Pad Layer Research Articles

Simulation study on the effect of palladium layer thickness and temperature on the bonding properties of palladium coated copper wire

Palladium coated copper (PCC) wire is an emerging bonding wire. There are relatively few studies on the effect of palladium plating thickness and temperature on its bonding performance. In order to investigate the effects of three parameters, namely palladium plating thickness, chip preheating temperature and the free air ball (FAB) initial temperature, on the bonding performance of PCC wires, this paper establishes a transient nonlinear finite element analysis model of thermal coupling between bare copper wires and PCC wires, and simplifies the whole bonding process into two stages of impact and ultrasonic vibration to carry out the experimental simulation. Firstly, the Taguchi orthogonal test method was adopted to obtain the ranking of the degree of influence of the three factors on the bonding results, and the optimum palladium plating thickness and FAB initial temperature of 100 nm and 100 °C were derived, respectively. Then the PCC wires with 100 nm palladium plating thickness were selected, and the bare copper wires were used as the reference, and multiple one-factor simulation experiments were carried out under the condition of changing the chip preheating temperature only. The simulation results show that the FAB and pad stress levels in the bonding results of the PCC wires are significantly higher than those of the bare copper wires, but the GaN layer stress is less than that of the bare copper wires. Moreover, there is an approximate parabolic relationship between the maximum stresses of pad and GaN layer and the preheating temperature of the chip. In the bonding results of bare copper wire, there is also an approximate parabolic relationship between the maximum stress of FAB and the chip preheating temperature. This parabolic relationship allows a prediction of the optimum chip preheating temperature. Selecting the appropriate palladium plating thickness and controlling the appropriate FAB temperature and chip preheating temperature can improve the bonding quality, and this numerical simulation work can provide a reference for the selection of palladium plating thickness and temperature parameter regulation of PCC wires.

Lateral flow immunoassay device to detect staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) in durian candy.

Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), a potent enterotoxin produced by Staphylococcus aureus, has been implicated in incidences of Staphylococcal food poisoning in the Philippines. The use of lateral flow immunoassay devices to detect this toxin in solid food samples, like durian candy, at the point of sampling is constrained by the requirement for sample purification (e.g. centrifugation). This problem is also true with the other applications of LFIA devices on food samples. To overcome this challenge, a lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) device capable of detecting SEB in unpurified durian candy sample was developed in this study. A modified LFIA device was assembled with three layers of glass fiber pads functioning as sample pads instead of a conventional cellulose fiber pad. Unlike with the cellulose fiber pad, the glass fiber sample pads acted as filter and allowed the flow of a 1:5 dilution of durian candy. The LFIA device applied to spiked 1:5 diluted durian candy samples achieved a visual limit of detection of 5ng/mL for SEB, which is twofold lower than reported for previous LFIA devices designed to detect SEB in food samples.

Effect of Height and Weight on Heel Fat Pad Movements Between Microchamber and Macrochamber Layers in Loading and Unloading

Background: The purpose of this study was to clarify the differences in the movement of the superficial microchambers and deep macrochambers of the heel fat pad during loading and unloading movements, and to clarify the influence of height and weight on this movement. Methods: The subjects were 21 healthy adults. The right foot was placed on an evaluation instrument stand made of polymethylpentene (PMP) resin plate, and the left foot was placed on a scale stand used to adjust the amount of load. When measuring, the heel fat pad is divided into the superficial microchamber layer and the deep macrochamber layer, and the thickness due to loading from 0% to 100% of the body weight and unloading from 100% to 0% is measured. Measurement was performed every 20% using an ultrasound imaging device. We also examined the rate of change in the thickness of the superficial and deep layers of the heel fat pad when applying 100% load (end load) from 0% load (unload). Results: No changes were observed in the superficial layer of the heel fat pad during unloading, but significant changes were observed in the deeper layers. Additionally, the thickness of the microchamber and macrochamber layers tended to increase under each loading condition as the height and weight increased. On the other hand, the rate of change in the thickness of the macrochamber layer tended to decrease. Conclusion: The microchamber layer and the macrochamber layer of the heel fat pad may have different functions. As height and weight increase, the thickness of the microchamber and macrochamber layers may increase, and the rate of change in the thickness of the macrochamber layer appears to decrease. Although the thickness increases as the load increases, we found that the related elasticity decreases. Level of Evidence: Level Ⅳ, cross-sectional survey study.

Performance of the electromagnetic and hadronic prototype segments of the ALICE Forward Calorimeter

We present the performance of a full-length prototype of the ALICE Forward Calorimeter (FoCal). The detector is composed of a silicon-tungsten electromagnetic sampling calorimeter with longitudinal and transverse segmentation (FoCal-E) of about 20X 0 and a hadronic copper-scintillating-fiber calorimeter (FoCal-H) of about 5λ int. The data were taken in various test beam campaigns between 2021 and 2023 at the CERN PS and SPS beam lines with hadron beams up to energies of 350 GeV, and electron beams up to 300 GeV. Regarding FoCal-E, we report a comprehensive analysis of its response to minimum ionizing particles across all pad layers, employing various operational modes including different pre-amplifier and bias voltage settings. The longitudinal shower profile of electromagnetic showers is measured with a layer-wise segmentation of 1X 0. As a projection to the performance of the final detector in electromagnetic showers, we demonstrate linearity in the full energy range, and show that the energy resolution fulfills the requirements for the physics needs. Additionally, the performance to separate two-showers events was studied by quantifying the transverse shower width. Regarding FoCal-H, we report a detailed analysis of the response to hadron beams between 60 and 350 GeV. The results are compared to simulations obtained with a Geant4 model of the test beam setup, which in particular for FoCal-E are in good agreement with the data. The energy resolution of FoCal-E was found to be lower than 3% at energies larger than 100 GeV. The response of FoCal-H to hadron beams was found to be linear, albeit with a significant intercept that is about factor 2 larger than in simulations. Its resolution, which is non-Gaussian and generally larger than in simulations, was quantified using the FWHM, and decreases from about 16% at 100 GeV to about 11% at 350 GeV. The discrepancy to simulations, which is particularly evident at low hadron energies, needs to be further investigated.

Changes in functional characteristics of heel fat pad with age

BackgroundThis study aimed to investigate age-related changes in the heel fat pad's microchamber and macrochamber layers, particularly focusing on load-induced alterations. Understanding these changes is crucial for elucidating age-related differences in foot mechanics and their potential implications for mobility and comfort. MethodsFifty-five healthy individuals were divided into three age groups: young adults (≤29 years), middle-aged adults (30–44 years), and elderly individuals (≥45 years). Ultrasonic imaging was utilized to measure the thickness of the heel fat pad's microchamber and macrochamber layers under varying load conditions. Thickness, percentage changes, and ratios of load-induced thickness changes were calculated to assess age-related differences. FindingsUnder no-load conditions, both microchamber and macrochamber layers of the heel fat pad were significantly thicker in middle-aged and elderly individuals than in young adults. When load was applied middle-aged and elderly participants exhibited smaller changes in the macrochamber layer and larger changes in the microchamber layer compared to young adults. InterpretationOur findings suggest that age influences the structural characteristics and response of the heel fat pad to mechanical loading. Thicker heel fat pad layers in middle-aged and elderly individuals under no-load conditions may reflect age-related changes in fat distribution or composition. Moreover, differences in load-induced thickness changes indicate altered mechanical properties with age, potentially affecting shock absorption and overall foot function. Understanding these age-related variations can help develop interventions aimed at preserving foot health and mobility across the lifespan.

Shake table tests on a rigid block isolated with high-damping unbonded fiber-reinforced elastomeric isolators

Fiber-reinforced elastomeric isolators (FREIs) represent a relatively recent type of elastomeric device. In contrast to traditional steel-reinforced elastomeric isolators (SREIs), FREIs are constructed with multiple layers of rubber pads and fiber layers instead of steel laminas. This choice is aimed at cost reduction during the manufacturing and installation process. To enhance cost-efficiency, FREIs can also be used in unbonded applications (UFREIs), where the device is placed between the foundation and the superstructure without bonding or fastening. This approach helps to further minimize installation expenses. Furthermore, the lateral rollover deformation, a characteristic feature of this configuration, improves energy dissipation. This study investigates the seismic isolation capabilities of high-damping unbonded FREIs for low-rise masonry buildings. Specifically, unidirectional cyclic and shake table tests of a rigid block isolated with two UFREIs are discussed. The primary goals of this experimental study include evaluating the effectiveness of UFREIs in reducing seismic demands, analyzing the response of UFREIs under unidirectional ground-motion excitation, confirming the ability of UFREIs to withstand major unidirectional excitation without sustaining damage, and exploring the limitations of this isolation system under a range of seismic inputs and low axial loads.

Functional Morphologic Changes of the Heel Fat Pad and Plantar Fascia in Patients With Heel Pain During Weightbearing and Nonweightbearing.

This study aimed to investigate the thickness changes of the heel fat pad and the plantar fascia associated with loading and unloading in healthy individuals and patients with heel pain and reveal the differences between them. The study included adult male participants with (n = 9) and without (n = 26) heel pain. The participants placed their right foot on an evaluation apparatus with a polymethylpentene resin board (PMP), while their left foot was positioned on a weighing scale used to adjust the loading weight. The heel fat pad was differentiated into superficial Microchamber and deep Macrochamber layers. These layers and plantar fascia thickness were measured using an ultrasonographic imaging device at loading phase ranging from 0% to 100% of their body weight and unloading phase from 100% to 0%. Additionally, the study examined the thickness change ratios of the superficial and deep heel fat pad layers when the load increased from 0% (unload) to 100% (full load). In healthy individuals and patients with heel pain, no significant thickness changes were observed in the Microchamber layer of the heel fat pad or the plantar fascia during loading and unloading evaluations. However, significant thickness changes were observed in the Macrochamber layer of the heel fat pad, and the pattern of change differed between the loading and unloading phases. Additionally, patients with heel pain showed differences in the thickness change and thickness change ratios of the microchamber and macrochamber layers of the heel fat pad during both loading and unloading phases. The thickness of the plantar fascia did not show significant differences between both groups. Compared with healthy individuals, in our relatively small study, patients with heel pain had greater deep fat pad compression in loading and less recovery after load removal. This finding suggests that these patients have different intrinsic fat pad function and related morphology than those without heel pain. Level III, retrospective cohort study.

Preparation of super-amphiphilic waterborne polyurethane diversion mesh coatings with diversion properties and their excellent preservation properties on L. japonicus fillets

To isolate the exudates from food and reduce the secondary pollution of the exudates during transport and storage, a conductive coating with super-amphiphobic properties was constructed. A series of waterborne polyurethane (WPU) mesh coatings with different hydrophobic and oleophobic properties were prepared by impregnation method using diatomite (DE) particles and kaolin (K) particles to construct rough structure, using 1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-perfluorooctane trichlorosilane (PFOTS) to reduce the surface energy. They were characterized and their properties were measured. The modified K/WPU mesh coating (mK/WPU mesh coating) surface shows super-amphiphobic with micro-nano structure. Moreover, the super-amphiphobic mK/WPU mesh coating shows the best conductivity in the same water absorption medium. When the coatings were used as the diversion layer of the preservation pad, they can delay the decrease of sensory score and WHC, and the increases of TVC, pH, TBA and TVB-N of L. japonicus fillets. Meanwhile, it can delay the color changes and texture deterioration of the fish fillets. Among them, the mK/WPU mesh coating preservation pad has the best preservation properties that could extend the shelf life of refrigerated L. japonicus fillets 5 d–10 d, and has application potential.

Compression Property of TPEE-3D Fibrous Material and Its Application in Mattress Structural Layer.

Thermoplastic poly(ether/ester) elastomer (TPEE) has great potential as a mattress material due to its high resilience, breathability, and light weight. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of TPEE-3D fibrous material (T3DF), a three-dimensional block material made of TPEE fibers randomly aligned and loop-connected, for mattress application. After testing the compression properties of T3DF, the effects of T3DF structural layers on mattress firmness were investigated. The results showed that T3DF had good energy absorption capacity, broad indentation hardness range (126.94-333.82 N), and high compression deflection coefficient (2.79-4.39). The thickness and density of T3DF were the main factors influencing mattress firmness, and the impact of thickness was more significant (p < 0.05). Owing to the hard and soft segments contained in TPEE, T3DF could be used for both the padding and core layers of the mattress. The hardness value and Dsurface of the mattress with a T3DF padding layer increased with T3DF density but decreased with T3DF thickness. Moreover, the hardness value and Dsurface of the mattress with a T3DF core layer increased with T3DF density, while with T3DF thickness, its Dsurface increased and Dbottom decreased. Therefore, the thick and low-density T3DF padding layer could improve the comfort of the mattress surface, a thin T3DF core layer could satisfy both the softer surface and the firmer bottom of the mattress.

A "Test-to-Treat" Pad for Real-Time Visual Monitoring of Bacterial Infection and On-Site Performing Smart Therapy Strategies.

Skin infections are major threats to human health, causing ∼500 incidences per 10 000 person-year. In patients with diabetes mellitus, particularly, skin infections are often accompanied by a slow healing process, amputation, and even death. Timely diagnosis of skin infection strains and on-site therapy are vital in human health and safety. Herein, a double-layered "test-to-treat" pad is developed for the visual monitoring and selective treatment of drug-sensitive (DS)/drug-resistant (DR) bacterial infections. The inner layer (using carrageenan hydrogel as a scaffold) is loaded with bacteria indicators and an acid-responsive drug (Fe-carbenicillin frameworks) for infection detection and DS bacteria inactivation. The outer layer is a mechanoluminescence material (ML, CaZnOS:Mn2+) and visible-light responsive photocatalyst (Pt@TiO2) incorporated elastic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). On the basis of the colorimetric sensing result (yellow for DS-bacterial infection and red for DR-bacterial infection), a suitable antibacterial strategy is guided and then performed. Two available bactericidal routes provided by double pad layers reflect the advantage. The controllable and effective killing of DR bacteria is realized by in situ generated reactive oxygen species (ROSs) from the combination of Pt@TiO2 and ML under mechanical force, avoiding physical light sources and alleviating off-target side effects of ROS in biomedical therapy. As a proof-of-concept, the "test-to-treat" pad is applied as a wearable wound dressing for sensing and selectively dealing with DS/DR bacterial infections in vitro and in vivo. This multifunctional design effectively reduces antibiotic abuse and accelerates wound healing, providing an innovative and promising Band-Aid strategy in point-of-care diagnosis and therapy.

Fourier-Net: Fast Image Registration with Band-Limited Deformation

Unsupervised image registration commonly adopts U-Net style networks to predict dense displacement fields in the full-resolution spatial domain. For high-resolution volumetric image data, this process is however resource-intensive and time-consuming. To tackle this problem, we propose the Fourier-Net, replacing the expansive path in a U-Net style network with a parameter-free model-driven decoder. Specifically, instead of our Fourier-Net learning to output a full-resolution displacement field in the spatial domain, we learn its low-dimensional representation in a band-limited Fourier domain. This representation is then decoded by our devised model-driven decoder (consisting of a zero padding layer and an inverse discrete Fourier transform layer) to the dense, full-resolution displacement field in the spatial domain. These changes allow our unsupervised Fourier-Net to contain fewer parameters and computational operations, resulting in faster inference speeds. Fourier-Net is then evaluated on two public 3D brain datasets against various state-of-the-art approaches. For example, when compared to a recent transformer-based method, named TransMorph, our Fourier-Net, which only uses 2.2% of its parameters and 6.66% of the multiply-add operations, achieves a 0.5% higher Dice score and an 11.48 times faster inference speed. Code is available at https://github.com/xi-jia/Fourier-Net.

Performances of green velvet material (PLON) used in upholstered furniture

Green Velvet Material (PLON), which is prepared from polyester slices, has been called a green material based on its ester composition, its ability to be degraded, and the possibility of recovering the value of used material by reprocessing. PLON is expected to be used as a material for the padding layer of upholstered furniture. This paper presented a comparative study of traditional flexible polyurethane foam and Green Velvet Material as the upholstered furniture’s padding layer. The compression mechanical properties of Green Velvet Material and flexible polyurethane foam, such as indentation force deflection, support performance, compression set, and resilience property, were analyzed. The results showed that Green Velvet Material had lower surface hardness and higher comfort compared to flexible polyurethane foam. In terms of resilience, both high-density and low-density Green Velvet Material performed better than the foam control group, but Green Velvet Material had a poorer ability to regain its shape after prolonged pressure. The 30 kg/m3 density Green Velvet Material was the closest to the compression and resilience properties of flexible polyurethane foam. The conclusions provide theoretical data for the effective and reasonable application of Green Velvet Material in upholstered furniture.

75‐4: Research on Surface Protective Layer of Cu Pad to Improve Welding Capability for MLED

In this paper, by adding Cu alloy or Ni‐Au layer to Cu pad surface reduced the occurrence of pseudo welding and improve the rework strength and promoted the product stability and reliability.

32‐1: Invited Paper: A Mask‐Reduction Process With Innovative Undercut for Large Size AMOLED Display

We propose a mask reduction process using triple‐metal TFT source‐drain layers by removing the protective pad layer. In this process flow, an innovative undercut structure is fabricated, which could successfully contact the auxiliary electrodes with topemission OLED cathode to reduce IR‐drop in large size AMOLED display.

A shake table investigation on low-cost seismic isolation using unbonded scrap tyre pad isolators

Seismic isolation is an effective strategy to mitigate the effect of earthquake on structures. Conventional seismic isolation is still inaccessible to developing countries as it is expensive. Scrap tyres have been identified to be suitable for use as base isolators. It is also a challenge to recycle, reuse and effectively dispose this rapidly accumulating waste material without harming the environment as it is heavy, thick and made up of multiple materials. In this paper, the effectiveness of using scrap tyre pads for base isolation is investigated. Scrap tyres of size 175/65/R14 are considered in the study. The tread portion of the scrap tyre is cut into pads of definite size and shape and arranged one above the other to form the isolator. The scrap tyre pads which contain both rubber and intervening steel cords make it vertically stiff and laterally flexible which will in turn reduce the cost of the system as they do not require additional materials for enhancing the stiffness properties. The application without steel end plates further reduces the cost and hence suitable as a low-cost seismic protection system for developing countries. In the present study square shaped unbonded scrap tyre pad isolators of three configurations using 4, 6 and 8 layers of scrap tyre pads are considered. Initially, the dynamic horizontal stiffness of different configurations of scrap tyre pad isolators is estimated using a shake table test on a system consisting of a set of rectangular plates supported by 4 isolators at the corners of the base plate. A shake table test is also conducted on a three storied scaled building frame model supported on four isolators at the four corners of the base of the model. All the isolators are found to be effective in shifting the fundamental time period of the frame. Finite element analysis on isolators with 4, 6, 8 and 10 layers are also carried out to determine the effect of vertical pressure on the fundamental frequency and dynamic stiffness of isolator systems.

Prototype electronics for the silicon pad layers of the future Forward Calorimeter (FoCal) of the ALICE experiment at the LHC

A Forward Calorimeter (FoCal) has been proposed as part of the ALICE upgrades for data taking from 2029 onwards. The FoCal will feature a sampling electromagnetic calorimeter segmented into 110 towers supplemented by a hadron calorimeter. The electromagnetic calorimeter will be composed of 20 passive layers of tungsten absorber interleaved with 18 active layers of low-granularity silicon pad sensors and two layers of high-granularity pixel detectors. Each pad layer will be read out by 110 silicon pad sensors of 72 channels, amounting to a total of 1980 sensors.This paper describes, from front-end to back-end, the electronics developed to instrument a towerprototype composed of 18 silicon pad sensors as well as a design proposal for the full-detectorreadout system.

Performance of a resistive micro-well detector with capacitive-sharing strip anode readout

The present study is carried out to demonstrate a new type of high-performance readout structure with low readout channel count developed for large-area micro pattern gaseous detectors. The structure exploits capacitive coupling between a vertical stack of 5 μ m thick copper pad layers sandwiched between 50 μ m thick polyimide foils to simultaneously transfer and spread the avalanche charges from the gaseous detector’s amplification structure to several strips or pads in the anode readout plane. The unique feature of the lateral spread of the avalanche charge size on several readout strips or pads is possible owing to well-defined configuration and sizes of the pads in layers of the vertical stack. This is known as a “capacitive-sharing” readout structure and this opens the door for high spatial resolution performance with low readout channel counts for large-area Micro Pattern Gaseous Detectors. Capacitive-sharing readout structures are fabricated using standard printed circuits boards manufacturing process. The concept is highly versatile as it can easily be implemented in any type of Micro Pattern Gaseous Detector’s amplification structure (Gas Electron Multipliers, micro-mesh gaseous structures, resistive micro-well detectors) and with a wide range of readout patterns (pads, strips, zigzags etc.). The technology also has a high degree of flexibility in terms of readout segmentation (pads or strip) pitch, with minimum impact on spatial resolution performances. The present study provides a detailed description of the capacitive-sharing readout concept and discusses a small resistive micro-well detectors prototype assembled with a two-dimensional capacitive-sharing strip readout structure as a proof of concept and with strip pitch of 800 μ m in both X and Y direction. The prototype was characterized in electron beam in the Hall D Beam Test setup at Jefferson Lab and a spatial resolution of (60 ± 1) μ m was achieved for both X and Y strips with an efficiency of (98.0 ± 0.9) % at the plateau and a signal arrival time jitter between neighboring strips less (6.00 ± 0.04) ns. Finally, we explore new ideas to expand the concept of capacitive-sharing readout structures to large particle detectors for future large scale particle physics experiments.

Design and characterisation of a new FoCal-E prototype for ALICE experiment

The FoCal-E detector is a part of the FoCal detector aiming to provide unique capabilities to measure small-x gluon distributions via prompt photon production. It represents an upgrade to the ALICE experiment, and will be installed during LS3 for data taking in 2029–2032 at the LHC. This detector is composed of a silicon and tungsten sampling calorimeter hybrid design combining two different Si (Silicon) readout technologies: Pad layers and Pixel layers. In this paper, we focus on the development of readout electronics, the concept of its design and the solution proposed to solve the grounding issue encountered during the first SPS test beam at CERN in September 2021.

Development of CNN-LSTM combinational architecture for COVID-19 detection.

The world has been under extreme pressure due to the spread of the coronavirus. The urgency to eradicate the virus has caused distress amongst civilians and medical agencies to an equal extent. Due to anomalies observed in the results from reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) tests, more reliable options like computed tomography (CT) scan-based tests are being researched upon. In this paper, a novel combinational architecture is built upon the principles of Convolution Neural Networks (CNN) and Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) Networks to detect COVID-19 virus. This method uses chest X-ray images as inputs to combinational architecture for the classification of samples. The CNN part of the network will be used to extract features that help in the classification, and the LSTM part will be used for classification based on the extracted features. A total of 8 convolutional layers and 4 pooling layers are used for CNN and 4 LSTM layers of 64 and 128 cells respectively. Instead of the sigmoid function, a rectified linear unit function is used as an activation function. This provides non-linearity to the CNN and better accuracies in comparison. The proposed model employs a padding layer to prevent the loss of information. Accuracy, loss, F1 score, and Matthew's Correlation Coefficient (MCC) are calculated to analyse the effectiveness of the proposed architecture. The proposed model is validated using a relatively larger dataset of 7292 images. The combinational architecture provides a more informative and truthful result in the evaluation of classification as it caters to both the size of positive elements and negative elements in the dataset. The proposed CNN-LSTM model gives an accuracy of 98.91% and an MCC value of 97.84% respectively. The model is also compared with models employing transfer learning methods for similar applications.

Physics Informed Neural Networks (PINN) for Low Snr Magnetic Resonance Electrical Properties Tomography (MREPT).

Electrical properties (EPs) of tissues facilitate early detection of cancerous tissues. Magnetic resonance electrical properties tomography (MREPT) is a technique to non-invasively probe the EPs of tissues from MRI measurements. Most MREPT methods rely on numerical differentiation (ND) to solve partial differential Equations (PDEs) to reconstruct the EPs. However, they are not practical for clinical data because ND is noise sensitive and the MRI measurements for MREPT are noisy in nature. Recently, Physics informed neural networks (PINNs) have been introduced to solve PDEs by substituting ND with automatic differentiation (AD). To the best of our knowledge, it has not been applied to MREPT due to the challenges in using PINN on MREPT as (i) a PINN requires part of ground-truth EPs as collocation points to optimize the network's AD, (ii) the noisy input data disrupts the optimization of PINNs despite the noise-filtering nature of NNs and additional denoising processes. In this work, we propose a PINN-MREPT model based on a canonical analytic MREPT model. A reference padding layer with known EPs was added to surround the region of interest for providing additive collocation points. Moreover, an optimizable diffusion coefficient was embedded in the analytic MREPT model used in the PINN-MREPT. The noise robustness of the proposed PINN-MREPT for single-sample reconstruction was tested by using numerical phantoms of human brain with extra tumor-like tissues at different noise levels. The results of numerical experiments show that PINN-MREPT outperforms two typical numerical MREPT methods in terms of reconstruction accuracy, sensitivity to the extra tissues, and the correlations of line profiles in the regions of interest. The advantage of the PINN-MREPT is shown by the results of an experiment on phantom measurement, too. Moreover, it is found that the diffusion term plays an important role to achieve a noise-robust PINN-MREPT. This is an important step moving forward to a clinical application of MREPT.