Layered Double Hydroxide Composites Research Articles

In Situ Fabrication of Hierarchical CuO@CoNi-LDH Composite Structures for High-Performance Supercapacitors.

Layered double hydroxide (LDH) materials, despite their high theoretical capacity, exhibit significant performance degradation with increasing load due to their low conductivity. Simultaneously achieving both high capacity and high rate performance is challenging. Herein, we fabricated vertically aligned CuO nanowires in situ on the copper foam (CF) substrate by alkali-etching combined with the annealing process. Using this as a skeleton, electrochemical deposition technology was used to grow the amorphous α-phase CoNi-LDH nanosheets on its surface. Thanks to the high specific surface area of the CuO skeleton, ultrahigh loading (̃16.36 mg cm-2) was obtained in the fabricated CF/CuO@CoNi-LDH electrode with the cactus-like hierarchical structure, which enhanced the charge transfer and ion diffusion dynamics. The CF/CuO@CoNi-LDH electrode achieved a good combination of high areal capacitance (33.5 F cm-2) and high rate performance (61% capacitance retention as the current density increases 50 times). The assembled asymmetric supercapacitor device demonstrated a maximum potential window of 0-1.6 V and an energy density of 1.7 mWh cm-2 at a power density of 4 mW cm-2. This work provides a feasible strategy for the design and fabrication of high-mass-loading LDH composites for electrochemical energy storage applications.

EDTA-interlayer modified Mg/Fe layered double hydroxides for enhanced adsorption of methyl orange: Adsorption performance and mechanism study

Herein, we explored the efficacy of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) intercalation modified layered double hydroxides (LDHs) composites for removing the anionic dye methyl orange (MO) from aqueous solutions. EDTA intercalated layered hydroxides (EDTA-Mg/Fe LDHs) with a 4:1 Mg/Fe molar ratio have been successfully prepared and thoroughly characterized using SEM-EDS, FTIR, XRD, XPS, UV-Vis and Zeta potential analysis. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to evaluate the adsorption performance of the innovative adsorbent on MO. The results indicated successful EDTA loading into Mg/Fe LDHs, exhibiting excellent adsorption performance for MO. At pH 6.0, with a 0.03 g adsorbent dose, MO removal exceeded 91.10% within 90 min, following a pseudo second order kinetic model. The maximum adsorption capacity reached 1207.43 mg/g, fitting well with the Redlich Peterson model. Thermodynamic parameters suggested a spontaneous and favorable adsorption process. Furthermore, we assessed the desorption and regeneration effectiveness of EDTA-Mg/Fe LDHs, emphasizing the importance of developing cost-effective and environmentally friendly adsorbents with practical applications and scientific significance.

Three-dimensional honeycomb composites consist of metal carbides and layered double hydroxides for high-performance supercapacitor electrode materials

To achieve excellent electrochemical performance and stability, a composite material based on metal carbides (MXene) and CoNiZn layered double hydroxides (LDHs) has been synthesized, which synergistically combines the high electrical conductivity of MXene with the high theoretical specific capacity of LDHs. The as-prepared three-dimensional honeycomb-structural MXene/CoNiZn LDH composites have excellent cycle stability with a capacitance retention rate of 87.8% after 100,000 cycles and outstanding electrochemical activity with a specific capacitance of 2044.9 F g−1 at a scan rate of 5 mV s−1. Furthermore, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy also shows a reduced internal resistance indicating that the honeycomb-porous structure facilitates electron transfer and ion diffusion. This study provides a feasible route to develop high-performance supercapacitor electrode materials.

Synthesis of 3D CC/NCNF/NiFe LDH composites as highly active oxygen evolution reaction electrocatalysts

Nitrogen doped carbon nanofibers (NCNFs), which are grown on carbon cloth (CC) and loaded with NiFe layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanosheets, are synthesized by chemical vapor deposition, ammonia annealing and electrodeposition. The obtained three dimensional CC/NCNF/NiFe LDH composites demonstrate an overpotential of 220 mV at current density of 10 mA cm−2 and a small Tafel slope of 30 mV dec−1 for oxygen evolution reaction (OER), both of which are superior to those of the state-of-the-art iridium oxide catalysts. The excellent OER performances of the CC/NCNF/NiFe LDH composites may be attributed to collective contributions of large surface areas of CNFs, nitrogen doping and synergy between NCNFs and NiFe LDHs.

Effective Detection of Cu(II) Ions Based on Carbon Dots@Exfoliated Layered Double Hydroxides Composites Fluorescence Probe.

A series of carbon dots@exfoliated layered double hydroxides (CDs@LDH) composites were hydrothermally fabricated by Mg/Al LDH and formamide. The results of FTIR, UV-vis, and XPS spectra in company with HRTEM images showed that crystalline nano CDs formed on the single layer of LDH by Mg-C bond. With the increase of solvothermal reaction time from 2 to 6h, the band gap and the binding energy of aminic and graphitic N species of CDs@LDH composites decreased, whereas the crystallinity increased. The fluorescence peaks of CDs@LDH composites could be deconvoluted into short-wavelength (416nm) and large-wavelength (443nm) components by Gaussian function, and the fluorescence intensities of both components enhanced with the extension of the solvothermal reaction time. The simultaneous enhancements of fluorescence lifetime and quantum yield resulted from the relatively high electron density in graphitic nitrogen of CDs@LDH, whereas the reduction of nonradiative rate was due to the high crystallinity in the carbon core of CDs@LDH. A strong exciton-lattice interaction also has been validated based on the excitation and emission spectra of CDs@LDH, so the fluorescence emission of CDs@LDH composite was heavily related to its crystalline carbon core and nitrogen-containing groups. CDs@LDH with high nitrogen-containing exhibited a superior detection property for Cu2+ ion sensing with the linear range of 26.90 ~ 192.20μM and a limit of detection of 0.1957μM. The photo-induced electron transfer (PET) process dominated the fluorescence quenching of CDs@LDH by Cu2+ ion since the fluorescence lifetime decreased with the increase of Cu2+ ion concentration.

The preparation of layered double hydroxide wrapped with triazine-based organic framework to enhance the flame retardancy for polypropylene

Layered double hydroxide (LDH) can be used as a flame retardant (FR) for polypropylene (PP) because of its excellent flame retardancy and smoke-suppression effects. However, the agglomeration of LDH seriously affects its dispersity in the PP matrix, thus limiting its application as a FR polymer. This study aimed to enhance the dispersion of LDH in the PP matrix for improving its flame retardancy performance. Herein, a reactive triazine-based organic framework (TOF) was designed and formed by the in situ polymerisation of cyanuric chloride and melamine, and then the LDH surface was covered with TOF to obtain a novel core–shell FR (LDH@TOF), with TOF as the ‘shell’ and LDH as the ‘core’. Subsequently, LDH@TOF was melted into the PP matrix as nanofillers to prepare PP and LDH@TOF composites (PP/LDH@TOF). As expected, the PP/LDH@TOF composites exhibited superior flame-retarding performance (limiting oxygen index of 29.2% and UL-94 V-0 rating) and favourable smoke-suppression performance at 20 wt% of LDH@TOF loading. Moreover, the peak heat release rate, total heat release and total smoke production of PP/LDH@TOF composites decreased by 29.9%, 12.1% and 12.4%, respectively, compared with those of PP and LDH composites. The outstanding flame retardancy properties of the PP/LDH@TOF composites were attributed to the better dispersibility of LDH@TOF in the PP matrix, the synergy of the physical barrier effect of nanosheets and the dense carbonisation acceleration of LDH@TOF. The findings of this study provide a highly efficient approach for functionalising LDH for expanding its application value of PP composites.

Mangifera indica stone-assisted layered double hydroxide biocomposites: efficient contenders for reactive dye adsorption from aqueous sources

Layered double hydroxide composites were synthesized from Mangifera indica stones for enhanced reactive green 5 dye removal from wastewater.

Layered double hydroxide-based electrode materials derived from metal-organic frameworks: synthesis and applications in supercapacitors.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as promising electrode materials for supercapacitors (SCs) due to their highly porous structures, tunable chemical compositions, and diverse morphologies. However, their applications are hindered by low conductivity and poor cycling performance. A novel approach for resolving this issue involves the growth of layered double hydroxides (LDHs) using MOFs as efficient templates or precursors for electrode material preparation. This method effectively enhances the stability, electrical conductivity, and mass transport ability of MOFs. The MOF-derived LDH exhibits a well-defined porous micro-/nano-structure, facilitating the dispersion of active sites and preventing the aggregation of LDHs. Firstly, this paper introduces synthesis strategies for converting MOFs into LDHs. Subsequently, recent research progress in MOF-derived LDHs encompassing pristine LDH powders, LDH composites, and LDH-based arrays, along with their applications in SCs, is overviewed. Finally, the challenges associated with MOF-derived LDH electrode materials and potential solutions are discussed.

Synthesis and characterization of new composite from modified silica-coated MnFe2O4 nanoparticles for removal of tetracycline from aqueous solution.

In this study, a new composite from silica coated MnFe2O4 nanoparticles, diethylenetriamine, 3-chloropropyl trimethoxysilane and Mg-Al Layered Double Hydroxide (Mg-Al LDH/DETA/CPTMS/SCNPs) composite was synthesized. The Mg-Al LDH/DETA/CPTMS/SCNPs composite was examined by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Vibrating Sample Magnetometry (VSM). The synthesized composite exhibited magnetic property with a saturation magnetization of 0.40 emu g-1. The Mg-Al LDH/DETA/CPTMS/SCNPs composite was utilized as a successful adsorbent for removal of tetracycline from aqueous solutions. The effect of various operation factors such as initial drug concentration, adsorbent dosage, pH and contact time were investigated. The optimized variable conditions such as adsorbent dose of 60 mg L-1, drug concentration of 100 mg L-1, pH = 7 and contact time 30 min were obtained. For describing the adsorption isotherms, the Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin adsorption models were utilized. The results indicated that the adsorption isotherm is in good agreement with Langmuir model. According to the Langmuir analysis, the maximum adsorption capacity (qm) of the Mg-Al LDH/DETA/CPTMS/SCNPs composite for tetracycline was obtained to be 40.16 mg g-1. The kinetic studies revealed that the adsorption in all cases to be a pseudo second-order process. The negative value of ΔG° and the positive value of ΔH° showed the adsorption process to be spontaneous and endothermic.

Insight into the flame-retardant mechanism of different organic-modified layered double hydroxide for epoxy resin

Aiming to enhance the flame-retardant efficiency of layered double hydroxide (LDH) in epoxy resin (EP), positively charged LDH was modified by incorporating various anionic modifiers, resulting in a series of organically modified LDH. These modifiers were selected based on the length of nonpolar tails with and without aromatic ring such as sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and sodium benzene sulfonate (SBS). The chemical composition, structure and hydrophobicity of organic-modified LDH were characterized and the flame-retardant efficiency of organic-modified LDH in EP were investigated. The incorporation of organic-modified LDH into EP resulted in improved Tg and flame retardancy, which depended on the type of modifiers used as well as the structure and loading amount of LDH. Particularly, LDH@DBS exhibited higher improvement efficiency in flame retardancy and Tg than that of LDH@BS and LDH@DS due to the enlarged interlayer spacing, which facilitated the homogeneous dispersion and compatibility in the epoxy matrix. These results demonstrated that good compatibility between organic-modified LDH and polymer was advantageous to enhance the flame-retardancy efficiency and thermal mechanical properties of polymer.

Multifunctional Biocompatible Nanoparticles: Surface Modification and Synthesis of Layered Double Hydroxides for Biomedical Applications

Layered Double Hydroxides (LDHs) are considered versatile materials owing to their distinctive features resulting from the isomorphous substitution of metal cations, namely M(II) and M(III), inside their octahedral locations. The LDH layer structure is characterized by a balanced arrangement of exchangeable hydrated or solvated anions within the interlayer and outer regions. This arrangement gives rise to a two-dimensional heterostructure with an ABAB pattern. Various metal cations have a role in LDHs composition, leading to their classification as hydrocalumites and hydrotalcite. Pristine-LDHs that include diverse inorganic anions have shown significant potential in biological applications. These substances have been investigated for their potential use in many applications, including but not limited to antacids, vaccination adjuvants, etc. The attainment of monodispersity in the size of LDHs is of utmost importance for their efficacy in biomedicine. This research emphasizes that the potential of LDHs is contingent upon effectively resolving difficulties, including those associated with size polydispersity. This study suggests using Surface Modified and Synthesized Layered Double Hydroxides for Biomedical Applications (SMS-LDH-BMA). The present study presents a novel approach that incorporates various enhancements, such as a decreased hydrodynamic diameter of 44.6 nm, a zeta potential of -23.86 mV, a high encapsulation efficiency of 91.2%, a substantial drug loading capacity of 14.6%, a favorable cell viability of 96.44%, and a controlled release rate of GLIB at 3.73 μg/mL/min. These findings demonstrate the efficacy of SMS-LDH-BMA in tackling these obstacles and augmenting the drug delivery capabilities and biomedical applications of LDHs.

Core-shell Cu2O@CuS@NiCo layered double hydroxide composites as supercapacitor electrode materials

A facile multi-step strategy was designed to synthesize core-shell Cu2O@CuS @NiCo-LDH (LDH, layered double hydroxide) composites. Initially, the Cu2O@CuS matrix material was synthesized by heat treatment and vulcanization at 25 °C, and subsequently, the desired Cu2O@CuS@NiCo-LDH composites were obtained using a hydrothermal method. A core-shell structure consisting of nanosheets uniformly grown on the cubic surface of the core–shell unit was achieved. The states and properties of nanosheet loading with different ratios of Ni and Co were investigated. and Cu2O@CuS @NiCo-LDH in supercapacitors, and a specific capacitance of 970.5 F g−1 was obtained at 1 A g−1. Density functional theory simulations provided additional confirmation of the beneficial synergistic interaction between Cu2O@CuS and NiCo-LDH. The constructed Cu2O@CuS@NiCo-LDH//activated carbon asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) also attained an energy density of 53.3 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 820 W kh−1. Additionally, the assembled ASC demonstrated extremely high stability with a capacitance retention of 85.5 % after 25,000 cycles of testing thanks to its distinct structure design. These results indicate that the Cu2O@CuS@NiCo-LDH electrode shows promise for application as an energy-storage electrode material.

Multiple oxyanions modification on nickel–iron layered double hydroxides for enhanced oxygen evolution reaction

The electrochemical oxygen evolution reaction (OER) holds paramount significance as a pivotal stage within electrochemical water-splitting processes, particularly in hydrogen production. Highly efficient OER electrocatalysts with inherent capability to effectively lower the energy barrier and promote fast kinetics are in high demand. In this research, we have introduced a novel strategy of modifying the non-precious metal benchmark catalyst, NiFe layered double hydroxide (LDH), through multiple oxyanions. Our approach involved incorporating MoS42− as a source of modified anions to enhance the performance of LDH in OER. Under specific conditions of the hydrothermal reaction, a majority of the sulfur (S) within the MoS42− anions underwent oxidization, resulting in the formation of SO42− and MoOxS4-x2- groups. As a result, NiFe LDH composites that were modified with multiple oxyanionic moieties, were successfully fabricated. Thanks to the synergistic effects of these oxyanions, which accelerate the generation of active NiOOH species, the optimized NiFe LDH-MoS4-0.1/NF sample exhibited a significantly low overpotential of 228 and 270 mV at current densities of 10 and 100 mA cm−2, respectively, along with a low Tafel slope of 35.5 mVdec−1 in 1 M KOH electrolyte solution. Our study underscored the importance of embracing diverse oxyanions modification strategy to amplify the performance of OER, opening up numerous opportunities for energy conversion and storage applications.

CeO2@LDH decorated 3D porous module with mortise-tenon structure: Activation of peroxymonosulfate for ultrafast removal of tetracycline

Constructing a robust catalytic module with lower energy consumption, fast liquid transport, and simultaneous highly catalytic oxidizability presents an enticing alternative for industrialized water treatment. Herein, a kind of cerium oxide (CeO2) loaded layered double hydroxide (LDH) composites that was fabricated by seeds embedded epitaxial growth based on hydrothermal method anchored on a three-dimensional porous polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) framework (denoted as CeO2@LDH-PVDF) and function as an efficient catalytic activator for peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation. This module features as lamellar LDH nano-flowers not only in situ anchoring onto both sides of the PVDF surface but also along the wall of the pores in an ab-plane vertically interlaced growth pattern. A packed tower device suitable for the catalytic module is also proposed as proof of concept for consecutive pollutants disposal. This module exhibits dual functions of filtration and oxidation, demonstrating a promising removal efficiency for tetracycline (95.8%, 30 mg/L) in conjunction with PMS. Accurate operation parameters are obtained by using the response surface methodology to further reduce the energy consumption (CeO2 containing: 9.03%, PMS concentration: 0.798 mM; pH: 6.513). Encouragingly, the CeO2@LDH-PVDF is not only capable of achieving ultrafast removal in flowing various contaminants, but also reveals wide practical applicability in tap water and reservoir. Moreover, it provides evidence that the binding force between LDH and PVDF is enhanced by virtue of the unique “Mortise-Tenon” structure, which is conducive to maintaining the catalytic activity. Furthermore, the formation of a complex of M−(HO)OSO3− and the succeeding redox cycle of Ni2+/Ni3+, Fe2+/Fe3+, Co2+/Co3+ explain the generation of reactive radicals in PMS activation. Moreover, a new redox cycle of Ce3+/Ce4+ promotes the utilization efficiency of PMS. Three possible tetracycline degradation pathways are proposed and the toxicity of the by-products is reduced. Finally, the module possesses an ideal universality, good cycling stability, favorable antifouling performance, and superior renewability. It is predicted to be integrated with multiple mature technologies to conduct industrial water treatment due to its changeable shape and durability.

Modulation Engineering of Electromagnetic Wave Absorption Performance of Layered Double Hydroxides Derived Hollow Metal Carbides Integrating Corrosion Protection.

Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) with unique layered structure and atomic composition are limited in the field of electromagnetic wave absorption (EMA) due to their poor electrical conductivity and lack of dielectric properties. In this study, the EMA performance and anticorrosion of hollow derived LDH composites are improved by temperature control and composition design using ZIF-8 as a sacrifice template. Diverse regulation modes result in different mechanisms for EMA. In the temperature control process, chemical reactions tune the composition of the products and construct a refined structure to optimize the LDHs conductivity loss. Additionally, the different phase interfaces generated by the control components optimize the impedance matching and enhance the interfacial polarization. The results show that the prepared NCZ (Ni3ZnC0.7/Co3ZnC@C) has a minimum reflection loss (RLmin ) of -58.92dB with a thickness of 2.4mm and a maximum effective absorption bandwidth (EABmax ) of 7.36GHz with a thickness of 2.4mm. Finally, due to its special structure and composition, the sample exhibits excellent anticorrosion properties. This work offers essential knowledge for designing engineering materials derived from metal organic framework (MOF) with cutting-edge components and nanostructures.

Fabrication of the CNTs/NiAl–LDH nanocomposite as a carrier of a luminescent sensor for DNA detection

Since the 21st century, nanocomposites based on layered double hydroxide (LDH) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are extensively employed as heat stabilizers, supercapacitors and electrocatalysts, due to their high conductivity, outstanding stability and environmental friendliness. Herein, CNTs/NiAl–LDH composite were obtained by one-step hydrothermal method and used as a platform for Ru(phen)3Cl2 (tris(1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium (II) dichloride) sensor to selectively detect CT DNA (Calf thymus DNA). It was found that CNTs/NiAl–LDH composite could effectively quench the emission of the Ru(phen)3Cl2 sensor in aqueous solution. After adding a certain amount of CT DNA to the above system, the Ru(phen)3Cl2 interacted with CT DNA immediately and released from the CNTs/NiAl–LDH, resulting in the fluorescence recovery. In the concentration range of 4.4–26.3 μg/mL, the increase of luminescence was linearly proportional to the amount of CT DNA added, and the correlation coefficient was 0.9967. The detection limit was 6.09 × 10−8 g/mL.

Blocked Autophagy is Involved in Layered Double Hydroxide-Induced Repolarization and ImmuneActivation in Tumor-Associated Macrophages.

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are important immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). The polar plasticity of TAMs makes them important targets for improving the immunosuppressive microenvironment of tumors. The previous study reveals that layered double hydroxides (LDHs) can effectively promote the polarization of TAMs from the anti-inflammatory M2 type to the pro-inflammatory M1 type. However, their mechanisms of action remain unexplored. This study reveals that LDHs composed of different cations exhibit distinct abilities to regulate the polarity of TAMs. Compared to Mg-Fe LDH, Mg-Al LDH has a stronger ability to promote the repolarization of TAMs from M2 to M1 and inhibit the formation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). In addition, Mg-Al LDH restrains the growth of tumors in vivo and promotes the infiltration of activated immune cells into the TME more effectively. Interestingly, Mg-Al LDH influences the autophagy of TAMs; this negatively correlates with the pro-inflammatory ability of TAMs. Therefore, LDHs exert their polarization ability by inhibiting the autophagy of TAMs, and this mechanism might be related to the ionic composition of LDHs. This study lays the foundation for optimizing the performance of LDH-based immune adjuvants, which display excellent application prospects for tumor immunotherapy.

Composite with natural ingredients and layered double hydroxide nanoparticles as antioxidant and sunscreen powder material

Layered double hydroxides (LDH) are versatile matrices for designing advanced materials. The need to explore green or sustainable methodologies is scarcely reported. In this project, we evaluated the antioxidant properties and sun protection factor (SPF) of LDH composites with natural components from tomato. The results indicated that the 11 % of organic matter content in the composites is sufficient to increase their antioxidant properties, such as higher antioxidant activity towards ABTS·+ than towards DPPH·. The composite also improves degradation in oxygen atmosphere detected in the Rapidoxy assay, while the SPF indicated that the LDH particles play a crucial role as sunscreen rather than the organic content. This study found that the composite formed by lycopene and LDH particles enhances the hydro-dispersibility and improved the antioxidant stability of lycopene which are key properties to develop cosmetics or food ingredients.

Photocatalytic of anionic dyes on Congo red with M2+/Al (M2+=Ni, Mg, and Zn) layered double hydroxide intercalated polyoxometalate

The modification catalysts of layered double hydroxide (LDH) with polyoxometalate based on Keggin type were prepared and characterized using X-Ray, FTIR, and SEM to confirm the layered double hydroxide structure. Intercalation was successfully synthesized and showed a heterogeneous aggregate resulted from SEM analysis. The degradation parameters of LDH pristine and LDH composite were determined by observing a number of factors such as pH, catalyst weight, and degradation time. The modification material resulted by preparation material LDH and polyoxometalate (POM) successfully resulted in the lower band gap value compared to material pristine LDH allowing LDH polyoxometalate as photocatalysts to show good photocatalytic activities. The NiAl-SiW12O40 material had the highest percentage of degradation removing Congo Red up to 86% degradation when compared to another composite material, yet it was still significantly better than LDH pristine. The result showed that the LDH composite presented excellent photocatalytic activity in reducing Congo Red.

MgAl-layered double hydroxides decorated with Pd-doped SnS nanoparticles: A novel photocatalyst for efficient dye degradation and Cr(VI) reduction in water

In this study, Pd-SnS nanoparticles (NPs) decorated with layered-double-hydroxide (LDH) nanosheets were found to display an enhanced photocatalytic activity toward the degradation of aqueous rhodamine B (RhB, dye) and chromium VI (Cr(VI)), which was superior to that of pure SnS, LDH, and binary composites. The morphological and structural properties of the as-prepared photocatalysts were characterized through various techniques including XRD, FT-IR, SEM, TEM, and BET surface areas, and their RhB and Cr(VI) degradation activity were evaluated under visible light irradiation. The Pd-SnS/LDH heterojunctions extended the lifetime of the photo-induced electrons and promoted the efficient interfacial transfer of charge carriers. Moreover, the strong interactions between Pd-SnS NPs and LDHs nanosheets further improved the photocatalytic activity. In particular, Pd-SnS/LDH heterojunctions with SnS and Pd contents of 15 and 1 wt%, which showed the highest degradation performance of 99 % within 40 min under illumination, and superior stability during successive experimental progress. We believe that this study provides novel mechanistic insights into the design and preparation of highly efficient photocatalysts with applications in energy conversion and environmental remediation.