Layered Zirconium Phosphate Research Articles

Electrocatalysis for Water Splitting Using Layered Zirconium Phosphate Nanomaterials

We are studying new applications of layered zirconium phosphate (ZrP) inorganic nanomaterials [1]. The θ phase of ZrP can be directly ion-exchanged with metal complexes and catalysts, producing intercalated phases useful for artificial photosynthesis schemes for water splitting, amperometric biosensors, and drug delivery applications. Recently, we have demonstrated improved electrocatalytic activity of ZrP nanomaterials loaded with metal ions suitable for the oxygen evolution reaction of water splitting. Electrocatalysts have been incorporated as intercalated species, surface bound, on exfoliated layers, and on nanoparticles of different morphologies (hexagonal platelets, cubes, rods, and spheres). Single and bimetallic electrocatalysts based on earth-abundant materials have been studied. Reduction in overpotentials and increases in mass activity have been achieved. Mixed metal NiFe-intercalated ZrP electrocatalysts at 90% Fe metal content proved to have superior OER electrocatalytic performance (decreased overpotentials, increased mass activities, reduced Tafel slopes) compared to adsorbed counterparts. We have recently prepared CoFe electrocatalysts systems and again the intercalated bimetallic system is more active than the surface-adsorbed one. We are starting to work also with Mn electrocatalysts. We are exploring OER activities of other mixed-metal catalysts on ZrP, bifunctional catalysts, and operando synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy studies to elucidate the nature of the active species. We are also exploring efficient solar H2 production using these supports.Reference[1] M. V. Ramos-Garcés; J. González-Villegas; A. López-Cubero; J. L. Colón, Acc. Mater. Res. 2021, 2, 793-803. DOI: 10.1021/accountsmr.1c00102.

Diaminodiphenylmethane modified zirconium phosphate: A new strategy for trace addition to improve flame retardancy, smoke inhibition, and compatibility of epoxy resins

AbstractHigh‐efficient flame retardants (ZrP‐DDM) were synthesized successfully via ion‐exchange method, using diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM) modified layered zirconium phosphate (α‐ZrP). Trace addition of ZrP‐DDM in epoxy resins (EP) can enhance the flame‐retardant, smoke‐inhibition, mechanical, and thermal stability properties of EP composites. As shown in the results, ZrP‐DDM exhibits a better synergistic effect than α‐ZrP, and the EP composites containing 0.5 wt% ZrP‐DDM (EP/0.5ZrP‐DDM) show excellent flame‐retardant and smoke‐inhibition properties. Especially, EP/0.5ZrP‐DDM possesses a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 33.7% with UL94 V‐1 rating, while the EP composites containing 0.5 wt% ZrP (EP/0.5ZrP) has a LOI of 30.1% and fails to achieve the UL94 rating. Furthermore, the peak heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release rate (THR), and smoke density rating of EP/0.5ZrP‐DDM decrease by 10.2%, 3.7%, and 8.2% compared with EP/0.5ZrP. Based on condensed‐phase product analysis, EP/ZrP‐DDM sample provides a gas source for intumescent char layer, and produces a stable phosphorus‐rich crosslinking structures during combustion, thus decreasing the fire hazard of the composite material. Meanwhile, the introduction of ZrP‐DDM has a less impact on tensile strength of EP composites compared with α‐ZrP, suggesting the addition of ZrP‐DDM effectively enhances the compatibility with the EP matrix, thereby maintaining excellent mechanical properties of the EP matrix.

Rheological and Tribological Properties of Zirconium Phosphate (ZrP) Intercalation Compounds as Lubricating Grease Thickener

This research studied layered zirconium phosphate intercalated with octadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (STAB-ZrP) as a thickener by thickening five types of base oils. The thickening ability and fluidity behavior of STAB-ZrP gel were evaluated using rheological measurements. The tribological properties of STAB-ZrP gel were investigated using a reciprocating tribometer under temperatures of 25 °C and −15 °C. The rheological results showed that STAB-ZrP gel had grease-like characteristics. Naphthenic and alkyl naphthalene as the base oil can lead to the higher thickening ability. Naphthenic oil maintained the most colloidal stability at 25 °C and −15 °C. STAB-ZrP gel exhibited superior anti-wear and friction reduction, owing to the formation of a solid protective film on the contact interface. The layered structure and morphology of STAB-ZrP after thickening were confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This research established the relationship of STAB-ZrP with base oils in terms of their performance. STAB-ZrP acts as both a thickener and a solid additive in the STAB-ZrP gel system. This study can serve a beneficial trial for future preparations of lubricating grease.

Determination of the total antioxidant capacity of the Chinese tea based on a novel "peroxidase/zirconium phosphonate"composite electrochemical sensor.

In this work, a novel zirconium phosphonate (ZrPR1R2) was prepared by decorating both the aminoethoxy- group (R1) and the carboxypropyl- group (R2) on the zirconium phosphate layers in order to manipulate further the immobilization of the peroxidase (POD), and an antioxidant biosensor with higher sensitivity was constructed by dropping the POD/ZrPR1R2 composite onto the glassy carbon electrode surface. The activity of the POD/ZrPR1R2 composite was detected by Uv-vis spectra. The direct electrochemical behavior, the electrocatalytic response to dissolved oxygen and hydrogen peroxide, as well as the ability to detect total antioxidant capacity in tea sample were investigated by the methods of cyclic voltammetry. The results indicated that the immobilization of POD in ZrPR1R2 nanosheets matrix enhanced the enzymatic activity, and achieved the fast and direct electron transfer between POD and glassy carbon electrode. Moreover, the POD/ZrPR1R2 composite modified electrode show the electrocatalytic response to hydrogen peroxide in the linear range of 8.8×10-8 to 8.8×10-7 mol L-1, with the detection limit of 3.3×10-8 mol L-1. Attributing to the sensitive response to dissolved oxygen, the total antioxidant capacity can be detected directly in the real tea water by this POD/ZrPR1R2 composite modified electrode.

An Efficient and Practical Process for the Synthesis of Benzimidazole and Benzothiazole Derivatives Catalyzed by Layered Zirconium Phosphate: Effect of Calcinations Temperature

An Efficient and Practical Process for the Synthesis of Benzimidazole and Benzothiazole Derivatives Catalyzed by Layered Zirconium Phosphate: Effect of Calcinations Temperature

Mercaptoalkyl Groups Anchored on the Layer Surface of New α‐Zirconium Phosphate Phosphonates for the Stabilization of Gold Nanoparticles

AbstractLayered zirconium phosphate mercaptoalkylphosphonates, with general composition Zr(O3POH)2‐x(O3P(CH2)11SH)x, where x=0.4–1.4, are prepared according to two procedures: direct reaction between a zirconyl salt and a mixture of phosphoric/phosphonic acid in propanol, or topotactic ion exchange reaction of phosphate groups of nanocrystalline α‐Zr(O3POH)2 with mercaptoundecylphosphonate groups. FT‐IR analysis and XPS proves the presence of the mercapto groups and, according to X‐Ray diffraction analysis, they result randomly distributed on the layer surface. The solids are used as supports for gold nanoparticles synthesized according to three different methods: reaction of HAuCl4 with NaBH4, added after 24 hours (Procedure A), or concomitantly (Procedure B) to the addition of the Au(III) salt to the solid suspension, or by mixing the solid suspension with a colloidal dispersion of gold nanoparticles prepared according to the Turkevich method (Procedure C). The best results were obtained with Procedure B, that provided composites with gold nanoparticles having an average size of (6±2) nm.

An Efficient and Practical Process for the Synthesis of Benzimidazole and Benzothiazole Derivatives Catalyzed by Layered Zirconium Phosphate: Effect of Calcinations Temperature

Abstract—In this work, layered zirconium phosphates were synthesized via a reflux method and calcined at different temperatures (200, 400, and 600°C). The catalytic activity of the prepared solids was tested in the condensation of o-phenylenediamine and o-aminothiophenol with various aromatic aldehydes. The reaction conditions were optimized taking into account some parameters that control the reaction, namely the nature and volume of the solvent and the mass of the catalyst. The results showed that solid ZrP-200 (layered -zirconium phosphate calcined at 200°C) is the best performing catalyst for this reaction, because it has good catalytic activity and can be reused for at least five cycles with only a slight decrease in catalytic activity. In addition, a possible mechanism for the synthesis of benzimidazoles and benzothiazoles over ZrP-200 was proposed and discussed at the end of this study.

Earth-Abundant Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction Supported on Layered Zirconium Phosphate Nanomaterials

Recently, we have demonstrated improved electrocatalytic activity of layered zirconium phosphate (ZrP) nanomaterials loaded with earth-abundant metal ions suitable as catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). We compared the catalytic efficiency of ZrP nanoparticles ion-exchanged with transition metals (Fe, Ni, Co) in the interior of the layers as well as in the external surface to a system in which the metal catalysts are confined exclusively on the external ZrP surface. Linear sweep voltammetry revealed that the electrocatalytic systems with metal catalysts on the external ZrP nanomaterials’ surface had improved OER activity compared to systems with metals intercalated in the ZrP interlayers. This result prompted us to study a system of exfoliated ZrP particles which provide only external surfaces to the electrocatalytic metal ions. A comparison between adsorbed Co or Ni catalysts on ZrP nanoparticles and those same catalysts on exfoliated ZrP nanoplatelets proved that the later systems were more active, with diminished overpotentials and reduced Tafel plot slopes. Comparison between Co and Ni catalyst on ZrP particles with different morphologies (hexagonal platelets, rods, cubes, and spheres) revealed that the more active Co catalysts are those on hexagonal ZrP platelets, whereas the best Ni catalysts are those on ZrP spheres. More recently, efficient OER catalysts were obtained with cobalt porphyrin molecular electrocatalysts both intercalated in ZrP and adsorbed on exfoliated ZrP nanoplatelets. Mixed metal NiFe-intercalated ZrP electrocatalysts at 90% Fe metal content proved to have superior OER electrocatalytic performance (decreased overpotentials, increased mass activities, reduced Tafel slopes) compared to adsorbed counterparts. We are exploring OER activities of other mixed-metal catalysts on ZrP, bifunctional catalysts, and operando synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy studies to elucidate the nature of the active species.

High strontium adsorption performance of layered zirconium phosphate intercalated with a crown ether.

Effective removal of strontium isotopes in radioactive waste streams has important implications for the environment and the sustainable development of nuclear energy. In this work, a zirconium phosphate/18-crown-ether-6 (ZrP/18C6) composite was prepared using the intercalation method by loading crown ether into zirconium phosphate. The composite was structurally and morphologically characterized by XRD, FT-IR, XPS, and SEM. The adsorption experiments of Sr2+ onto the ZrP/18C6 composite were conducted as a function of temperature, pH, Sr2+ concentration and competing ions. The results indicate ZrP/18C6 can adsorb 98.6% of Sr2+ within 30 minutes at an Sr2+ concentration of 100 mg L-1 and maintain a high removal rate with a distribution coefficient of 7 × 105 mL g-1 when Sr2+ is at a low level of 4.28 mg L-1. The ZrP/18C6 composite reached a maximum adsorption capacity of 195.74 mg g-1 at an Sr2+ concentration of 380 mg L-1, which is significantly higher than the 43.03 mg g-1 of α-ZrP. The adsorption performance of Sr2+ onto ZrP/18C6 is not significantly affected by temperature, pH and competing ions. Furthermore, the adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics were analyzed based on the adsorption data obtained in the present work. It is shown that the adsorption of Sr2+ onto ZrP/18C6 follows the pseudo-second-order model and the Langmuir monolayer model, respectively. Additionally, the adsorption mechanism of Sr2+ by ZrP/18C6 is discussed.

(Digital Presentation) OER Catalysts Supported on Layered Zirconium Phosphate Nanomaterials

Learning from nature, instead of using expensive catalysts such as platinum for splitting water, cheaper alternatives (such as cobalt, iron, or nickel) could be used for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Hydrogen solar fuel produced in artificial photosynthesis schemes for water splitting could be used in fuel cells. However, obtaining efficient catalysts based on earth-abundant materials is still difficult, particularly for the OER. Recent theory has shown that nanoscopic confinement of catalysts increases the stability and efficiency of catalysts for OER. We have designed and develop earth-abundant electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction and water splitting using nanostructured layered inorganic materials of zirconium phosphate (ZrP). We have demonstrated improved electrocatalytic activity of ZrP nanomaterials loaded with metal ions suitable for the OER of water splitting. Adsorbing Co or Ni catalysts on the ZrP nanoparticles surface proved to improved OER activity compared to intercalated catalysts. A comparison between adsorbed Co or Ni catalysts and those catalysts on exfoliated ZrP hexagonal nanoplatelets proved that those on exfoliated nanoplatelets were more active, with diminished overpotentials and reduced Tafel plot slopes as well as higher mass activities. More recently, comparison between Co and Ni catalyst on ZrP particles with different morphologies (hexagonal platelets, rods, cubes, and spheres) revealed that the more active Co catalysts are those on hexagonal ZrP platelets, whereas the best Ni catalysts are those on ZrP spheres. Finally, encouraging recent results with a cobalt porphyrin catalyst and bimetal catalysts will be presented, as well as recent XAS operando results. These results demonstrate that ZrP nanoparticles are suitable supports for electrocatalysis of the OER and water splitting.Sponsored by the NSF-PREM Center for Interfacial Electrochemistry for Energy Materials (CIE2M) grant DMR-1827622.

Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Antibacterial Properties of Silver-Functionalized Low-Dimensional Layered Zirconium Phosphonates.

New insoluble layered zirconium phosphate carboxyaminophosphonates (ZPs), with the general formula Zr2(PO4)H5[(O3PCH2)2N(CH2)nCOO]2·mH2O (n = 3, 4, and 5), have been prepared and characterized. The crystal structure for n = 3 and 4 samples was determined ab initio from X-ray powder diffraction data. The structure for n = 3 was monoclinic in space group C2/c with the following unit cell parameters: a = 34.346(1) Å, b = 8.4930(2) Å, c = 9.0401(2) Å, and β = 97.15(1)°. The structure for n = 4 was triclinic in space group P1̅ with the following unit cell parameters: a = 17.9803(9) Å, b = 8.6066(4) Å, c = 9.0478(3) Å, α = 90.466(3)°, β = 94.910(4)°, and γ = 99.552(4)°. The two structures had the same connectivity as Zr phosphate glycine diphosphonate (n = 1), as previously reported. By intercalation of short amines, these layered compounds were exfoliated in single lamella or packets of a few lamellae, which formed colloidal dispersions in water. After a thorough characterization, the dispersed lamellae were functionalized with Ag nanoparticles, which were grown in situ on the surface of exfoliated lamellae. Finally, their antimicrobial activity was tested on several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. All of these systems were found to be active against the four pathogens most frequently isolated from orthopedic prosthetic infections and often causative of nosocomial infections. Interestingly, they were found to express powerful inhibitory activity even against bacterial strains exhibiting a relevant profile of antibiotic resistance such as Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 700699.

A Cationic Ru(II) Complex Intercalated into Zirconium Phosphate Layers Catalyzes Selective Hydrogenation via Heterolytic Hydrogen Activation

AbstractCatalytic hydrogenations constitute economic and clean transformations to produce pharmaceutical and a multitude of fine chemicals in chemical industry. Herein, we report a cationic Ru(II) complex intercalated into zirconium phosphate (ZrP) layers that enables the efficient catalytic conversion of furfural and other biomass‐derived carbonyl compounds into the corresponding alcohols through selective hydrogenation of C=O group. The ZrP layers acted not only as a support for the Ru‐complex, but also as the new ligands to tune the Ru(II) center via forming Ru−O bond. The resulting catalysts exhibit excellent catalytic performance and can be easily recycled for six times without significant loss of activity and selectivity. The Ru(II) complex‐intercalated catalysts have been characterized by XRD, SEM, HRTEM, HAADF‐STEM, XPS, FT‐IR, DR‐UV/Vis, EXAFS and XANES. Especially, it is observed that the appropriate interlayer spacing between ZrP layers is favorable to stabilize the Ru(II) complex. Notably, on the basis of the further characterization and density functional theory (DFT) calculation, it is identified that the interaction of cationic Ru(II) complex and P−OH group within ZrP layers leads to the high catalytic performance in selective hydrogenation, and the newly formed Ru−O−P species plays a crucial role in the heterolytic hydrogen activation and selective hydrogenation of biomass‐derived compounds containing a carbonyl group.

Treatment of Wastewaters with Zirconium Phosphate Based Materials: A Review on Efficient Systems for the Removal of Heavy Metal and Dye Water Pollutants.

Layered zirconium phosphate (ZrP) is a versatile material with phosphate (POH ) groups able to exchange inorganic and organic cations or to intercalate basic molecules. The present review deals with the use of this material as a sorbent for heavy metal cations or dye molecules in wastewater treatments. The possibility to combine ZrP with polymers or other inorganic materials, in order to have suitable systems for real and large scale applications, was investigated, as well as the combination with photocatalytic materials to obtain hetrogeneous photocatalysts for the capture and photodegradation of organic dye molecules.

Isolating the Electrocatalytic Activity of a Confined NiFe Motif within Zirconium Phosphate

AbstractUnique classes of active‐site motifs are needed for improved electrocatalysis. Herein, the activity of a new catalyst motif is engineered and isolated for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) created by nickel–iron transition metal electrocatalysts confined within a layered zirconium phosphate matrix. It is found that with optimal intercalation, confined NiFe catalysts have an order of magnitude improved mass activity compared to more conventional surface‐adsorbed systems in 0.1 m KOH. Interestingly, the confined environments within the layered structure also stabilize Fe‐rich compositions (90%) with exceptional mass activity compared to known Fe‐rich OER catalysts. Through controls and by grafting inert molecules to the outer surface, it is evidenced that the intercalated Ni/Fe species stay within the interlayer during catalysis and serve as the active site. After determining a possible structure (wycherproofite), density functional theory is shown to correlate with the observed experimental compositional trends. It is further demonstrated that the improved activity of this motif is correlated to the Fe and water content/composition within the confined space. This work highlights the catalytic enhancement possibilities available through zirconium phosphate and isolates the activity from the intercalated species versus surface/edge ones, thus opening new avenues to develop and understand catalysts within unique nanoscale chemical environments.

Cobalt porphyrin intercalation into zirconium phosphate layers for electrochemical water oxidation

A cobalt porphyrin molecule, namely CoTcPP (TcPP = the dianion ofmeso-tetra(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin), is intercalated into zirconium phosphate (ZrP) layers as an effective way to heterogenize a porphyrin-based molecular electrocatalyst.

High-performance chemical mechanical polishing slurry for aluminum alloy using hybrid abrasives of zirconium phosphate and alumina

Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) is the most effective technology for the global and local planarization of metal surfaces. In this study, an environment-friendly and highly efficient CMP slurry for aluminum alloy is prepared by using 2D layered zirconium phosphate (ZrP) platelets and alumina (Al2O3) particles as hybrid abrasives, polyethylene glycol (PEG) as dispersant, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as oxidant and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as corrosion inhibitor. Using the optimized CMP slurry, surface roughness (Ra) of aluminum alloy is decreased from ~200 nm to ~13 nm and material removal rate (MRR) can be increased from 150 nm/min to 300 nm/min. The addition of ZrP platelets can improve the stability and dispersion of the Al2O3 abrasives due to the PEG-induced hydrogen bonding interactions between the used hybrid abrasives. Moreover, the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electrochemical analysis reveal that adjusting the concentrations of H2O2 and SDS in the CMP slurry would help to achieve an excellent balance between the chemical corrosion and mechanical removal. The use of binary hybrid abrasives in CMP slurries provides a novel route for the efficient planarization of aluminum alloy and also sheds light on precise polishing for metallic and non-metallic materials with desired surface requirements.

BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ZIRCONIUM PHOSPHATE NANOPARTICLES LOADED WITH RHENIUM(III) / CISPLATIN SYSTEM

The actual problem of creating a nanoscale delivery form of a combined system of rhenium(III) complex / cisplatin system with enhancing each other’s actions, which has pronounced antitumor properties and low toxicity, is revealed in the work. The need to create combination drugs for the treatment of cancer caused by the toxic effects of many substances that are already used in practice and are effective. As a result of this work, inorganic layered zirconium phosphate nanoparticles loaded with a combined system of rhenium(III) complex / cisplatin were obtained. The intercalation process was monitored by electron absorption spectroscopy. In addition to the interaction of the rhenium(III) compounds with the phosphate groups of the nanoparticles, the interaction with the cisplatin was also recorded. The X-ray powder diffraction method shows an increase in the interlayer space of zirconium phosphate after the reaction, which indicates the success of intercalation. The obtained diffraction peaks indicate the incorporation of rhenium(III) complexes, cisplatin and the interaction products of these compounds into the interlayer space of zirconium phosphate. It was also observed that the presence of cisplatin increases the interlayer space upon intercalation of the rhenium(III) compound. This peculiarity indicates that cisplatin serves as a preintercalator in the system under study. By quantitative analysis, the percentage of rhenium(III) in the nanoparticles obtained was determined on the Re-Re quadruple bond. The quantitative determination of the intercalated rhenium(III) compound is based on the reaction of the substitution of the carboxylate groups of the Re-Re cluster moiety with Cl- in concentrated hydrochloric acid. Depending on the structural type of compound used, the content of rhenium(III) in the nanoparticles was 40-42 %. As can be seen from previous studies, the incorporation of rhenium(III) in the obtained nanoparticles is higher than in the nanoparticles without cisplatin, which indicates a successful combination of rhenium(III) compounds with cisplatin. Obtained nanoparticles of combined action have prospects for use in medical practice for the treatment of tumor diseases.

Photocatalytic Degradation of Rhodamine B Under Visible Light Irradiation by TiO₂ Doped Layered Zirconium Phosphates.

TiO₂ doped layered zirconium phosphates were prepared by the hydrofluoric acid (HF) method and its photocatalytic performance was investigated in this study. Through the introduction of octylamine which acts as the intercalation and exfoliation reagent in the process, TiO₂ could be uniformly generated and dispersed on the zirconium phosphate matrix through tetrabutyl titanate hydrolysis and calcination. The nano-scale TiO₂ was obtained by applying the appropriate ratio of tetrabutyl titanate and layered zirconium phosphate in reaction. XRD, N₂-sorption, FT-IR, UV-vis, SEM and TEM were used to characterize the structure and phtocatalytic properties of the samples. The photocatalytic performance of synthesized nano-scale TiO₂ doped zirconium phosphates was studied by degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB). It is found that the scavenging rate of RhB could be up to 65% within 90 min under the visible light irradiation due to the relatively large active surface area and compact size of TiO₂. This study highlights the potential application of TiO₂ doped layered zirconium phosphate as a novel photocatalyst in photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants.

Human stem cell response to layered zirconium phosphate.

This study aims to evaluate the in vitro cytocompatibility of layered zirconium phosphate (ZP) and its derivative material that was organically modified using glycerophosphate (ZGP). The ZP and ZGP particles were prepared via a reflux method in an aqueous solution containing phosphoric acid. The field emission scanning electron microscopy showed the prepared samples were fine particles with 70–100 nm diameter. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectrometry indicated the presence of a layered crystal structure. The interlayer distance of ZP was estimated to be 0.76 nm from the 002 diffraction. Modification of ZP with β-glycerophosphate, lead to expansion of the interlayer distance of 0.85 nm. Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction and Raman spectrometry showed that the crystal structures of ZP and ZGP were maintained even after the samples were coated onto polyethylene (PE) substrates via hot pressing. The water droplet contact angles on the PE substrates coated with the ZP and ZGP particles (ZP/PE and ZGP/PE) were 2 ∼ 6° lesser than that on the uncoated PE substrate. After human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) were cultured on the substrates, 2.5–3.5 times higher numbers of adhered cells were observed on the substrates coated with ZP and ZGP than on the uncoated PE substrates and 1.1–1.6 times higher than on the substrate coated with hydroxyapatite particles (HAp/PE). Increasing cell numbers were observed after culturing for 24 h, indicating that the ZP/PE and ZGP/PE showed low cytotoxicity to the hASCs. Furthermore, the ZP/PE showed the highest area of hASC adhesion among all the samples. These results highlight the possibility that layered zirconium phosphate and its organically modified substances can be applied to biomaterials for tissue repair.

Hybridization of layered zirconium phosphate with azo compounds and its photoresponsivity and adsorption of rare earth elements

Hybridization of layered zirconium phosphate with azo compounds and its photoresponsivity and adsorption of rare earth elements