This study included experimental research with Quasi Experiment with one group pretest-posttest design. Subjects used in this study were 6 (six) adolescents with albinism, 3 (three) subjects with introverted personality type and 3 (three) subjects with extrovert personality type. The six subjects were selected for having a high stress score. The instrument used is a stress scale developed from the Lazarus theory with reliability of 0.948 and the scale of personality types developed from Eysenck theory with reliability and validity of 0.720. The results showed expressive writing therapy method is effective to reduce stress in adolescents with albinism. The results also showed no difference in stress reduction between subjects with introverted personality and subjects with extroverted personality.Keywords: Expressive Writing Therapy, Stress, Introvert, ExtrovertÂ

EFEKTIVITAS EXPRESSIVE WRITING THERAPY DALAM MENURUNKAN TINGKAT STRESS PADA REMAJA DENGAN ALBINO DITINJAU DARI TIPE KEPRIBADIAN INTROVERT DAN EKSTROVERT

                                                                              Abstract                             The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of expressive writing therapy in reducing stress levels in adolescents with albinism, and to see the difference in the effects of expressive writing therapy to reduce stress in adolescence with albinism in terms of introverted personality types and. This study included experimental research with Quasi Experiment with one group pretest-posttest design. Subjects used in this study were 6 (six) adolescents with albinism, 3 (three) subjects with introverted personality type and 3 (three) subjects with extrovert personality type. The six subjects were selected for having a high stress score. The instrument used is a stress scale developed from the Lazarus theory with reliability of 0.948 and the scale of personality types developed from Eysenck theory with reliability and validity of 0.720. The results showed expressive writing therapy method is effective to reduce stress in adolescents with albinism. The results also showed no difference in stress reduction between subjects with introverted personality and subjects with extroverted personality. Keywords: Expressive Writing Therapy, Stress, Introvert, Extrovert Â

Alcoholic liver disease patients' perspective of a coping and physical activity-oriented rehabilitation intervention after hepatic encephalopathy.

To identify and describe the impact of a coping and physical activity-oriented rehabilitation intervention on alcoholic liver disease patients after hepatic encephalopathy in terms of their interaction with professionals and relatives. Patients who have experienced alcohol-induced hepatic encephalopathy have reduced quality of life, multiple complications, and social problems, and rehabilitation opportunities for these patients are limited. A grounded theory study and an evaluation study of a controlled intervention study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 alcoholic liver disease patients who were diagnosed with hepatic encephalopathy and participated in a coping and physical activity-oriented rehabilitation intervention. Richard S. Lazarus's theory of stress and coping inspired the interview guide. The significance of a coping and physical activity-oriented rehabilitation intervention on alcoholic liver disease patients' ability to cope with problems after surviving alcohol-induced hepatic encephalopathy in terms of their interaction with professionals and relatives was characterised by the core category 'regain control over the diseased body'. This is subdivided into three separate categories: 'the experience of being physically strong', 'togetherness' and 'self-control', and they impact each other and are mutually interdependent. Alcoholic liver disease patients described the strength of the rehabilitation as regaining control over the diseased body. Professionals and relatives of patients with alcoholic liver disease may need to focus on strengthening and preserving patients' control of their diseased body by facilitating the experience of togetherness, self-control and physical strength when interacting with and supporting patients with alcoholic liver disease. A coping and physical activity-oriented rehabilitation intervention may help alcoholic liver disease patients to regain control over their diseased body and give patients the experience of togetherness, self-control and physical strength. Professionals should be aware of giving the patients the experience of togetherness in their interactions, help them perceive self-control and gain physical strength during their rehabilitation.

화병군과 비화병군의 의사소통 유형 및 스트레스 대처 방식 비교 연구

Objectives: Interpersonal stress is a major cause and aggravating factor of Hwabyung. The purpose of this study was to compare communication type and stress coping style between the Hwabyung pa-tients group and non-Hwabyung patients group.Methods: The total number of study participants was 101. Based on the Hwabyung symptom scale, the study participants were divided into Hwabyung patients group (30 patients) and non-Hwabyung pa-tients group (43 patients; control group), and the others were excluded from the study . All included patients were administered the Virginia Satir's communication type questionnaire and stress coping scale based on Folkman & Lazarus's theory. The independent t-test was used to determine the stat-istical significance between the features of communication types and stress coping styles in each group. In addition, Spearman correlation analysis was used to identify the relationship between com-munication types and stress coping styles.Results and Conclusions: 1. Communication types differed significantly between the Hwabyung pa-tients group and non-Hwabyung patients group. 2. Hwabyung patients scored significantly higher in each dysfunctional communication type than functional communication type. Scores of placating stance and super-reasonable stance, which were subtypes of dysfunctional communication type, were high in the Hwabyung patients group. The non-Hwabyung patients group scored the highest in Congruent stance, classified as functional communication type. 3. Stress coping style was not sig-nificantly different between the two groups.Key Words: Hwabyung, Satir, Communication type, Stress coping.

Coping and rehabilitation in alcoholic liver disease patients after hepatic encephalopathy--in interaction with professionals and relatives.

To identify and describe conditions that limit or support patients, with alcoholic liver disease after surviving alcohol-induced hepatic encephalopathy, ability to cope with current and potential physical and psychosocial problems--in interaction with professionals and relatives--and to recommend appropriate interventions. Alcoholic liver disease patients surviving alcohol-induced hepatic encephalopathy have significantly impaired quality of life. Internationally, there is a lack of knowledge about the conditions that affect alcoholic liver disease patients' coping and rehabilitation. A grounded theory study. Semi-structured interviews, conducted with 11 alcoholic liver disease patients who were diagnosed with hepatic encephalopathy. The interview guide was inspired by Richard S. Lazarus's theory of stress and coping. The elements that support or limit alcoholic liver disease patients' ability to cope with physical and psychosocial problems in interaction with professionals and relatives were represented by the core category 'Struggle for preservation of identity as a significant individual'. It was characterised by three categories, which are interrelated and impact upon each other: 'Acknowledgement', 'Struggle to maintain control' and 'Achieving a sense of security'. Alcoholic liver disease patients experience a struggle to preserve their identity as a significant individual. It can be assumed that professionals and relatives in their interaction with, and support of, patients should focus on strengthening and preserving patients' identity in the form of acknowledgement, helping alcoholic liver disease patients maintain self-control and providing a safety net so patients feel a sense of security. It can be assumed that professionals should support alcoholic liver disease patients' appraisal of, and coping with, physical and psychosocial problems based on acknowledgment, understanding and a sympathetic attitude. Professionals should proactively approach patients when they withdraw. It may be useful for professionals to be aware of alcoholic liver disease patients' individual coping strategies and thereby their individual requirements for professional supportive intervention.

Coping after myocardial infarction. The mediational effects of positive and negative emotions

Coping after myocardial infarction. The mediational effects of positive and negative emotions The aim of the study was to examine mediational effects of positive and negative emotions (PEs and NEs) on the relationship between cognitive appraisal and coping after myocardial infarction (MI). Subjects were 163 patients assessed a few days after their first MI episode for cognitive appraisal using the Situation Appraisal Questionnaire developed by Wrześniewski and based on the Lazarus theory. The participants' current emotional state and coping strategies were evaluated with Polish versions of the PANAS and CISS-S, respectively. The data were analyzed using the boostrapping procedure. Resultant models turned out to be similar for threat and loss appraisal, where PEs mediated task-oriented coping, while NEs were found to mediate emotion-oriented coping. A different relationship was found for challenge. Due to a significant intercorrelation among appraisals, mediational models for threat and loss were re-analyzed when controlling for challenge. Nevertheless, even if a situation is perceived as highly stressful, both positive and negative emotions can emerge, resulting in strategies that serve different functions to meet external and internal demands.

Emotions and Their Cognitive Precursors

This study used Smith and Lazarus's appraisal model to explore nurses' emotional reactions to self-identified distressing work situations. Key situations reported typically involved time or interpersonal pressure, coping with errors at work, difficulties with patients, and managerial conflict. The strongest emotions experienced were anger and frustration. Anxiety and sadness were less endorsed. Most nurses felt able to cope emotionally and problem-solve solutions to the problems they faced. The findings were generally supportive of Smith and Lazarus's theory, with the exception of the emotion of sadness. The implications of the results are discussed.

Relationships Among Trait, Situational, and Comparative Optimism: Clarifying Concepts for a Theoretically Consistent and Evidence-Based Intervention to Maximize Resilience

Research evidence identifies trait optimism as the strongest individual predictor of adolescent resilience when framed within Lazarus's theory of stress and coping. As a precursor to the development of an intervention to maximize resilience, this study clarifies the concept of optimism. Relationships among trait, situational, and comparative optimism were explored. The sample (N = 132) consisted of rural adolescents between 14 and 18 years old who were attending public school. The results demonstrate weak correlations, suggesting that adolescents' perceptions of situations may be amenable to an intervention to maximize resilience but that adolescents also do not expect to experience health or environmental problems. Implications for developing an intervention are discussed.

Coping with headache

Objective. To describe self-initiated actions and cognitive strategies used for coping by women who suffer from episodic tension-type headache. Design. Qualitative data from focus-group interviews were analysed according to Giorgi's phenomenological approach, inspired by Lazarus's theory of coping. Subjects. A total of 15 women with tension-type headache, 20–60 years old, were recruited to three different focus groups through newspaper advertising. Results. To cope with episodic tension-type headache, rhythm and balance in actions like eating, drinking, and sleeping were essential. Several women used thermal modulation. Exercise was important. Taking charge of their own time, pace, and level of commitment and accepting the fact that they had to live with their headache were cognitive strategies used. Implications. The general practitioner should identify the woman's choice of actions and cognitive strategies to manage her headache, and support her coping skills.

Comparing Two Approaches for the Assessment of Coping

Stress coping inventories can be divided into trait questionnaires independent from situational factors and situation-related inventories. In a previous study, a situation-related version of the Stressverarbeitungsfragebogen (SVF120; Janke & Erdmann, 1997 ), adapted from the instructions of the Ways of Coping Questionnaire (WCQ, Folkman & Lazarus, 1988 ), showed reliabilities and factor structures similar to those of the standard version. In the present study, we compared the medium-term stability over a time period of 4 weeks between the situational WCQ version and the situation-independent standard version of the SVF120. The standard version of the SVF120 was filled out by 140 subjects and the WCQ version by 132 subjects. We could confirm that both questionnaires provide similar psychometric properties when a single assessment is considered. We found, however, distinct differences in stability over time. While stability coefficients of the standard version are close to the values of the internal consistency of the scales and factors, almost all stability coefficients of the WCQ version were significantly lower. Absolute stability proved to be considerably lower for the WCQ version. It can be concluded that the WCQ test format is not appropriate for the assessment of person-environment transactions according to the objective of the Lazarus theory, since it is not insensitive to test repetition.

Influence-based leadership as a determinant of the inclination to innovate and of innovation-related behaviors: An empirical investigation

The Lazarus theory, which has been adapted to the context of innovation, is used as a basis for developing a model to explain how leadership affects cognitive processes of perceiving the work setting (need for and susceptibility to change), innovative behaviors (generation and testing of ideas, and implementation), and innovation-blocking behaviors (intrapsychic coping and flight). Leadership is described in terms of selected bases of influence (identification, expert knowledge/information, granting freedom and autonomy, support for innovation, and openness of the decision-making process). The model's explanatory power is tested on a sample of 399 middle managers from different German organizations of various sizes and sectors. Hierarchical regression analyses show that granting freedom and autonomy and using expert knowledge and information have the most positive effect on these cognitive processes and innovative behaviors, and the most negative effect on innovation-blocking behaviors.

Stress within a bicultural context for adolescents of Mexican descent.

Folkman and Lazarus's theory of stress and coping was used to develop a measure assessing the perceived stress within a bicultural context. Middle school students of Mexican descent (N = 881) reported their perceived stress from intergenerational acculturation gaps, within-group discrimination, out-group discrimination, and monolingual stress. Although immigrant youths reported more total number of stressors, U.S.-born youths reported more stress from needing better Spanish and impact of parents' culture. Immigrant youths reported more stress from needing better English in school. Higher stress was associated with more depressive symptoms for both U.S.-born and immigrant youths. Although this study has identified some elements of stress, it has not identified positive coping mechanisms of the bicultural context for Latino youths.

Predicting depressive symptoms after miscarriage: a path analysis based on the Lazarus paradigm.

Twenty percent of all pregnancies end in miscarriage. Findings are mixed about who is most at risk for a depressive response. The purpose of this study was to develop and test a theory-based path model that would enable prediction of the intensity of women's depressive symptoms at 4 months and at 1 year after miscarriage. The model is based on Lazarus's theory of emotions and adaptation. Model constructs examined included stage I contextual variables (gestational age, number of miscarriages, number of children, maternal age, perceived provider caring at the time of loss, and family income), stage II interceding variables (perceived social support, emotional strength, and subsequent pregnancy/birth), stage III primary appraisal of meaning (personal significance of miscarrying), stage IV secondary appraisal (active or passive coping), and stage V emotional response (depressive symptoms). Path analysis employing a series of stepwise, multiple regression equations was used to test the hypothesized model. The sample consisted of 174 women whose pregnancies ended prior to 20 weeks gestation (mean = 10.51, SD = 3.32). The model accounted for 63% of the variance in women's depressive symptoms at 4 months and 54% at 1 year. Findings support the utility of the Lazarus model and confirm that women most at risk for increased depressive symptoms after miscarriage are those who attribute high personal significance to miscarriage, lack social support, have lower emotional strength, use passive coping strategies, have lower incomes, and do not conceive or give birth by 1 year after loss.

The Construct Validity of Scores on the Ways of Coping Questionnaire: Confirmatory Analysis of Alternative Factor Structures

One of the most widely used measures of coping is the Ways of Coping Questionnaire (WCQ). Despite its widespread use, evidence regarding the construct validity of WCQ scores is limited and inconclusive, due primarily to the use of exploratory factor analyses to examine WCQ data and the absence of evidence regarding the correspondence between the WCQ and coping dimensions specified a priori by Lazarus's transactional theory. The present study uses confirmatory factor analysis to evaluate alternative factor structures for the WCQ, based on previous exploratory factor analyses and a priori coping dimensions derived from Lazarus's theory. Results provide little support for the factor structures examined.