Layer Of Loose Connective Tissue Research Articles

Effect of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) and luteinizing hormone releasing hormone A3 (LHRH-A3) on reproduction and development of brood pouch in Hippocampus erectus

Syngnathid fishes (seahorses and pipefish) are unique in reproduction, with males becoming pregnant and giving birth. The brood pouch provides osmoregulation, gas exchange, waste transport, immunoprotection and nutrition supply. However, the function of hormone trafficking is rarely studied. By injecting the mixture liquor of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG, 2 IU/g) and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone A3 (LHRH-A3, 5 ng/g) into the brood pouch of Hippocampus erectus, we found the reproductive interactions accelerated dramatically, and 4 pairs were successfully mated. After 24 h, the inner epithelium was highly folded and the loose connective tissue layer was highly distended. In the inner tissue layer of the brood pouch, fibroblasts secreted vigorously, blood vessels multiplied and expanded, indicating the physiological structure of the brood pouch modified hastily from the unpregnant stage to the progravid phase. Correspondingly, transcriptome results revealed the gene expression of circadian, epitheliogenesis, angiogenesis, lipid transfer, and spermiogenesis were significantly up-regulated. We innovatively found that macromolecule exogenous hormone (HCG) can be not only efficiently transported from brood pouch to body, but also promote mating and the physiological changes of the brood pouch.

The Effect of Food Type on the Anatomical and Histological Structure of the Canary (Serinus canaria) and White-eared Bulbul (Pycnonotus leucotis) Small Intestine

Objective: A comparative study of the histomorphological structure of the wall of the small intestine of the canary (Serinus canaria) and white-eared bulbul (Pycnonotus leucotis). Methodology: Five healthy birds from the canary and white-eared bulbul. All birds were euthanized and dissected, and histological staining procedures were used on the specimens. Result: Bulbul's intestine length-to-body length and intestinal weight-to-body weight ratios were higher than a canary's. According to morphological studies, the small intestine is divided into three sections (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum). The duodenum was the same in both birds. The jejunum of bulbul is structured into short and wide segments that run caudally, and in canary, it forms a cone-shaped mass with outer centripetal and inner centrifugal turns, and the ileum is short in both birds. Histologically, the small intestine was lined by simple columnar cells and goblet cells. At the same time, the muscular mucosa of the duodenum is made up of two thick layers of smooth muscle that are divided into inner circular and outer longitudinal bundles; the submucosa was a loose connective tissue layer that was thick, tunica serosa appeared as a thin layer of loose connective tissue on the areolar surface. Keywords: canary, white-eared bulbul, small intestine, morphology, histology.

METHODS AND RESULTS OF STUDYING THE STRUCTURE AND TINCTORIAL PROPERTIES OF CATGUT THREAD

Suture material used in abdominal surgery must have more or less antigenic properties so that during wound healing it could be destroyed by an immune response to rejection, which is known to involve cytotoxic T-lymphocytes and macrophages. This, in turn, can lead to the development of aseptic peritonitis. Therefore, while planning an experimental simulation of aseptic peritonitis, we decided to use catgut thread as an antigenic stimulation of the local immune system. The aim of our research was to study the morphological criteria of the microscopic structure and tinctorial properties of catgut thread. The material of the research was the sterile catgut thread sized 2/0, 0.3 mm thick, of equal lengths, which we twisted arbitrarily into flat compact globules occupying an area of approximately 1 cm2. In order to carry out a histological examination, some catgut globules were subjected to total staining with a hematoxylineosin solution and subsequent embedding of these globules in a paraffin block and making appropriate sections from it. The other half of the catgut globules were studied using the method of epoxy plastination with the production of grinds with staining by a 1% solution of methylene blue on a 1% borax and without any staining. After the total staining of the catgut globules with a hematoxylin-eosin solution, a clear acidophilic reaction was revealed, which was manifested in the intense pink color. Catgut thread has a non-uniform fibrous structure, in which dark streaks stand out, dividing it into a series of longitudinal, lighter, layered fascicles, which consist of a dense collection of thin fibrillar elements. These fibrillar elements are orderly fascicles of collagen fibers, while the dark streaks are layers of loose fibrous connective tissue. These structures can objectively be indicative of morphological criteria in the microscopic analysis of destructive changes of a catgut implant in the peritoneal cavity in an experimental animal.

MICRO- AND ULTRAMICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF THE LEFT ATRIA-VENTRICULAR VALVULAR APPARATUS IN HUMAN AT THE MATURE AGE IN NORM

This article presents the morphological characteristics of the mitral valve of a normal heart of an adult at a mature age.The purpose of our investigation is to find out the peculiarities of the morphology of the structural components of the mitral valve apparatus of the heart of a person of mature age in the norm.Material and methods. The study was performed on 32 preparations of mitral valves of adult human hearts. A complex of morphological research methods was used: methods of light and electron microscopy, histochemical method.Results. With the use of a complex of morphological research methods, a study of the structural components of the mitral valve apparatus of a normal mature person was carried out and their histoarchitectonics was established at the micro- and sub-microscopic levels.Conclusions. The leaflets of the mitral valve are connective tissue plates covered with a single-layer flat epithelium - endothelium. The leaflets are formed by fibrous connective tissue of different density, as a result of which three layers are identified: spongy, fibrous and ventricular. Typical chordae tendineae in the form of connective tissue threads extend from the papillary muscles to the leaflets of the mitral valve and attach to their ventricular surface. The skeleton of chordae tendinea is formed by dense fibrous connective tissue. Striated cardiac muscle tissue is found in some chordae tendinea in the areas on the side of the papillary muscles. The papillary muscles are formed by the working fibers of cardiomyocytes, which form a kind of network due to branches and anastomoses. The working fibers of cardiomyocytes are accompanied by layers of loose fibrous connective tissue, which includes a large number of blood vessels.

Microstructural analysis of frozen and salted fish and seafood meat

To evaluate the quality and safety of fish and seafood meat, along with generally accepted methods, new histological research methods are used, which allow establishing microscopic changes in fresh, spoiled, and canned foods. The purpose of this study is to examine the microscopic structure of salted fish meat (Herring, Pollock) and seafood (squid, mussels) by freezing. It was confirmed that fish meat is composed of skeletal muscle, fibrous connective (endo- , perimysium) tissues with blood, lymphatic vessels, and nerves. Muscle tissue fibres have the appearance of cylindrical formations, with well-defined transverse striation and numerous nuclei. The basis of seafood meat is smooth muscle tissue with layers of loose fibrous connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerve fibres. Smooth muscle cells are fusiform in shape, without transverse striation and with a single nucleus. During freezing of fish meat at a temperature of -18ºС, ice crystals are small and well-defined in the endo- and perimysium, and at a temperature of -23ºС – in muscle fibres. When fish is re-frozen, large ice crystals form in both the muscle fibres and the endomysium and perimysium of the muscles, the muscle fibres are fragmented and have cracks. In frozen seafood meat, there is a deformation of bundles of smooth muscle cells and their fragmentation. During the salting of fish meat, in the dehydration phase, a decrease in the diameter of muscle fibres and the width of the endo- and perimysium is noted, the transverse striation and nuclei of muscle fibres are well expressed, and in the dehydration phase, the reverse processes occur. Meanwhile, the fibres become straight with cracks and crevices, and graininess is noticeable in the endomysium and perimysium. Based on the results obtained, it is possible to evaluate the microstructure of frozen and salted fish and seafood meat, which is important when monitoring the suitability of food products for consumers

Histological structure and evaluation of cellular layers of Large intestine in Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus)

The Aim of this study is to determine the histological structure in the wall layers of large intestine of guinea pig. The cecum and colon was characterized by a delicate lining that is moisturized by mucus and also by a gel that is a by-product of bacterial fermentation. This study was performed on the cecum and ascending and descending colon in five health animals. The cecum and colon wall was composed of four tunicae (mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and serosa, the tunica mucosa consist of epithelium, lamina propria and muscularis mucosa. The colon lumen lined by simple columnar epithelium with prominent goblet cells. The epithelial surface of the colon is covered by the openings of tubular intestinal glands which penetrate deep into the thick mucosa. The glands consist of absorptive cells that absorb water and salt, goblet cells were secrete the mucus, and scattered Paneth cells. Crypts of Lie beckon (intestinal glands) are a simple tubular glands is observe in most mammals, which extending from the muscularis mucosa through the thickness of the lamina propria and they open into the intestinal lumen. Muscularis mucosa, consisted of very thin two layers of inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscles, the greater thickness of the muscularis mucosa was in the adult type and the submucosa was consists of dense a irregular connective tissue. The muscular layer is consists of internal circular and external longitudinal layers of smooth muscles, which mean their thickness is decreased toward the last parts. Thus, the serous coat is a thin layer of loose connective tissue, the thickness was decreases toward the last parts.

Gastrointestinal: A wandering pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

A 79-year-old woman was referred to our hospital complaining of upper abdominal pain. She had no history of diabetes mellitus or other malignant diseases. Blood analysis showed no atypical findings other than elevated levels of CEA and Dupan-2. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) showed a 50 × 40-mm mass with poor contrast and irregular margins in the head of the pancreas (Fig. 1). Invasion into the superior mesenteric artery and portal vein was also evident. Histopathological examination of a specimen from endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration revealed adenocarcinoma. We diagnosed the mass as locally advanced unresectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma, and decided to perform chemoradiotherapy in order to help control the cancer and slow down its growth. To design radiotherapy, we performed CT on inhalation and free-breathing. The pancreatic mass was on the right side of the spine on inhalation, but surprisingly appeared on the left side of the spine on free-breathing (Fig. 2). We administered radiation at 1.8 Gy/day with fixation of the mass using a body shell and also administered gemcitabine. On day 8 after therapy, the patient developed multiple cerebral infarctions associated with Trousseau syndrome. She subsequently received best supportive care. In general, pancreatic masses have been considered immovable, because the pancreas is fixed to the retroperitoneum with the duodenum. The anterior surface of the pancreas is covered by parietal peritoneum and the inferior border abuts the root of the transverse mesocolon. A loose connective tissue layer, known as the fusion fascia of Treitz in the region of the head of the pancreas and as the fusion fascia of Told in the region of the body and tail, is coherent with the posterior of the pancreas. Some reports have pointed out that the pancreas can change position in some patients, particularly women. However, few reports in the English literature have described a wandering pancreatic mass. A case of wandering neuroendocrine tumor of the head of the pancreas has been reported, involving an encapsulated mass. In that case, CT showed a shift of the large mass in the pancreas from the right to the left side of the aorta. However, wandering pancreatic adenocarcinoma has not previously been reported. Malrotated pancreas or pancreatic volvulus has been reported with wandering spleen as a very rare clinical entity, but the present case demonstrated no clinical complications, such as mobile spleen or other abdominal organs. In our case, acquired pancreatic mobilization due to tissue weakening was speculated as the cause of motility. Pancreatic carcinoma should also be considered among the differential diagnoses for mobile abdominal mass.

MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF THE PANCREAS IN THE THIRD TRIMESTER OF INTRACTUAL DEVELOPMENT

In the third trimester of fetal development, the software continues to increase signifi cantly in weight. The organ has already undergone the formation of the architecture of a complex alveolar- tubular gland, but the processes of morphofunctional diff erentiation of both the stromal- vascular component and the parenchyma of the pancreas are still ongoing. Particularly active in this period is the process of diff erentiation in the cells of the exocrine and endocrine parts of the parenchyma of the pancreas. We used 30 human objects from 305.0 mm to 500.0 mm of parietal-heel length. On histological preparations of PZ at their staining with hematoxylin and eosin, the already formed particle structure is clearly observed. The capsule is thin and dense, represented by connective tissue. Among its connective tissue structures, in comparison with the early fetal period of embryogenesis, the number of collagen fi bers increases signifi cantly. There are no mesenchymal cells among the stroma cells, but the number of specialized fi broblastic cells is increasing: young and mature fi broblasts with the appearance of single fi brocytes. From the inner surface of the capsule in the thickness of the organ depart trabeculae, similar to the capsule of histological structure. There is a large number of vessels in the connective tissue of the trabeculae. The thickness of the interparticle connective tissue between the already formed particles of the software, compared with the previous term, decreases signifi cantly, and the overall size of the particles themselves increases accordingly. In the interparticle connective tissue are blood and lymphatic vessels of the body with the main duct of the pancreas and interparticle excretory ducts. The main duct of the pancreas is externally surrounded by a massive layer of loose connective tissue, which increases the number of collagen and elastic fi bers and fi broblastic cells. In the thickness of the loose connective tissue of its own plate there are single, already formed, secretory departments of the mucous glands. In fetuses from 28-32 weeks of gestation, the secretion of mucous secretions is already observed and gradually begin to perform their secretory function I-cells. Vessels entwine a dense network of all structural and functional components of the lobe. Theinterparticle ducts branching give rise to rather short intraparticle ducts, which in turn give rise to interacinous. Inlet ducts are a continuation of interacinous ducts. The connection of the pancreatic acini with the insertion ducts gives rise to the entire system of excretory ducts of the exocrine part of the pancreas. The vast majority of the islets of Langerhans are observed in the head of the software, towards the tail, their number and size are gradually decreasing. By the end of the prenatal period of ontogenesis, the pancreas, as an organ of the digestive system, begins to perform its specifi c functions. However, in full its morphofunctional formation does not end and continues it in the postnatal period.

HISTOLOGICAL AND HISTOMETRIC FEATURES OF THE LARGE INTESTINE IN THE BRONZE TURKEY (MELEAGRIS GALLOPAVO)

The focus of the investigation was to study the large intestine (both ceca and rectum) of the bronze turkey using Hematoxylin/Eosin staining. Fifty-four clinically healthy Bronze Turkeys from state forestry Mazalat were separated into 27 female and 27 male birds. We used 9 age groups (one-day, 7-day, 14-day, 28-day, 35-day, 49-day, 56-day, 90-day, and 120-day). There were six turkeys in every group. The intestinal segments in all of the studied groups were composed of tunica mucosa, tela submucosa, tunica muscularis and tunica serosa. Tunica mucosa is comprised of lamina epithelialis mucosae covering a fine layer of loose connective tissue (lamina propria mucosae). Both tissue layers formed well expressed mucosal folds. The surface covering epithelium was presented by columnar cells and goblet cells. Tunica submucosa was less developed compared to the other layers of the wall. It was vascularized. Tunica muscularis had two sublayers – the inner was circular and the outer was longitudinal. Tunica serosa was the outermost layer supported by dense connective tissue. Villi intetsinales were well developed in both ceca and rectum.

Iatrogenic subcutaneous emphysema – A case report

Subcutaneous tissue emphysema in general terms is defined as an abnormal presence of air under pressure, along or between fascial planes. A sudden blast of air, during an ongoing endodontic treatment or an endodontic surgery can sometimes cause movement of this air through the loose connective tissue layers to distant areas. In case of occurrence of emphysema, the condition should be carefully examined as the entire diagnosis is based merely on clinical examination. The clinician should be aware of the common causes, characteristic diagnostic features, possible complications and the management of the condition. This entrapped air in some cases is self healing and in some cases can lead to serious complications and death. The case report described is a successful management of unintentional and unfortunate tissue emphysema. The case report also emphasis on the importance of timely and accurate diagnosis of the condition.

Features of the microscopic structure of the adrenal gland of geese

The study of the morphology of the adrenal gland of birds is one of the most critical issues of modern biology and veterinary medicine cause its solution contributes to the scientific justification of technologies for rearing, using, and treating birds. The work aims to clarify the features of the microscopic structure of the adrenal gland of geese. As a peripheral organ of the endocrine system, the adrenal gland affects the growth and differentiation of tissues, regulates water, protein, carbohydrate, fat, and mineral metabolism, the body's resistance to infections, intoxication, stress, and other factors. During research were used histological indagation methods. It was found that blood vessels, clusters of nerve cells are registered in the capsule of the adrenal gland of geese. Nodes of the sympathetic nervous system are registered outside it. Connective tissue septa with hemocapillaries extend from the capsule to the adrenal parenchyma, which is represented by intertwined cell strands of interrenal and suprarenal tissues. The narrow spaces between these cell strands are filled with layers of loose fibrous connective tissue with sinusoidal hemocapillaries and venous sinuses. The subcapsular layer, peripheral and central zones are recorded on the incision of the adrenal gland. The adrenal vein is localized in the central zone. The subcapsular zone is mainly represented by cells of suprarenal tissue, the peripheral and central zone – by cells of interrenal tissue. Suprarenal tissue cells have a polygonal shape, basophilic cytoplasm, and a rounded, centrally located nucleus. Cells of interrenal tissue are columnar or cubic, have eosinophilic colored cytoplasm, a round or oval nucleus placed eccentrically. Venous sinuses are localized in the central and peripheral zones of the adrenal gland. Their wall is thin, formed by flat endotheliocytes, bounded by groups of cells of interrenal and suprarenal tissues. As a result, established microscopic structural features of the adrenal gland of geese can be used to formulate the base of its typical morphological characteristics, which give a possibility to assess the Morpho-functional essential state of the bird adrenal gland of this species by the influence of various factors and pathologies, in perspective of following researches – the exploration of morphometric parameters of the structural components of the adrenal gland of geese.

​The Histopathology of Alimentary Canal of Stinging Catfish Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch, 1794), Susceptible for Trematodes Incursion

Background: Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch, 1794) is one of the popular freshwater fish known for its food quality and nutritional value. This study was undertaken with an aim to find out histopathological changes in the intestine of freshwater fish Heteropneustes fossilis, host of trematode parasite Masenia vittatusia Agarwal, 1963. Methods: The intestine of uninfected fish used to determine normal anatomy, while infected intestine to determine pathological changes. The normal histological procedure was followed, which included fixing, rinsing, dehydrating and embedding of tissue. Tissue was cut in 4-6 µm thick sections using a rotary microtome. Haematoxylin and eosin stains were used. Result: The highest damage was observed in the mucosal layer with ruptured and fused microvilli, hyperplasia of villi, damaged columnar epithelium layer and spread of loose connective tissue into the lumen. Other degenerative modifications included hypertrophy of blood vessels in mucosa and muscularis part, some of them ruptured might be the cause of haemorrhage inside the layers. Other changes include variation in the routine shape of all three layers. The mucosal layer showed aggregation of lymphocytes and mast cells as well.

Microscopic and ultramicroscopic structure of typical chordae tendineae of the human’s left ventricle bicuspid valve

Objective – to determine the features of the micro- and submicroscopic structure of typical chordae tendineae of the mitral valve of the human heart.Materials and methods. This study was made on preparations of 35 human hearts, in particular the chordae tendineae of the bicuspid valves of the left ventricles of children and people of early and middle adulthood using the methods of light and electron microscopy.Results. The study of typical chordae tendineae of the mitral valve leaflets was made using the microscopic method and the method of electron microscopy. The areas where the chordae tendineae diverge from the papillary muscles, the middle third of the chordae tendineae, and the place of attachment of the chordae tendineae to the mitral valve leaflets were studied. Chordae tendineae are covered with endothelium from all sides. A peripheral collagen-elastic layer of loose fibrous connective tissue is localized under the endothelium, along the entire perimeter of the chordae tendineae and it differs in structure in different parts of the chordae at the submicroscopic level. Bundles of densely packed collagen fibers, which are oriented rectilinearly along the chordae, form the core of the chordae tendineae. Bundles of striated cardiac typical muscle cells are localized in areas where the chordae tendineae origin from the papillary muscles. It was found that in the composition of the chordae tendineae of children the cellular component in the fibrous connective tissue predominates during comparing the typical chordae tendineae of different aged people.Conclusions. This morphological study made it possible to obtain new information and to clarify the data that are already known to morphologists on the micro- and submicroscopic structure of typical chordae tendineae of the mitral valve of the human heart. We found that differences in the histological structure are more typical for the areas of origin of typical chordae tendineae from the papillary muscles and areas of their attachment to the leaflets of the mitral valve. The diameter of the core of the chordae tendineae increases and the thickness of the loose peripheral collagen-elastic layer decreases with age. The received data can serve as a theoretical basis for the further comparative morphological and clinical studies of the mitral valve of the human heart. That, in turn, will facilitate to an increasing the level of diagnostic, to improve methods of prevention and treatment of minor heart anomalies, congenital and acquired defects of the valvular apparatus of the heart.

Histological Study on the Fibrous Architecture of the Adrenal Gland During Postnatal Development in Buffalo

The study was conducted on the adrenal glands of 29 buffaloes ranging from day old to one year of age. The adrenal gland was fully differentiated into cortex and medulla in the day old buffalo calf and was completely surrounded by a dense fibrous capsule at this stage. The capsule consisted of outer layer of loose connective tissue and inner layer of thick collagen fibres. The connective tissue trabeculae made up of collagen and reticular fibres arose from the inner aspect of capsule and infiltrated the cortical parenchyma of the gland. The reticular fibres dominated in the inner aspect of the capsule and the proportion of reticular fibres was more in the zona glomerulosa and outer zone of medulla, however, elastic fibres were not observed in any part of the gland up to one year of age. The average thickness of the capsule increased with progression of age which was due to increase in the density of collagen fibres especially in the inner zone of capsule.

COMPARATIVE HISTOCHEMICAL AND HISTOMORPHOMETRICAL STUDY OF ESOPHAGUS STRUCTURES IN SHEEP (Ovis aries) AND RABBITS (Oryctolagus Cuniculus)

Evolution between animals causes many changes so that it can adapt to its environments. Each species has unique features that help them survive and can consume different types of food. Sheep and rabbits are economically important animals and used in many aspects of veterinary medicine.This study aimed to compare the histomorphometric and histochemical features of the esophagus of twenty sheep (n = 10) and rabbit (n = 10) adult males. The samples were collected from slaughterhouse and market Misan and were used for histological studies of two types of stains, hematoxylin and eosin, and special stains (Periodic acid Schiff stains). Histological study showed differences in the type epithelium of mucosa lining the esophagus between sheep and rabbits. The epithelium lining was composed of a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium in sheep while in rabbit was composed of a non-keratinized stratified squamous. In both animals, the submucosa layer does not possess glands. The muscular layer of both was composed of striated muscle in the cervical, thoracic, and abdomen parts of the esophagus. Both animals contained an outer layer of loose connective tissue called the adventitia. All layers in sheep showed more thickness than in rabbits. The histochemical study showed that the reaction to Periodic acid Schiff stain was similar between the animals and in different places. Only stratum corneum cells of the sheep mucosa and squamous cells of the rabbit mucosa demonstrated a strong reaction to this stain. In contrast, the rest of the cells of the mucosa and muscular layers were moderate reactions with Periodic acid Schiff stain in all regions sheep and rabbit esophagus. Submucosa and adventitia showed weakly reaction with Periodic acid Schiff's stain in both animals. In conclusion, this study showed that sheep and rabbits have similarities and differences in the esophagus; that is, the layers of this organ has different thicknesses and respond differently to Periodic acid Schiff stain.

Fertility- and Nerve-Sparing Laparoscopic Eradication of Deep Endometriosis with Anterior and Posterior Compartment Peritonectomy

Study Objective To show anatomical and technical highlights of novel nerve-sparing laparoscopic eradication of deep endometriosis (DE) with anterior and posterior compartment peritonectomy. Design Stepwise demonstration of the technique. Setting An urban general hospital. Laparoscopic nerve-sparing techniques represented by the Negrar method have been described as resulting in lower rates of postoperative bladder, rectal, and sexual dysfunctions than classical approaches. In addition, a recent paper showed that complete excision of DE with the posterior compartment peritonectomy could be surgical treatment of choice to decrease postoperative pain, improve fertility rate, and prevent future recurrence. However, a fertility- and nerve-sparing procedures are even more challenging than oncologic radical procedures because the pathology resembles advanced cervical cancer and ovarian cancer. Patients or Participants N/A Interventions After adhesiolysis and ovarian surgery, we developed retroperitoneal space at the level of promontory. The hypogastric nerve consists of the upper edge of pelvic plexus, so autonomic nerves were separated as a “nerve plane“ by sharp interfascial dissection of the loose connective tissue layers both above (between fascia propria of rectum and prehypogastric nerve fascia) and below (between prehypogastric nerve fascia and presacral fascia) the hypogastric nerve. As a result of these dissections, autonomic nerves in pelvis were separated like a sheet with surrounding fascia. We then completely resected all DE lesions including peritoneal endometriosis while avoiding injury to the nerve plane. Measurements and Main Results No patients (n=40) developed postoperative bladder, rectal, and sexual dysfunctions after the surgery. This nerve-sparing method is a modification of the technique of total mesorectal excision (TME) and total mesometrial resection (TMMR). We considered that this nerve-sparing technique is also applicable to segmental bowel resection and radical hysterectomy. Conclusion Our novel nerve-sparing surgery based on detailed meso-anatomy reproducibly simplify this complex procedure. Step-by-step technique help to perform each part of the surgery in a logical sequence, making the procedure easier and safer to complete.

THE MORPHOGENESIS OF NONPARASITIC LIVER CYSTS

As a result of the introduction of imaging research methods into clinical practice, the frequency of detection of cavities in the liver has significantly increased, among which nonparasitic cysts have not been sufficiently studied. The paper provides an overview of the most commonly used classifications of this pathology. Clinical and radiological manifestations of cysts were investigated based on the analysis of the results of computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound sonography of 175 patients (109 with solitary cysts and 66 with polycystic liver). The tissues of the resected areas of 81 cysts and adjacent liver tissue were studied by histological and immune-histochemical methods. Various variants of liver cysts were identified: polycystic cysts, solitary cysts and the rarest variant - ciliated anterior-intestinal hepatic cysts. The morphological and histogenetic features of solitary and ciliated anterior-intestinal hepatic cysts, as well as changes in the liver tissue adjacent to the cavities, are described. Polycystic is characterized by the presence of cavities of various sizes, with thin connective tissue partitions and a lining of cubic or flattened epithelium. The lining of solitary cysts is represented by cubic, cylindrical, sometimes multi-row epithelium. Immature biliary structures in the form of von Meijenburg complexes, islets of hepatocytes, conglomerates of dysplastic vessels are revealed in their wall among the cells of connective tissue. Ciliated anterior-intestinal hepatic cysts contain components of the primary intestine wall - a lining of a cylindrical ciliated epithelium, a layer of loose connective tissue, a muscle layer, a connective tissue capsule. Morphological studies made it possible to establish violations of embryogenesis in various types of cysts. Ciliated anterior intestinal hepatic cysts develop from the anterior section of the primary intestine, while solitary cysts are derived from its middle section. Migration of the developing buds of bronchioles from the cranial part of the primary midgut into the hepatic diverticulum determines the presence of all components of the wall of the hollow organ - cylindrical ciliated epithelium, loose connective tissue, bundles of smooth muscle fibers. Simple solitary cysts are the result of abnormal remodeling of the embryonic ductal lamina, thus being a developmental abnormality of the middle section of the primary midgut. Morphological examination of the liver tissue adjacent to the walls of the cysts reveals hypoplasia of lobules, persistence of elements of the embryonic ductal plate in the form of cords and complexes of the biliary epithelium, foci of ductopenia, von Meijenburg complexes, and various variants of vascular dysplasia.

Fertility- and Nerve-sparing Laparoscopic Eradication of Deep Endometriosis with Total Posterior Compartment Peritonectomy: The Kurashiki Method

To show technical highlights of a nerve-sparing laparoscopic eradication of deep endometriosis (DE) with posterior compartment peritonectomy. Demonstration of the technique with narrated video footage. An urban general hospital. A systematic review and meta-analysis has suggested significant advantages of the nerve-sparing technique when considering the relative risk of persistent urinary retention in the treatment of DE [1]. In addition, a recent article has suggested that complete excision of DE with posterior compartment peritonectomy could be the surgical treatment of choice to decrease postoperative pain, improve fertility rate, and prevent future recurrence [2]. However, in DE, nerve-sparing procedures are even more challenging than oncologic radical procedures because the pathology resembles both ovarian/rectal cancer in terms of visceral involvement and advanced cervical cancer in terms of wide parametrial infiltration through the pelvic wall. The video highlights the anatomic and technical aspects of a fertility- and nerve-sparing surgery in DE with posterior compartment peritonectomy. After adhesiolysis and ovarian surgery, we developed retroperitoneal space at the level of promontory. The hypogastric nerve consists of the upper edge of the pelvic plexus, therefore the autonomic nerves were separated in a "nerve plane" by sharp interfascial dissection of the loose connective tissue layers both above (between the fascia propria of the rectum and the prehypogastric nerve fascia) and below (between the prehypogastric nerve fascia and the presacral fascia) the hypogastric nerve [3,4]. As a result of these dissections, the autonomic nerves in the pelvis were separated like a sheet with surrounding fascia. We then completely resected all DE lesions including peritoneal endometriosis while avoiding injury to the nerve plane. In a small number of our experiences, none of the patients (n = 51) required clean intermittent self-catheterization after this procedure. Fertility- and nerve-sparing laparoscopic eradication of DE with total posterior compartment peritonectomy is a feasible technique and may provide both curability of DE and functional preservation. Our nerve-sparing technique can reproducibly simplify this complex procedure.

The role of glutamate-NMDA-receptor in mice alpha beta T cells from intestinal mucosa

Abstract The intestinal mucosa consists of a simple layer of epithelial tissue and loose connective tissue called the lamina propria that is formed by several immune cells mainly T cells that play important roles in local tolerance to microorganisms of the microbiota and food antigens. In addition to mucosa the small and large intestines also present the submucosal and the muscular layers that present ganglionic enteric plexuses formed by networks of interconnection between autonomic neurons of the enteric nervous system. These neurons secrete various neurotransmitters including glutamate and their innervations reach the lamina propria. It is known that T cells have receptors for neurotransmitters even the ionotropic glutamate receptor NMDAR. Thus, the present study intends to evaluate the role of NMDAR in αβ T cells from intestinal mucosa. C57BL/6 Grin1f/f and CD4crexGrin1flox mice of both sexes were used at 8 weeks of age. CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, γδT cells, dendritic cells and macrophages present in mesenteric lymph nodes and at intraepithelial compartment of small intestine were evaluated. We found that CD8+ T cells were decreased and γδT cells were increased in mesenteric lymph nodes of CD4crexGrin1flox mice in comparison to the control group. Thus, intraepithelial CD4+ T cells and macrophages were increased, but intraepithelial CD8+ T cells were decreased in small intestine of CD4crexGrin1flox mice compared to the control group. Our preliminary results shows that the absence of NMDAR exclusively in αβ T cells alters the percentage of immune cells present both in mesenteric lymph nodes and intraepithelial compartment of small intestine suggesting a modulation by glutamate. New evaluations are still in progress to better understand that.

Anatomical, Histological, and Histochemical Analyses of the Scent Glands of the Scorpion Mud Turtle (Kinosternon scorpioides scorpioides).

Fossil evidence suggests that scent glands are basal features of Testudines. However, we know little about the structure of these glands in the Brazilian Kinosternidae. In this study, we described the macroscopic anatomy, histology, and histochemistry of the scent glands of three males and three females of Kinosternon scorpioides scorpioides from the Marajó mesoregion, Pará State, Brazil. In all of the specimens analyzed, regardless of sex, we found four scent glands, including two axillary and two inguinal glands that were structurally similar to each other. Each gland consisted of a single holocrine secretory lobule, a large lumen surrounded by relatively thin glandular secretory epithelium, an adjacent narrow layer of loose connective tissue, and a thick layer of skeletal striated muscle tissue surrounded by a serous tunic. The secretory epithelium produced a characteristic malodorous yellowish substance that was passed via a single duct through a bone channel in the bridge connecting the carapace to the plastron and excreted through an outer pore in the plate of each respective gland. Histologically, the secretory epithelium presented cells with two types of secretory vacuoles. Type 1 vacuoles stained red were the largest and most frequently found, and stained positively with Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), suggesting they contained glycoproteic complexes. Type 2 vacuoles were translucent, smaller in size and fewer in number, and negative for PAS staining. Because they are very primitive structures, scent glands must play important roles in the lives of chelonians, but their real function remains unknown. Several hypotheses suggest that they can act as protection against ectoparasites, as a repellent of predators, in addition to attracting mates and eliciting other pheromonal responses. In this study, all animals reacted by exuding malodorous substances when handled, as a form of defense. However, these are just assumptions that need to be clarified with additional studies on animal behavior. Anat Rec, 303:1489-1500, 2020. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy.