Law Of Diminishing Returns Research Articles

Rib-to-spine and rib-to-pelvis magnetically controlled growing rods: does the law of diminishing returns still apply?

The Law Of Diminishing Returns (LODR) has been demonstrated for traditional growing rods, but there is conflicting data regarding the lengthening behavior of Magnetically Controlled Growing Rods (MCGR). This study examines a cohort of patients with early-onset scoliosis (EOS) with rib-to-spine or rib-to-pelvis-based MCGR implants to determine if they demonstrate the LODR, and if there are differences in lengthening behaviors between the groups. A prospectively collected multicenter EOS registry was queried for patients with MCGR with a minimum 2-year follow-up. Patients with rib-based proximal anchors and either spine- or pelvis-based distal anchors were included. Patients with non-MCGR, unilateral constructs, < 3 lengthenings, or missing > 25% datapoints were excluded. Patients were further divided into Primary-MCGR (pMCGR) and Secondary-MCGR (sMCGR). 43 rib-to-spine and 31 rib-to-pelvis MCGR patients were included. There was no difference in pre-implantation, post-implantation and pre-definitive procedure T1-T12 height, T1-S1 height, and major Cobb angles between the groups (p > 0.05). Sub-analysis was performed on 41 pMCGR and 19 sMCGR rib-to-spine patients, and 31 pMCGR and 17 sMCGR rib-to-pelvis patients. There is a decrease in rod lengthenings achieved at subsequent lengthenings for each group: rib-to-spine pMCGR (rho = 0.979, p < 0.001), rib-to-spine sMCGR (rho = 0.855, p = 0.002), rib-to-pelvis pMCGR (rho = 0.568, p = 0.027), and rib-to-pelvis sMCGR (rho = 0.817, p = 0.007). Rib-to-spine pMCGR had diminished lengthening over time for idiopathic, neuromuscular, and syndromic patients (p < 0.05), with no differences between the groups (p > 0.05). Rib-to-pelvis pMCGR neuromuscular patients had decreased lengthening over time (p = 0.01), but syndromic patients had preserved lengthening over time (p = 0.65). Rib-to-spine and rib-to-pelvis pMCGR and sMCGR demonstrate diminished ability to lengthen over subsequent lengthenings.

Wzrost i stagnacja gospodarki chłopskiej. Przypadek starostwa chmielnickiego w XVIII w.

Nowozytne starostwo chmielnickie funkcjonowalo w ramach gospodarki chlopskiej. W obrebie tej struktury od XVI do XVIII w. doświadczylo dwoch fluktuacji. Pierwszą z nich, trwającą od XVI do przelomu XVII i XVIII w., określono mianem „koniunktury tatarskiej”, poniewaz przede wszystkim za sprawą najazdow ordy wcześniejszy gwaltowny wzrost gospodarczy przerodzil sie w jeszcze glebszy kryzys. Drugą fluktuacje, trwającą od początku XVIII do polowy XIX w., nazwano „koniunkturą maltuzjanską”, poniewaz tym razem zywiolowy wzrost gospodarczy ustąpil miejsca dlugotrwalej stagnacji, czego przyczyną bylo dzialanie prawa zmniejszających sie przychodow.

Maximal force generated by magnetically controlled growing rods at different magnetic controlled growing rod length decreases with rod lengthening

The introduction of magnetically controlled growing rods (MCGR) has been met with great enthusiasm by surgeons managing early onset scoliosis. The new devices offer the potential to decrease the cost and morbidity associated with repeated lengthening surgeries for the patient compared to traditional growing rods (TGR). One of the potential negative consequences of the growing rod treatment is the law of diminishing returns, where the spine length gained tends to decrease with each subsequent lengthening …

Prototype Design of Paddy Straw Biomass Combustor for Water Heating

A unique methodology of two-directional creation of fertility gradient with chemical fertilizers in one direction and organic manures in the opposite direction of the experimental field (60 x 40 m) was devised by Dr. B. Ramamoorthy for soil test - crop response (STCR) correlation research. This unique methodology has been adopted in the All India Coordinated Soil Test - Crop Response Correlation project of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) for over 4 decades at 25 Cooperating centres in the country at present on a range of soils and crops and validated through hundreds of demonstration trials in farmers’ fields. The “Law of optimum” propounded by Ramamoorthy and Velayutham (2011) as the unifying concept in plant nutrition, is an experimentally proven concept for soil test based major plant nutrients (N, P and K) applications to crops for desired targeted yields, based on the derivation of three parameters from standard soil test - crop response factorial field experiments, namely 1) per cent contribution (efficiency) from the soil available nutrients (Cs) as estimated by chemical soil tests in soil testing laboratory, 2) per cent contribution of nutrients from added fertilisers (Cf) and manures (Cm) and 3) nutrient requirement of the crop (kg/ton) as estimated from yield and plant nutrient uptake data from STCR field experiments. The principles underlying the “Law of minimum”, “Law of diminishing returns” and “Law of the maximum” governing plant nutrition are not only embedded in the “Law of optimum” but also provides a basis for “Balanced fertilisation”. The scope for extensive use of the “Targeted yield” approach on the basis of derivation of the efficiencies of soil and fertilizer nutrients is discussed..

The efficiency of energy utilization in growing cattle consuming fresh perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne cv. Melle) or white clover (Trifolium repens cv. Blanca).

1. Twenty Friesian steers (225 kg live weight) were fed on mid- (M) (June-July) and late- (L) (August-September) season crops of either fresh perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne cv. Melle) (G) or white clover (Trifolium repens cv. Blanca) (C). Each of the forage diets was offered at three restricted planes of nutrition above maintenance to compare the effect of forage species on the efficiency of energy utilization. All diets were harvested daily from swards of regrowth forage of intended equivalent digestibility. 2. Faecal and urine excretions were measured for 7 and 5 d respectively, followed by two consecutive 24 h measurements of methane, carbon dioxide and oxygen exchange in open-circuit respiration chambers. 3. The apparent digestibility of the energy in perennial ryegrass (0.759) was marginally higher (P less than 0.01) than that in white clover (0.748); the mid- and late-season forages were of similar (P greater than 0.05) digestibilities. Metabolizable energy (ME): digestible energy (DE) in diet G (0.837) was significantly (P less than 0.001) different from that in diet C (0.812). The partition of energy losses when expressed as MJ/GJ gross energy intake (GEI) indicated that energy lost as methane was not significantly different (P greater than 0.05) either between forages (G 62.8, C 63.4) or between seasons (M 63.2, L 63.1). Energy excretion in urine was higher for cattle fed on diet C (77.5) compared with diet G (60.5) (P less than 0.001). Heat production was similar (P greater than 0.05) between forages (G 480, C 478), but lower (P less than 0.01) for L (471) compared with M(486). Energy retention (by difference) was lower (P less than 0.001) for diet C (132) than G (156) and for M (138) than L (149) (P less than 0.05). 4. Parallel-line analysis of unscaled ME intake (MEI) in relation to retained energy (RE; MJ/d) indicated that the efficiency of utilization (kt) was similar (P greater than 0.05) between perennial ryegrass (0.42) and white clover (0.46). Linear extrapolation of the values to zero energy retention indicated that maintenance requirements of ME (Em; MJ/d) were 23.3 for diet G and 28.8 for diet C. The extrapolated Em when expressed in relation to a measured fasting heat production (FHP) of 22.8 (MJ/d) resulted in a derived efficiency of utilization of ME for maintenance (km) of 0.97 (G) and 0.79 (C), suggesting an underestimate of Em for diet G.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Wilson's law of diminishing returns

Wilson's law of diminishing returns

The Law of Diminishing Returns.

The Law of Diminishing Returns.

The Law of Diminishing Returns. Part One. The Law of Diminishing Increments.

The Law of Diminishing Returns. Part One. The Law of Diminishing Increments.

Some Issues in the Theory of “g” (including the Law of Diminishing Returns)1

THEORY OF “G.”

THE LAW OF DIMINISHING RETURNS. PART ONE. THE LAW OF DIMINISHING INCREMENTS. By W. J. Spillman. PART TWO, THE LAW OF THE SOIL. By Emil Lang. Yonkers-on-Hudson and Chicago: World Book Company, 1914, xi, 178 pp. $2.00

THE LAW OF DIMINISHING RETURNS. PART ONE. THE LAW OF DIMINISHING INCREMENTS. By W. J. Spillman. PART TWO, THE LAW OF THE SOIL. By Emil Lang. Yonkers-on-Hudson and Chicago: World Book Company, 1914, xi, 178 pp. $2.00