Law Updates Research Articles

THE NOTION OF STRATA LEASE SCHEME IN MALAYSIA: A REVIEW OF THE EXISTING LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK

In Malaysia, leased land registration is applied to all strata titles of a multi-story building. Hence, strata lease schemes are formed through this concept. As the primary references to strata laws, there is a limitation in the Strata Titles Act 1985 and the Strata Management Act 2013, where these laws do not contain specific provisions on the development of strata lease schemes. The National Land Code [Act 828] must be referred to create a lease registration on strata title. Since no law governs a strata lease scheme, there is an unsettling debate for new legislation to safeguard every party involved in the scheme's development. Therefore, this paper aims to review whether these laws are substantial enough to uphold the requirements for constructing and administrating buildings of the strata lease scheme. The two objectives of this study are to determine what laws apply to strata lease scheme development and, secondly, whether these laws are relevant to support all parties' needs in the current development. The doctrinal and qualitative research methodologies are used to meet the objectives and cross-validate the legal reviews made through this study. It was found that nine laws are required to govern the development of a strata lease scheme. In conclusion, creating a specific law for a strata lease scheme concept may be optional. Still, one or two law updates may improve the laws' rigour and protect the parties involved in the strata lease scheme.

Observer-Based Boundary Stabilization of Coupled Semilinear Reaction-Diffusion Neural Networks With Spatially Varying Coefficients via Event-Triggered Controller.

The aim of this article is to propose an observer-based event-triggered Robin boundary control strategy for the exponential stabilization of the coupled semilinear reaction-diffusion neural networks with spatially varying coefficients. Toward this aim, we design an observer to estimate the value of system states by using some of these system values as the available measurement. An observer-based event-triggered boundary stabilizer is then presented to exponentially stabilize the considered systems with the Zeno behavior being excluded. Throughout this article, the main used method is backstepping, which yields an explicit expression of the control formulae. Moreover, we see that the proposed event-triggered boundary control scheme can ensure the desired level of control performance with fewer control law updates. A numerical example is finally given to illustrate the effectiveness of our proposed method.

Fully Distributed Event-Driven Adaptive Consensus of Unknown Linear Systems.

This article considers the consensus problem of unknown linear multiagent systems (MASs) through adaptive event-driven control in leader-follower and leaderless networks. The proposed event-driven algorithms do not involve any global information related to the network communication structure and rely only on local information exchange to achieve consensus on MASs and are therefore fully distributed. Furthermore, the constraint of continuous communication among the agents is eliminated in terms of control law updates and triggering state monitoring. Another desirable aspect of this article is that the design process of the control algorithms is independent of the parameters of each agent's dynamics and thus does not require precise information about the dynamics of MASs. We further exclude the Zeno behavior of each agent by proving the existence of a strict positive lower bound between any two adjacent events. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed adaptive event-driven algorithms is verified by a simulation example.

Egypt: Recent Developments in Arbitration

Abstract This Article tackles two main streamlines. Firstly, the legislative updates pertaining to international arbitration within the jurisdiction. These consist in the following: (i) the establishment of a committee to work on a proposal for the amendment of the Egyptian Arbitration Law, within a limited scope of amendments; and (ii) the amendments to Prime Ministerial Decree No. 1062 of 2019 expanding the scope of review of the High Committee for Arbitration and International Disputes, by virtue of Prime Ministerial Decrees No. 2592 of 2020 and No. 3218 of 2022. Secondly, the case law updates where Egyptian courts have addressed various issues proving that the Egyptian judiciary is an arbitration-friendly seat and in alignment with international arbitration trends. Among the cited case law updates, the Egyptian Court of Cassation has expressly cited the IBA Guidelines on Conflicts of Interest in International Arbitration (2014), for the first time ever, when addressing the duty of disclosure of an arbitrator. The Court of Cassation has also set the conditions that require to be fulfilled if an arbitrator abstains from signing the arbitral award and has set definitions for deliberations and dissenting opinions. The Cairo Court of Appeal has considered the arbitrators’ illness of COVID-19 as a force majeure event that interrupts the arbitration proceedings by the force of law and held that WhatsApp instant messaging constitutes a valid means of communication in arbitral proceedings as long as the fundamental principles of arbitration are observed.

From the Editor

I hope this issue finds you all well.First, a few updates.The American Society of Appraisers has posted on its website updates to Valuing a Business, 6th edition, the current edition of Shannon Pratt's original primer on business valuation and one of the world's most respected valuation references. The updates posted include the following:The ASA announced it will be providing periodic updates to the resources and appendix to VAB6; the appendix and future updates are available at https://www.appraisers.org/shop/publications-and-subscriptions/books/valuing-a-business/appendix.Also, data on the Implied Private Company Pricing Line (IPCPL) are no longer being updated on the BVResources.com web site. The Business Valuation Review released the first article by Bob Dohmeyer and Peter Butler on the Implied Private Company Pricing Line in 2012, and subsequent articles were published on the topic in the Business Valuation Review and Business Valuation Update. Business Valuation Resources provided data for business valuation professionals to employ the IPCPL, which until recently was available at BVResources.com and was accessible through their cost-of-capital center. This information is no long being updated, but the old resources are still accessible through BVResources.com.In this issue, Joseph Thompsom and Paul Skluzak explore control premiums using decisions from the Delaware Court of Chancery. Also, Barry Cunningham provides some insights as to a real estate appraiser's consideration of property rights as well as the impact of this on the valuation of intangible assets. And, last but not least, Erin Hollis provides a current business valuation case law update. Thanks to all of our authors for sharing their insights.As always, we invite our readers to submit articles on new or interesting content, such as case law updates such as that provided by Erin, practical tips like those provided by Barry, or general observations. Feel free to e-mail me (kgarcia@finresearch.com) any thoughts for articles or letters you may have, and I will be happy to discuss those with you.Please enjoy this issue.

Event-Triggered and Self-Triggered Gain Scheduled Control of Linear Systems With Input Constraints

This article proposes static/dynamic event-triggered and self-triggered discrete gain scheduled control with a designable parametric minimal interevent time (MIET) to achieve semiglobal stabilization of linear systems with input constraints. First, a novel static event-triggered discrete gain scheduled control, which can improve the control performance and simultaneously save the communication resources, is proposed by utilizing the properties of the parametric Lyapunov equation (PLE). Moreover, the static self-triggered mechanism, in which the next control law updates based on the previous triggered states, is also designed to avoid the monitoring of all states. In order to further increase the interevent times (IETs), the corresponding dynamic event-triggered and self-triggered discrete gain scheduled control are designed, respectively. All the proposed algorithms can not only avoid the Zeno phenomenon but also provide a designable parametric MIET. This allows to easily find a tradeoff between the IETs and the control performance by adjusting the only design parameter. In addition, by exploiting the properties of the PLE, the designed algorithms avoid the complicated relationship between the MIET and the system matrices. In some cases, the MIET can totally avoid the relationship with the system itself and be designed as an arbitrarily large bounded constant. Finally, applications to the spacecraft rendezvous system show the effectiveness of the established algorithms.

Event-Triggered and Self-Triggered Control of Discrete-Time Systems With Input Constraints

This article designs the static and dynamic event-triggered control (ETC) and self-triggered control (STC) algorithms to achieve the semiglobal stabilization of discrete-time systems with input constraints. First, a novel static ETC algorithm based on the discrete-time parametric Lyapunov equation (DPLE) is designed. In order to further increase the interevent times (IETs), the corresponding dynamic ETC is designed. Next, both static and dynamic STC, where the next control law updates depend on the previous triggered states, are proposed to avoid monitoring the measurement errors. The proposed algorithms are not only capable of reducing the number of transmissions significantly but also build a very simple and clear relationship between the only design parameter and the nontrivial IET (NIET). This allows us to change regularly IETs by adjusting the design parameter so that the nontriviality of static and dynamic ETC and STC is guaranteed and a tradeoff between the IETs and the control performance can be easily found. Specifically, by exploring the properties of DPLE, the designed algorithms avoid the complex relationship between the nontrivial condition and the system matrices. Finally, the designed static and dynamic ETC and STC algorithms are applied to the design of the spacecraft rendezvous control system and their effectiveness is verified by simulation results.

Client Newsletters within Clinical Legal Education and Their Value to the Student Participants

The employment law client newsletter project (the Project) runs during each academic year within the Student Law Office (SLO) at Northumbria University. Under the supervision of their clinical supervisor the students research and design a newsletter for distribution to HR professionals employed by an external organisation. The students participate in the Project alongside their live client work. The aim of the Project is to enrich the students’ clinical experience and develop their skills whilst at the same time update and educate the client recipient. Through a pilot study the value of participating in the Project is explored. The findings of the study suggest that the students develop their professional skills from a different perspective, increase their employment law knowledge, gain the commercial awareness of the importance of a well drafted newsletter in practice, and really value the experience.Key Words: Client Newsletter, Employment Law Updates, Clinical Legal Education, Legal Education

Adaptive Fuzzy Event-Triggered Control for Leader–Following Consensus of High-Order Nonlinear Systems

This article is concerned with the adaptive fuzzy event-triggered control for leader-following consensus of high-order nonlinear systems under directed communication topologies. Utilizing fuzzy logic systems to model the uncertain dynamics of the followers, a novel adaptive fuzzy event-triggered control law is presented, and a distributed event-trigger condition is proposed, simultaneously. The developed adaptive fuzzy event-triggered control is carried out by the violation of the designed event-trigger condition, which can realize ultimate state synchronization with bounded tracking errors. Moreover, the data transmissions and the frequency of the control law updates can be significantly reduced compared with the control law with fixed sampling period. In addition, it is proved that the Zeno behavior is excluded in the proposed control scheme. Finally, a simulation example is provided to illustrate the obtained theoretical results.

A Partitioning Scheme for a Switched Feedback Control Law in Two Agent Pursuit-Evasion Scenarios

A switched feedback control law is derived for an autonomous pursuing agent that attempts to intercept an evading agent whose dynamics are initially unknown. The model of the pursuer’s dynamics is known perfectly, and the evader is modeled as a disturbance. A new method is presented to efficiently update the pursuer’s control law as measurements of the parameters that govern the evader’s dynamics are received. Using a graph theoretical approach, the control law updates are limited to specific partitions of the state space, which eliminate many unneeded calculations. Results show increases in the time efficiency of the update calculations compared to traditional control law generation methods with a minimal loss in accuracy. An 11.6% overall decrease in calculation time over traditional methods and a 1% error rate compared to the true solution is achieved when solving the homicidal chauffeur game. We show how actual gains in time efficiency depend on the specific application of the controller and the size of the state space grid approximation. Both the theoretical development and implementation of the switched feedback controller are discussed.

The Treatment-Forensic Interface

WILLIAM H. REID, MD, MPH, is a clinical and forensic psychiatrist and a past president of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. Dr. Reid's website, Psychiatry and Law Updates, is www.psychandlaw.org. This column contains general information which should not be construed as applying to any specific case, nor as any form of legal advice.

Evaluating and Treating Disabled or Impaired Colleagues

WILLIAM H. REID, MD, MPH is a clinical and forensic psychiatrist in Horseshoe Bay, Texas, and a past president of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. He maintains a website, Psychiatry and Law Updates (www.psychandlaw.org) and may be reached at [email protected]. This column contains general information which should not be construed as applying to any specific case, nor as any form of legal advice.

Treating Antisocial Syndromes

Dr. Reid is a clinical and forensic psychiatrist and a past president of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. Dr. Thorne practices clinical and forensic psychology in Austin, TX. Dr. Reid's web-site, Psychiatry and Law Updates, is www.psychandlaw.org. This column contains general information which should not be construed as applying to any specific case, nor as any form of legal advice.

Useful Books on Forensic Psychiatry

WILLIAM H. REID, MD, MPH is a clinical and forensic psychiatrist in Horseshoe Bay, Texas, and a past president of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. He maintains a website, Psychiatry and Law Updates (www.psychandlaw.org) and may be reached at [email protected]. This column contains general information which should not be construed as applying to any specific case, nor as any form of legal advice.

Delusional Disorder and the Law

WILLIAM H. REID, MD, MPH is a clinical and forensic psychiatrist in Horseshoe Bay, Texas, and a past president of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. He maintains a website, Psychiatry and Law Updates (www.psychandlaw.org) and may be reached at [email protected]. This column contains general information which should not be construed as applying to any specific case, nor as any form of legal advice.

Ethics and Forensic Work

WILLIAM H. REID, MD, MPH is a forensic and clinical psychiatrist from Horseshoe Bay, Texas, and a past president of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. He maintains an educational website, Psychiatry and Law Updates, at http://www.reidpsychiatry.com. His most recent book is Handbook of Mental Health Administration and Management (edited with Stuart B. Silver, M.D.), New York: Brunner-Routledge, 2003. This column contains general information which should not be construed as applying to any specific case, nor as any form of legal advice. Call for Forensic Topics.I want to make this column as interesting and useful to readers as possible. Please send suggestions for future column topics to P.O. Box 4015, Horseshoe Bay, TX 78657, or e-mail them to [email protected]

Forensic Work and Nonforensic Clinicians Part III: Testifying in Court

WILLIAM H. REID, MD, MPH is a forensic and clinical psychiatrist from Horseshoe Bay, Texas, and a past president of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. He maintains an educational website, Psychiatry and Law Updates, at http://www.reidpsychiatry.com. His most recent book is Handbook of Mental Health Management, (edited with Stuart B. Silver, M.D.), New York: Brunner-Routledge, 2002. This column contains general clinical and clinical-forensic opinions which should not be construed as applying to any specific case, nor as any form of legal advice.

Forensic Work and Nonforensic Clinicians Part II: Reports and Depositions

WILLIAM H. REID, MD, MPH is a forensic and clinical psychiatrist from Horseshoe Bay, Texas, and a past president of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. He maintains an educational website, Psychiatry and Law Updates, at http://www.reidpsychiatry.com. His most recent book is Handbook of Mental Health Management, (edited with Stuart B. Silver, M.D.), New York: Brunner-Routledge, in press. This column contains general clinical and clinical-forensic opinions which should not be construed as applying to any specific case, nor as any form of legal advice.

Psychological Aspects of Terrorism

Dr. Reid is a forensic and clinical psychiatrist in Horseshoe Bay, Texas, and a past president of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. He maintains an educational website, Psychiatry and Law Updates, at <http://www.reidpsychiatry.com>. His most recent book is Treating Adult and Juvenile Offenders With Special Needs (edited with Bruce D. Sales and Jose Ashford, Washington, DC: APA Books). This column contains general clinical and clinical-forensic opinions which should not be construed as applying to any specific case, nor as any form of legal advice.

Staying Ethical Under Pressure

Dr. Reid is a forensic and clinical psychiatrist in Horseshoe Bay, Texas, and a past president of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. He maintains an educational website, Psychiatry and Law Updates, at<www.reidpsychiatry.com> and his most recent book, A Clinician's Guide to Legal Issues in Psychotherapy, is available from Zeig, Tucker & Co, Phoenix, AZ. This column contains general clinical and clinical-forensic opinions which should not be construed as applying to any specific case, nor as any form of legal advice.