Legislation Practice Research Articles

Artificial Intelligence and International Law in the Context of Information Globalization: The Problem of Technological Hegemony as an Example

Against the backdrop of the globalization of information, artificial intelligence (AI) technology has become a core driving force for the development of all countries. It also has a profound impact on the field of international law, and the issue of technological hegemony is one of the core issues. Technological hegemony refers to an asymmetrical relationship between technologically developed countries and other countries by taking advantage of their dominant position in the field of technology. This paper focuses on the issue of technological hegemony in the relationship between AI and international law, and analyses in depth the nature, impact and coping strategies of the phenomenon of technological hegemony, aiming to build a more fair and reasonable international AI governance system. Methodologically, this paper adopts the literature analysis method and comparative research method. By collecting, collating and analyzing relevant academic literature, policy documents and legal precedents at home and abroad, and comparing the legislative practices, policy orientations and international cooperation modes of different countries and regions, the paper explores in-depth the international law strategies for responding to the issue of technological hegemony. In general, to address the issue of technological hegemony, it is necessary to strengthen international legal regulation, promote multilateral cooperation and dialogue, and facilitate technology sharing and cooperation to enhance the technological capabilities of developing countries, and current policies still need to be changed and evolved in line with the changing international environment.

Artificial Intelligence and its Role in Legislative Practices

One of the most significant challenges faced by the average person is understanding the general context of the legislation that applies to them. The legal discipline has certain characteristics that make it almost esoteric for those who are not part of it, however, it is necessary to know the legal norms as comprehensively as possible. People today are no longer just "from a village/town/province/country", but have become something almost universal within the frameworks of globalization and the vast library the Internet offers at nearly zero cost. Artificial intelligence (AI) is a technology that is beginning to fundamentally change society, and within this "sea of transformations", the law – and legal and political practices in general – cannot avoid contact and change. There is no area of law not being altered, but in my opinion, the most significant place where transformations will be recorded is in legislating and drafting normative acts. Legislative operations are always complex and rarely bring satisfaction to those subject to regulation, given the relationship between the rights and obligations set out by normative acts. At the same time, it is challenging to legislate in an increasingly complex society, where enduring and situational interests intersect, where there are poor-quality mechanisms in legal documentation, and where the concept of legality is not always correctly perceived in the political environment. AI should offer a greater understanding of legal concepts to both ordinary citizens and legislators, precisely through its extensive library and its demonstrated synthesis and analysis capabilities. Therefore, the use of AI in the legislative process will become increasingly necessary as its capabilities grow, primarily to produce faster syntheses of legal documentation, essential for correctly understanding the context that justifies the need for new legislation. I believe that in the coming years, no country will escape this change, and AI will help eliminate some of the poor-quality practices that do not offer countries and citizens better prospects for wealth and professional development.

THE ROLE OF THE RUSSIAN ANIMAL PROTECTION SOCIETY IN IMPROVING THE LEGISLATION OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN THE FIELD OF HUMANE TREATMENT OF ANIMALS IN THE 2ND HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY

The article analyses one of the key law-making initiatives of the Russian Animal Protection Society, which arose in 1865. This law-making initiative of Society was launched in the 2nd half of the 19th century and thanks to it, a norm establishing legal responsibility, appeared in the criminal law act of the Russian Empire – the «Statute on Punishments Imposed by Justices of the Peace». For the first time in the history of the development of Russian law a norm that establishes legal liability for intentionally inflicting torment on pets has appeared. The different law-making practice of protecting animals from cruel treatment, which at the said time did exist in foreign countries, is given. It was taken into account by the Society when developing the draught law. Starting with the introduction of administrative measures to protect animals in the form of «Rules for the treatment of animals» approved by the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Society faced with the ineffectiveness of their application in practice after some time. Then the Society came to the conclusion that it was necessary to establish in legislation legal liability for causing animals to suffer. The draught law prepared by the Society, found a response from the supreme authorityas a result of which, Russian criminal law was supplemented with a fundamentally new norm that puts animal rights under the state protection of.

POLICY DEVELOPMENT THROUGH NORMATIVE LEGAL ACTS IN UZBEKISTAN: ACTORS, PROCEDURES, AND PRACTICE

This article examines the evolving lawmaking practices in Uzbekistan, focusing on actors, processes, and reforms that shape normative legal acts. Since 2016, reforms have significantly increased legislative output, but rapid lawmaking has brought challenges, including transparency issues and procedural inconsistencies. Analyzing data from the National Database of Legislation (LexUz) and assessing recent reforms, this study explores Uzbekistan’s legislative framework, institutional roles, and public participation mechanisms. Key findings highlight the need for stricter adherence to procedural standards, enhanced transparency, and broader public engagement to address regulatory challenges and strengthen governance. Recommendations are made for promoting evidence-based policymaking, improving interagency cooperation, and enhancing accountability measures. These improvements are crucial for achieving an effective, transparent, and accountable lawmaking process aligned with democratic principles.

RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF DESIGNING ANTI-CORRUPTION ACTS AT DIFFERENT LEVELS OF INTERNATIONAL LEGAL ANTI-CORRUPTION

It has been established that international legal countermeasures against corruption are carried out at three levels: global (by the United Nations, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the World Bank, etc.); regional integration (Council of Europe, European Union, other integration associations); bilateral intergovernmental and interagency cooperation. There is no coordination of directions and means of combating corruption between them. Therefore, international anti-corruption activities at all three levels developed not only in different directions, but also in many ways spontaneously. It has been proven that the wide participation of international organizations in the fight against corruption and the variety of anti-corruption legal means used by them contribute to the concentration and coordination of the efforts of states in the fight against corruption. Another positive effect of the acts of international organizations is also noted: drawing the attention of civil society to the tasks of combating corruption, they significantly strengthen the potential for their full solution. On the other hand, the variety of subjects and legal forms of international legal anti-corruption often create legal conflicts between acts operating in this area. Such collisions create, for example, different approaches to defining the concept of corruption. It is noted that the concepts of designing anti-corruption acts, based on the ideas and methods of system design of complex technological processes and objects, are more and more widely used in the law-making practice of international organizations and states of the modern world. Their influence on the legal regulation of social relations is increasing, confirming that at the current stage of socio-economic, technological, informational development, the complication of social relations, the rapid increase in their quantitative parameters and indicators, the growing danger of man-made and natural disasters, the introduction of system design becomes impossible. It is gradually displacing the maximally ineffective under such conditions practices of «industry», «fragmentary», «point», «situational» legal regulation. It has been established that the systematic design of anti-corruption acts primarily involves conducting comprehensive studies of law-making initiatives. In the course of such studies, all factors that may affect the intended sphere (object) of legal regulation must be analyzed; the opinions, positions, and evaluations of not only regulatory and control-supervisory state bodies, but also potential participants in the projected legal relations should be taken into account.

Legislative Drafting and Law-Making Practices and Procedures under Saudi Arabian Law: A Brief Overview

Legislative Drafting and Law-Making Practices and Procedures under Saudi Arabian Law: A Brief Overview

The minimum number of points and the calculation period of accrual as elements of the mechanism for improving the qualifications of lawyers

It is indicated that the defining elements of the lawyer’s legal status are his professional rights, duties, guarantees and responsibilities. Improving the qualifications of a lawyer is one of his fundamental professional duties (paragraph 4, part 1, article 21 of the Law of Ukraine «On Advocacy and Advocacy»). This article reveals the essence of the mechanism of the lawyer’s implementation of his professional duty to improve his qualifications, primarily through the prism of the need for him to obtain the appropriate number of points during the specified calculation period of their accrual. Attention is drawn to the dilatability of the issue not only regarding the total minimum number of points that a lawyer must receive, as well as the calculation period for their accrual, but also regarding the expediency of the existence of an institute for improving the qualifications of lawyers in general. In the framework of this article, the normative consolidation of the procedure for implementing the lawyer’s obligation to improve his qualifications in the context of the calculation of the appropriate number of points during a certain calculation period in accordance with national legislation, as well as the experience of foreign countries in determining the mechanism for improving the qualifications of lawyers, was also investigated. It is concluded that foreign countries use different positions regarding the definition of the mechanism for improving the qualifications of lawyers. Thus, a number of countries adhere to the need to use a calculation period of one year, fixing at the same time a different minimum number of credit points (hours, credits) that a lawyer must receive. Countries that not only set the minimum required number of points (hours) for a lawyer in one year, but also set a longer calculation period in general (three or five years) take a slightly different position. It is concluded that the provisions of national legislation regarding the minimum number of points (10 hours) that a lawyer must obtain within one year generally correspond to the law-making practice of European countries (the average duration of training of European professional judges and practicing lawyers is approximately 14 hours/points/credits per year).

The relationship between general and special grounds for invalidating debtor transactions in rehabilitation and bankruptcy

The purpose of the study is to conduct a comprehensive analysis considering the relationship between general and special grounds for invalidating transactions within the framework of rehabilitation and bankruptcy procedures, as well as a comparative review of the legislation of other countries. The methodological basis of the research is made up of general and specific methods, such as formal logical, scientific analysis and synthesis, comparative legal, historical and legal. As a result of the study, the emergence and development of competitive and non-competitive challenging of the debtor's transaction as the Institute of Actio Pauliana-Paulian claim, which developed in Ancient Rome, was examined. The features of recognizing a debtor's transaction as invalid on general and special grounds in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, Germany, France are considered, and an analysis of the norms of regulatory acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan is carried out. In addition, the advantages of challenging on special grounds were analyzed, emphasizing the differences in the subject of challenging a transaction in declaring a transaction invalid on general and special grounds. In conclusion, the importance of maintaining a balance between general and special grounds is substantiated, and conclusions are drawn that in order to form a unified judicial practice in domestic legislation, it is necessary to clarify the mechanisms for applying in practice the general and special grounds for recognizing a debtor’s transaction as invalid.

Судебная практика как юридический институт

Based on the analysis of the works of legal theorists and scholars devoted to judgments about the legal nature of judicial practice as a source of law, its role and place in the Russian legal system, the authors stated that the independence of judicial practice was recognized only at the doctrinal level, but the value of judicial practice for the activities of courts, the improvement of legislation and the fruit-fulness of science was not disputed. The study of the normative consolidation of the category of judicial practice in legislation made it possible to show the procedural nature of judicial practice as a procedural institution, and the definition of its subject classification will improve the procedure for systematizing judicial practice.

Disputable issues regarding the systematisation of bylaws and regulations

The article deals with the issue of systematisation of by-laws and regulations resulting from the adoption of the Law of Ukraine “On Lawmaking”. It is noted that the adoption of the Law of Ukraine “On Lawmaking” has not fundamentally solved the problem of streamlining of regulatory legal acts. The unresolved nature of a wide range of issues related to the systematisation of legislation gives rise, in particular, to many debatable issues, such as: clarifying the admissibility and expediency of codification of bylaws and regulations; determining and regulating the most optimal forms of systematisation of bylaws and regulations, and the role and possibilities of consolidation as a form of systematisation of bylaws and regulations. Based on the analysis of the Law of Ukraine “On Lawmaking”, the article determines that the legislator, firstly, has not proposed a definition of codification as a form of lawmaking, and secondly, has not classified the types of codification by their legal force. Thus, the question of the potential existence of codification bylaws in the context of the Law of Ukraine “On Lawmaking” is left unsolved. Instead, the practice of subordinate legislation confirms the regularity of the existence of codification subordinate acts in the structure of the legislative system. The authors point out that the main form of subordinate legislation is resolutions of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. It is noted that the existing theoretical developments and foreign experience of regulating both formal and informal incorporation indicate that it is inexpedient to introduce it in Ukraine through amendments to the Law of Ukraine “On Lawmaking”, since incorporation does not have the features of lawmaking at all, and therefore it cannot be the subject of legal regulation by the Law on Laws. It is emphasised that, given the current doctrinal understanding of the peculiarities of alternative codifications of by-laws and regulations in Ukraine, it would be advisable to adopt a separate legal act (at the level of a resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine) which would regulate the rules for systematisation of by-laws and regulations in the system of executive authorities, based on the Law of Ukraine “On Lawmaking”. It is concluded that the issue of the subjective composition of public authorities with regard to the specific forms of systematisation of by-laws and regulations requires normative and doctrinal certainty, given the consolidation of legislation.

Efficiency as a tool for measuring law-making and its policy

In the scientific work, the author made an attempt to establish the methodological significance of the category «efficiency» in terms of the dimension of law-making and law-making policy. Attention is focused on the relevance of strengthening the scientific development of the methodology of studying law- making and its policy. It was emphasized that law-making requires systematic analysis, improvement of law-making mechanisms and the involvement of a wide range of experts to ensure the effective functioning of the legal system. Taking into account the constant changes in the social and political life of our country and the need to adapt legislation to European standards, law-making activity becomes an even more relevant phenomenon that not only needs its own scientific research, but also measurement for its effectiveness. Therefore, the relevance of the topic of this scientific work is determined both by the possibility of measuring the effectiveness of law-making, and by the necessity of such a measurement in order to provide a comprehensive assessment of the practice of law-making in Ukraine. The analysis of the views of scientists, which relate to the methodological significance of effectiveness as a tool for measuring the phenomena of legal reality, has been carried out. It is concluded that efficiency is a multidimensional tool that should establish the effectiveness of both directly law-making (on the micro-level) and the entire law-making policy (on the macro-level). It is noted that law-making and law-making policy can be studied from the point of view of their effectiveness, the results of which will have either a substantive nature (law-making effectiveness) or a strategic nature (law-making policy effectiveness). From the point of view of methodological significance, efficiency as a tool for measuring law-making and law-making policy is an independent: 1) a way of measuring indicators that reflect the result of the functioning of law-making or law-making policy; 2) a means of identifying and characterizing the role and purpose of law-making and its policy in socio-political and legal aspects; 3) a mechanism for identifying deficiencies in law-making activity and the content of law-making policy; 4) a prerequisite for substantiating ways of improving law-making activity and the content of law-making policy.

Study on the Protection and Rational Utilization of Personal Information in the Digital Era

Since the advent of the digital age, personal information has been collected and aggregated, evolving into a new type of asset through innovative data technologies, which has generated significant economic benefits in circulation. At the same time, the traditional approach to personal information protection, which primarily focuses on privacy, is no longer sufficient for the demands of the digital era and does not facilitate the realization of the social value of personal information. How can these interests be appropriately balanced in law, and how can the legitimate rights and interests of the relevant parties be protected? To address these issues, the Personal Information Protection Act was introduced. However, the implementation of this law still faces challenges related to conceptual definitions, self-determination, and the protection and utilization system. Therefore, this article will consider the Personal Information Protection Law and international legislative practices to clarify the legal attributes of personal information, define the concept, and outline the rights of the information subjects, as well as the duties, responsibilities, and liabilities of information processors. It aims to answer these questions from the perspective of integrating sectoral laws and safeguard mechanisms. The article also explores the balance between individual and societal interests, promoting the protection and rational use of personal information in the digital age.

ПРАВОВАЯ ПОЛИТИКА ГОСУДАРСТВ-ЧЛЕНОВ ЕАЭС В СФЕРЕ РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ ПЕНСИОННЫХ ПРАВ

The article discusses issues of legal policy of the EAEU member states in the field of implementation of pension rights of citizens using the comparative method. Based on the legislative practices of states, the author examines the models of state pension systems and highlights their specifics and common, advantageous features. In the process of the study, the essence and direction of reforms of state pension systems were established, aimed at solving a number of problems in reducing social tensions, with the gradual release of the budget from the burden of pension payments, reducing the unemployment rate, which helps to increase the interest of citizens in pension savings and stimulate the personal responsibility of citizens for pension provision for a decent standard of living when acquiring pension rights. It is noted that one of the fundamental principles and norms of international law in the system of protection of social and labor human rights is the right to pension provision, guaranteed by the constitutions of the EAEU member states and their obligations to fulfill the ILO minimum social standards to provide citizens with at least 40% of the level of pensions in relation to average salary. At the same time, states should direct efforts to implement policies to ensure employment, protection against unemployment and the development of non-state investment institutions in the field of pensions.

Ranking the states most at risk of healthcare data breaches: an application of integrated multicriteria framework for prioritization in risk management

PurposeData breaches in the US healthcare sector have more than tripled in the last decade across all states. However, to this day, no established framework ranks all states from most to least at risk for healthcare data breaches. This gap has led to a lack of proper risk identification and understanding of cyber environments at state levels.Design/methodology/approachBased on the security action cycle, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) cybersecurity framework, the risk-planning model, and the multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) literature, the paper offers an integrated multicriteria framework for prioritization in cybersecurity to address this lack and other prioritization issues in risk management in the field. The study used historical breach data between 2015 and 2021.FindingsThe findings showed that California, Texas, New York, Florida, Indiana, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Ohio, and Georgia are the states most at risk for healthcare data breaches.Practical implicationsThe findings highlight each US state faces a different level of healthcare risk. The findings are informative for patients, crucial for privacy officers in understanding the nuances of their risk environment, and important for policy-makers who must grasp the grave disconnect between existing issues and legislative practices. Furthermore, the study suggests an association between positioning state risk and such factors as population and wealth, both avenues for future research.Originality/valueTheoretically, the paper offers an integrated framework, whose basis in established security models in both academia and industry practice enables utilizing it in various prioritization scenarios in the field of cybersecurity. It further emphasizes the importance of risk identification and brings attention to different healthcare cybersecurity environments among the different US states.

Legal Challenges and Countermeasures for Data Privacy Protection

In the digital age, data privacy protection is facing legal challenges and countermeasures. Traditional privacy protection laws have limitations and cannot fully adapt to the era of big data. The illegal collection and utilization of personal information, the failure to meet ethical standards for privacy protection under new technologies, and the lagging legislative practice of personal information protection are all issues that need to be addressed. This article adopts a series of measures and advocates public awareness to enhance citizens' awareness and participation in personal information protection. From an international perspective, the experience of the EU's "data protection" system is worth learning from, while personal information protection involves basic human rights and should be ensured by legislation. In the future, it is necessary to design a path that balances information freedom and privacy protection, explore technology and incentive paths, industry self-discipline and rights building paths, in order to ensure effective protection of data privacy.

Access to justice as an element of the rule of law in the modern democratic state

The article examines access to justice as an element of the rule of law in a modern democratic state. The issue of securing access to justice in the legislative practice of countries is detailed. Practice is analyzed, where access to justice is considered as an opportunity for any interested person to go to court without hindrance and participate in the legal process at all its stages. At the same time, it is emphasized that such access implies access to national and international justice systems. This significantly contributes to a person’s ability to defend himself against encroachments on his rights, compensation for damage caused by offenses and self-defense in criminal proceedings. It is proven that access to justice is increasingly included in the international and national practice of states and begins to occupy an important place in the organization and functioning of the judiciary. It is noted that today the concept of access to justice does not have a unified approach to its understanding in the circles of the scientific community. The development of this issue continues for a considerable period of time. Long-standing discussions give reasons to testify that access to justice is an extremely broad concept that can be distinguished as a separate concept, principle or right. It is emphasized that in this context it is extremely important to emphasize the mechanisms of human rights protection, that is, its application to those categories of the population that do not have the opportunity and resources to go to court. In view of this, it is extremely important to apply the principle of equality before the court in practice. This will make it possible to ensure equal access to the trial for all participants in the process. The international experience of access to justice and its generalization in legal practice is analyzed. It is noted that international law has singled out an important component of access to justice, which is the right to access international mechanisms for ensuring the protection of human rights. It is emphasized that the justice system can use the norms of international law, including anti-discrimination norms. The key in this process is ensuring access to justice, which is an important basis for the conclusion of international treaties and the effective functioning of international human rights organizations.

The Protection of the Rights and Interests of the Actual Investors in the Equity Proxy Holding

The investment method of stock holding on behalf of the actual investors not only meets the anonymous investment needs, but also makes the investors bear a series of legal risks, which will easily cause the actual investors' rights and interests to be damaged and lead to disputes. The corresponding rules of our current law are not perfect, and even the basic problems of the concept of equity proxy have not been clarified, which leads to the lack of effective protection of the rights and interests of the actual investors in judicial practice. Based on the actual situation of our country's current laws and regulations, the legal perfection of the protection of the rights and interests of the actual investors should start from the study of the basic theories, and make clear the basic concepts in the relationship of stock rights proxy as the starting point, based on the actual defects of our current law and the needs of judicial practice, and taking the analysis of theory and legislative practice inside and outside the country as the path, in order to perfect the related legislation, we should analyze the legal disputes in the way of stock holding in theory and practice systematically. The. The second part is the summary of the legislative status and judicial practice of protecting the rights and interests of the actual investors in our country. In this part, the author analyzes the inadequacy of the current law about stock right proxy in our country, and makes a systematic analysis of the disputes in judicial practice.

Main Criteria for the Classification of Disinformation and Attempts to Criminalisation of Its Spread in Ukraine

Based on the methodology of documentary review of scientific sources, available materials of public organisations, the judicial practices in investigating cases of disinformation spread, Ukrainian and foreign sources, the process of disinformation propagation has been researched. Using this approach, the main criteria for classifying disinformation by domains, objectives, methods, sources, forms, and channels were formulated. It was found that in Ukraine, there is still no unified legislative practice to counter disinformation, which leads to the uncontrolled application of manipulative processes and the dissemination of unreliable information by hostile intelligence services. Mass media and other channels of disinformation dissemination continue to evade the attention of law enforcement agencies, for instance, in the fields of economics, science, education, culture, and sports.

Comparative constitutional modalities: towards a rigorous but realistic comparative constitutional studies

Constitutional comparison involves a range of different modes of comparison – that is, comparison that is ‘genetic’ or ‘genealogical’, deliberative or discourse-oriented, doctrinal, empirical, reflective and moral-cosmopolitan in scope, as well as hybrid in nature. Each of these modes has ‘thinner’ and ‘thicker’ variants, and a somewhat different focus, or concern to understand the constitutional history, arguments, doctrines, practices and experiences, or values, of other countries. Further, each implies a different geographic focus, or scope, and attention to comparative judicial decisions, legislative practices and social science sources. Some forms of comparison are also more methodologically demanding, than others. Empirical comparison in particular invites either ‘large n’ studies, or else, ‘smaller n’, qualitative studies that draw on rigorous principles of case-selection. One of the aims of the article is also to explain these principles, while at the same time arguing for a robust and realistic approach to their application.

Enhancing Turkish land readjustment via a combination of IPA-based on SWOT and workshops

Land Readjustment (LR), a tool for generating land and frequently applied in the world, is also used in Türkiye in areas where 1/1000 scale implementation development plans are available. In world examples, Land Readjustment Implementation (LRi) is preferred in small application areas, integrated with applications focused on urban transformation and urban renewal. Considering exemplary LRi in the world, LRi in Germany and Japan attract attention. With the LR method, construction is completed by producing development parcels with all infrastructure facilities in a city. Independent sections in buildings built on produced parcels; commercial, residential etc. are used for different purposes. Unlike world LRi, the LR method is used in larger areas in Türkiye. However, in Türkiye, development parcels that do not have infrastructure (and it is unknown when the construction will be completed) are also produced. In fact, it is known that there are some problems with Türkiye's LRi. As a matter of fact, in order to eliminate these problems, revisions have been frequently made in the legal legislation regarding LR. Although the LR method has been improving and modified, it is still criticized. The aim of this study is to identify and eliminate the deficiencies of the method. A number of different studies were conducted for this purpose. The studies were carried out by geomatics engineers, the only discipline authorized to perform LRi in Türkiye. The opinions and suggestions of qualified geomatics engineers who are experts in LR and experts involved in the implementations were taken, the scientific studies produced by researchers were analysed, and all this information was taken into account and evaluated together in the light of world literature. In the study, firstly, current situation analyses and literature review were conducted. Thus, problems were identified with the support of literature and solution approaches were developed according to expert opinions. LR practices of successful countries were examined and suggestions were developed based on the information obtained from them. LRi was made in the determined areas and the actual implementation results were compared with the draft implementation results created according to the models developed within the scope of the study. Workshops were held with LR expert geomatics engineers, technical staff and LR expert researchers. Legal regulations have been proposed to implement the developed models. SWOT analysis, a tool widely used for strategic planning and traditionally known as a form of brainstorming, was chosen as a method adapted by applying Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) to rank the opinions of field experts and academics. The most important results obtained from the study can be listed that LRi is only area-based, has no alternative approaches to value-based LRi in practice in the current LR legislation, does not encourage public participation, is generally carried out as mandatory. The most important recommendation presented by the study is to provide, gradual transition from area-based to value-based LRi including different applicable alternative methods.