Layered Communication Architecture Research Articles

Adaptive ARQ Method for Enhancements of LTE MAC Protocol

In layered communication architecture, each layer is designed to service its own functions to higher layer while getting serviced by lower layer. Usually layered architectures are not optimized in a total view of whole services and functions. So cross layer design pursues performance enhancements by optimizing in various ways. In LTE, MAC layer uses HARQ mechanism and RLC layer uses ARQ mechanism for retransmission. According to the 3GPP 36.331 specification, two layers' cooperation may not happen in an optimized way. This paper suggests an adaptive MAC layer approach which RLC layer's function might be initiated in MAC layer in advance to utilize MAC layer's idling wasting time for RLC layer's next decision. This adaptive ARQ method in MAC layer speeds up the next retransmission and reduces the overall transmission time. Emulation shows the improved performance in total retransmission time and retransmission success ratio. In wireless shadow area, the retransmission occurs frequently. Our approach has strong points in this poor wireless condition.

A Layered Communication Architecture for Power Routing in the Smart Grid

One of the main benefits of the smart grid will be the introduction of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) into the electricity grid at large scale. These DERs will be able to supply areas with electricity when isolated from the main power grid due to system or equipment failures. Although the integration of DER into the power grid makes the energy supply more reliable and reduces its cost, it creates new issues for distributed network operators (DNOs). While in traditional power grid the electricity usually flows from the central power stations to the consumers, in a modern power grid incremented with DER, the electricity follows in two directions as these new sources of energy are introduced at lower voltages. To introduce DER technology, DNOs will be faced with the challenge of making their distribution power networks more flexible and dynamic. Power routing is an emerging concept that aims at making distribution networks more flexible and dynamic by addressing the technical challenges related to DER. Power routing is predicated on the information availability and coordination which requires a robust and scalable communication. In this paper the authors propose layered communication architecture that facilitates the implementation of power routing in distribution power networks.

On Energy-Aware Communication and Control Co-design in Wireless Networked Control Systems

Energy is a key resource in Networked Control Systems, in particular in applications concerning wireless networks. This paper reviews the multi-layer architecture of those systems in the light of their energy-use, and points out major contributions in the area of energy-management policies, layer per layer. This review of the literature is organized according to the layered communication architecture covering from bottom to top the Physical, Data Link, Network, and Application layers. We specifically focus on advances that concern energy-aware management in wireless communication and control co-design. It is argued that existing work is limited to single layer approaches, with a lack of design methods taking into account several layers.

A Layered Communication Architecture for the Support of Crisis Response

:Crises, situations characterized by high consequence, low probability, and short decision time, create a unique and threatening decision-making environment that must be conscientiously supported. The aim of this study is to derive a prescriptive architecture for crisis response systems, in particular, the role of communication and the characteristics of communication systems that are needed to connect the decision-making elements of crisis response.The layered crisis communication architecture (CCA) detailed in this paper enumerates the communication functionality required of any crisis response system. To support the crisis-handling team adequately during crisis response, such systems must include the services of each of the described six layers: The base, or connectivity, layer interfaces with the ISO’s OSI model to provide error-free end-to-end message transfer. The data-validation layer protects against incorrect data sources through gathering information to corroborate an incoming message. The filtering layer organizes and synthesizes messages to ensure that the crisis-handling team is presented with relevant data in a meaningful, usable form. The values layer interprets messages based on preestablished crisis priorities. The organizational memory layer provides decision makers with access to relevant data and knowledge bases. The group process layer supports the communication, coordination, and collaboration among the crisishandling team members. To support crisis response adequately, these six layers of the CCA must be implemented as a single, cohesive whole.Through the CCA, the study offers pragmatically sound principles for organizing crisis response systems and captures a comprehensive perspective of the crisis response process; that is, this work offers a system architecture. As an architecture, the model enumerates all the functions necessary to support crisis response communication effectively.