Sphere Of Law Enforcement Research Articles

Law enforcement bodies in the mechanism of functioning of state power

It is noted that in a modern democratic society, law enforcement agencies play a key role in ensuring legality, law and order, and the safety of citizens. They are an integral part of the mechanism of functioning of state power, acting as a tool for implementing the legal policy of the state and protecting the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens. A special place in the system of law enforcement agencies is occupied by the police, which is on the front line of interaction between the state and citizens in the sphere of law enforcement. The police, as the central element of the law enforcement system, has a wide range of powers and responsibilities, covering crime prevention, crime investigation, public order and security. The article examines the role of law enforcement agencies, particularly the police, in ensuring legality, law and order, and the safety of citizens in a modern democratic society. Special attention is paid to the analysis of legal, organizational and technological aspects of police activity in the context of growing challenges such as cybercrime, international terrorism and organized crime. The functions of the police as a key element of the law enforcement system, its interaction with other state bodies and society are considered. The author emphasizes the importance of reforming the law enforcement system of Ukraine to meet international standards and growing social needs. It is noted that the functioning of the police in a democratic society should balance between ensuring security and protecting the rights and freedoms of citizens. Particular attention was paid to the need to improve the legal and organizational mechanisms of police work, which ensure their accountability to society and compliance with the principles of the rule of law. The article also raises questions regarding the legal definition of law enforcement agencies and their functional role in the modern state, the problems of normative and legal regulation of their activities. The importance of creating an effective system of police control and accountability in the context of democratic transformations taking place in Ukraine is discussed.

The system of international legal norms and principles – the basis of legal regulation of the activities of national law enforcement bodies

It is indicated that the introduction of advanced international and European norms regarding the functioning of law enforcement agencies into Ukrainian legislation is a key indicator that the country not only declares a sustainable course for the democratization of all aspects of public life, but also takes concrete measures for its implementation. Ukraine has made significant progress in this direction, but there are still a number of challenges, the legal analysis of which will contribute to the further approximation of the domestic system of law enforcement agencies to global and European standards. In this context, one of the priority areas of scientific research is the justification of the need to update and improve the ethical codes of conduct of law enforcement officers based on international standards. This task becomes particularly relevant in view of the need for constant improvement of professional ethics and standards of behavior in the law enforcement sphere. This approach will not only improve the efficiency of law enforcement agencies, but also strengthen public trust in them, which is crucial for building the rule of law and civil society. In addition, it will allow Ukraine to demonstrate its commitment to the principles of the rule of law and the protection of human rights in the international arena. The article examines the system of international legal norms and principles that form the basis of legal regulation of the activities of national law enforcement agencies. Two groups of international standards are distinguished. The first group includes international legal acts that declare human rights and freedoms, primarily those that may be violated by the unethical behavior of law enforcement officers as representatives of state bodies. The second group represents international legal standards of professional and ethical behavior of employees of a specific law enforcement agency, the norms of which directly indicate the proper behavior of law enforcement officers in a specific area of law enforcement activity (judicial, prosecutorial, police, investigative, etc.). The main emphasis is on the need to cover the rules of professional ethical behavior of employees of all law enforcement agencies without exception, including those legally endowed with special rights and competence.

The relationship between justice and the police: theoretical and practical aspects

The text of the article analyzes approaches to the definitions of the concepts of «justice» and «police». By summarising different views on these concepts, the author proposes to establish a criterion by which they can be distinguished. According to the author, since police and judicial activities overlap in the implementation of the law enforcement function of the state, it is here that the specified criterion should be sought. In particular, it is noted in the work that justice is the sphere of direct implementation of the law enforcement function of the state, the content of which is the resolution of conflicts of legal and illegal interests, the denial of a committed offense and the establishment of the law in legal relations. Instead, the police is appointed to carry out only operational and forceful enforcement of the law enforcement function, i.e. it is only an auxiliary activity in the law enforcement sphere (for example, prevention, detection and recording of certain types of offenses, search and detention of offenders, providing protection from them to individuals and legal entities, ensuring the execution of court orders decisions and sentences, detention of convicts and other types of coercion). The boundaries of such auxiliary activities may be different in different states and even in one state at different times, but this does not change the fact that justice and the police play different roles in the performance of law enforcement functions: the first is the main one, the second is auxiliary. In addition, the article points to the fact that justice is connected exclusively with only one law­enforcement function of the state, and the police is mainly involved in the administrative function. Therefore, the criterion for distinguishing between justice and police, and, accordingly, their concepts, should be determined by what fundamentally distinguishes these state structures, making them different in nature in the system of state power; such a criterion is the nature of the functions of the state to which these phenomena are adapted. The author notes that the police is a special institution of the state, called together with other structures of the executive power to implement the legal order ideally defined by the legislative power in the norms, actually establishing and maintaining this order in society, preventing and suppressing its violations. At the same time, the specificity of the police in relation to other bodies of the executive power is that it acts as a «force» component of the executive power, has the necessary means and skills to use coercion, including forceful physical and armed coercion in order to maintain proper law and order Justice, on the other hand, is called upon to ensure, within the framework of the law enforcement function, the authoritative resolution of contradictions between legitimate and illegitimate interests, denying offences and thus establishing legality and restoring the violated legal order. The sphere of justice includes legal activities related to the establishment of legal facts, the investigation of facts of offenses, the resolution of legal disputes, determination and realization of the responsibility of violators of the law.

Вопросы юридической ответственности при использовании искусственного интеллекта в управлении боевыми действиями

The article analyzes the legal consequences of the use of artificial intelligence in combat control systems that carry out their centralized planning and coordination. The nature and method of compensation for damage caused to non-combatants and property of third parties as a result of decision-making by a robotic complex in an autonomous mode without human participation is being studied. The author makes a comparative analysis of foreign novels on issues of legal liability related to the use of artificial intelligence in combat operations management, in particular, the American approach based on the concept of “collateral damage”. Legislative novelties are proposed designed to adapt the law enforcement sphere to new practices of introducing artificial intelligence into combat control systems.

The objective side of the criminally punishable violation of legislation on plant protection

The article is devoted to the study of the elements of the objective side of the composition of a criminal misdemeanor, provided for in Art. 247 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine “Violation of legislation on plant protection”. The foreign experience of criminal protection of flora is partially highlighted. It has been established that within the framework of several criminal law prohibitions, in which damage to objects of plant life appears as one of the alternative consequences of encroachment on various spheres (elements) of the environment, the Criminal Code of the Federal Republic of Germany embodies a different from Art. 247 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine approach toward an end-to-end regime for the protection of plant life, which is a manifestation of law-making authenticity. It has been established that a similar approach was reflected in the project of the new Criminal Code of Ukraine. The content of the blanket disposition of Art. 247 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine is detailed; acts of regulatory legislation are listed, on which the law enforcement officer must rely when incriminating this criminal law prohibition; actions that can be regarded as a corresponding socially dangerous action – violation of the legislation on plant protection are specified. Based on the results of the analysis of the text of the criminal law and the limited practice of the corresponding law enforcement, both the justification of the construction of the disposition of the researched prohibition according to the blanket type, and the generally practical problem absence of its proper specification in the way of referring to a number of acts of regulatory legislation have been proven. Considerations regarding the content of severe consequences as an element of the objective side of the composition of the analyzed criminal offense against the environment have been expressed. The expediency of the existing legislative approach has been pointed out, according to which the delimitation of the composition of the criminal offense provided for in Art. 247 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, from the composition of related administrative offenses has been carried out on the grounds of socially dangerous consequences. It has been established that Art. 247 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine remains among the “dead” prohibitions, the reasons for which must be clarified by criminological science. The opinion has been expressed that the problem of the inevitability of the criminal law response to the most dangerous violations of the legislation on plant protection lies not in the legislative, but in the law-enforcement sphere.

Foreign experience of implementing ethical values in the anti-corruption policy of private and public sector organizations

The author analyzed and systematized the experience of foreign countries regarding the peculiarities of the implementation of ethical values in the anti-corruption policy of private and public sector organizations. Senior management when implementing anti­corruption standards, regardless of the form of ownership of the organization, when making management decisions, should be guided by their own ethical beliefs regarding their actions, display of integrity, ethics, influence on employees of lower management levels regarding the example of the prevalence of anti-corruption standards when making management decisions. The importance of the Codes of Ethics in encouraging the top management of the USA, EU, and Great Britain in the formation of organizational ethics and the reputation of international companies was established, and the strategic importance of leadership in the prevention of corruption in the formation of anti-corruption programs and the fight against corruption risks was determined in his work on leadership in the prevention of corruption. The experience of the USA, the EU, and Great Britain has shown that compliance with ethical behavior by the middle and lower ranks and, accordingly, the reduction of corruption risks, is mainly implemented taking into account the example set by the management in conducting the company's business. It has been found that the main ways of creating an ethical atmosphere are: establishment of values and principles of the organization, approval of Codes of Ethics, internal control, accountability, regular informing and holding of training events by the management with its mandatory participation regarding ethical values, trust in the management and its personal compliance on issues of corporate ethics in the absence of an ethics officer position. The practice of management implementation of ethical values in the anti-corruption policy of public authorities in Australia has shown that the ways of such implementation can be: the introduction of external control procedures open to the public, as well as confidential reporting procedures for senior management. The experience of Liberia, Kenya, and Georgia regarding leadership and corruption in the management of companies and in the public service as one of the main causes of civil wars is analyzed. Positive practices regarding the use of anti-corruption policy and the establishment of the role of leaders in the management of African countries have become the implementation of anti-corruption policy and strategy in the top management of countries, decentralization of power and the practice of identifying and returning illegally obtained funds of government officials to state accounts. The author summarizes effective ways of implementing ethical values in public sector organizations, using the example of Georgia, namely: political loyalty of management in the field of management in the fight against corruption; implementation of e-governance and e-services, long-term investments in building a corporate ethical culture, implementation of a mechanism for direct access to information on combating bribery to the company's top management, and encouraging employees to report suspicious activity related to corruption. Using the example of Estonia, the peculiarities of the role of management in overcoming corruption, the implementation of anti-corruption initiatives, certain trends regarding the role of the leadership of the law enforcement sphere in anti-corruption policy have been established. Estonian legislation has formed trends regarding the identification of the role of management in the formation of anti­corruption culture in law enforcement agencies through organizational views on corruption and the views of managers on overcoming corruption, in particular: the openness of top management to discussing anti-corruption issues in relation to their own organizations; focus on the organizational culture of non-perception of corruption starting from the top management level; integration into everyday practice of existing ethical standards; prevention of corruption risks associated with senior officials of organizations.

Основные проблемы конституционно-правового механизма исполнения решений Конституционного Суда РФ и пути их разрешения

The article examines the current constitutional and legal mechanism for executing decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. The author draws attention to two main areas that require careful study and understanding: 1) changes in current legislation and other regulations, 2) execution (accounting) of decisions of the Constitutional Court in law enforcement practice. The author points out serious shortcomings of the constitutional and legal mechanism for the execution of decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation at the regional level, the lack of a real opportunity to influence the federal legislator and serious problems arising at the level of execution of decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation in the law enforcement sphere.

Движущие силы, способствующие распространению экстремизма в Российской Федерации и основные направления по их противодействию

Every year, extremist manifestations have a significant impact on the desta-bilization of the social and political situation, both in individual constituent entities of the Russian Federation and in our country as a whole. For this reason, in this work, the thief analyzes the causal complex that influences the development of extremist illegal activities, including those affecting the state of national security of our country. In the course of the study, it was established that the main driving force contributing to the spread of negative radical beliefs and extremist movements are factors caused by the processes of information influence of Western special services, which fuel protest activity and separatist views in Russian society. Also, the active spread of extremist manifestations in our country is facilitated by the presence of diffuse internal causes and conditions. During the study, the author proposed measures aimed at preventing the criminal acts under consideration. In the law enforcement sphere, it is proposed to focus on improving measures related to coordinating the activities of all entities involved in the fight against extremism, including divisions of territorial bodies serving border areas. It is important to improve state migration policy in order to reduce extremist manifestations. The scientific community should intensify research work in this area, since it requires additional comprehensive scientific research into the essence and content, subjects and objects, as well as the goals and objectives of countering extremist manifestations. The research has convincingly proven that the provisions set out in this work can improve the further implementation of measures aimed at countering extremism. The conclusions made by the author will help prevent extremist manifestations and minimize the harm from these criminal acts.

Problematic issues of gender equality in the European Union: administrative and legal aspect

The article is devoted to gender equality, one of the most relevant topics today, not only in Ukraine, but also in the European Union. Strategic planning of gender policy is an important aspect in achieving the values of equality between women and men. Building a quality strategy requires experience and expert work, in particular, data collection and processing, setting priorities and evaluating the effectiveness of already developed strategies.
 The aim of the work is a thorough study of gender equality policy in Ukraine and EU countries in law enforcement agencies.
 The methodological basis of the study. In the process of working on the scientific article, such scientific methods as the terminological, systemic-structural, formal-logical, comparative-legal method were used.
 Results. The European Union, in particular, the Commission on Gender Equality and Monitoring its Progress, already has some experience in strategic planning to achieve the goals of gender equality, which is implemented in all spheres of life. A review and analysis of this experience can help Ukraine improve approaches and practices for developing strategies in this area.
 In Ukraine, scientific research on gender aspects of state policy began in the 90s of the last century. The issue of gender equality should be central in the analysis, planning and adoption of political decisions, budgets, programs, and institutional structures.
 The article analyzes actions and trends in the field of gender equality in the EU and Ukraine with the aim of bringing the law enforcement sphere of Ukraine closer to European gender standards.
 Conclusions. It was determined that the observance of gender equality or parity democracy is a system of rights, freedoms and duties of a person and a citizen regulated by regulations and provided for by political and legal principles, ensuring the possibility of their equal implementation and observance in all spheres of state and public activity with the help of an appropriate implementation mechanism. Summarizing the European practice, new principles of gender policy are defined, which form the modern ideology of equality.

ВНЕДРЕНИЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ, ИСПОЛЬЗУЮЩИХ ИСКУССТВЕННЫЙ ИНТЕЛЛЕКТ, В ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТЬ МВД РОССИИ: ОПЫТ И ПРОБЛЕМЫ

The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the problems associated with artificial intelligence and the development of digital technologies are extremely important for the modern world. In the process of re-search, the author notes that in the conditions of the mid-20s. In the 21st century, modern information technologies in the legal environment contribute to the adoption of new technical solutions, which are based on developments in the field of artificial intelligence, and are capable of solving complex legal problems, including those that have a positive impact on the fight against crime. In the process of research, taking into account the close attention of the country's leadership to the problem of introducing the technologies under consideration into various spheres of life of Russian society, the author examined possible aspects of the use of this technology in the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. At the same time, he made attempts to identify both the positive aspects of using these technologies and the possibility of negative consequences with their widespread implementation. As a result, the author focuses on the fact that the advantages of using the technologies under consideration in the law enforcement sphere, first of all, create real opportunities for police officers to gradually get rid of monotonous, monotonous activities, and use the released forces and means in more serious activities, for which robotics is not suitable for. In the process of research, the author convincingly proved that the use of these technologies beyond any doubt has a positive impact on the effectiveness of the professional activities of employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. From the standpoint of countering criminal manifestations, technologies based on artificial intelligence have enormous potential. The intelligence in question is already in high demand for working with large amounts of data, in particular statistical information, preparing reports, certificates, and information materials. In addition, these technologies can and should be used in operational search activities, criminal investigations, and the fight against various types of criminal manifestations. At the same time, the author specifically emphasizes that in order to maintain the effectiveness of the activities of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs, it is very important that the accumulated positive experience in the use of new technologies and coherence of actions are not only placed at the forefront, but also receive further development.

Social partnership in law enforcement: theoretical and methodological aspects of the research

The relevance of the research topic is determined by the search for the reasons for the unsatisfactory practice of building social partnerships in the law enforcement sphere. The main problem of the current state of affairs, according to the author, is the presence of an axiological barrier in the minds of the intended subjects of interaction: internal affairs bodies and public law enforcement organizations. The length of time it takes to overcome the axiological barrier, as well as the lack of progressive dynamism in building an effective system, are burdened by a lack of understanding of the nature of the phenomenon of social partnership. This circumstance contributed to the dominance of a predominantly normative basis for mobilizing the movement of «social activists» and predetermined the administrative-command methods of stimulating public activity «from above.» This has given rise to simulation and over-centralized practices that exclude the value content of the communication process, initiative, interest, independence, personal responsibility and other mandatory attributes of a partner form of interaction.The purpose of the research is to determine the essential characteristics of social partnership, systematization and accounting of which will allow us to propose a conceptual basis for its formation in the law enforcement sphere. The research method is abstract situation modeling where the development of partnerships is analyzed through a system-activity approach. It makes possible to study both the systemic properties of social partnership and the specifics of the activity content of the analyzed model, which generates successful joint actions of subjects in the process of building a social partnership.The results and key conclusions of the research have made it possible to describe the essential features of the partnership form of interaction, present the author’s definition of social partnership in the law enforcement sphere and propose the main directions for its activation in order to build truly partnership practices.

FEATURES OF ANALYSIS AND MODELING OF MANAGEMENT PROCESSES IN LAW ENFORCEMENT

In this work, the author attempted to reveal the importance of management issues in various spheres of activity and the peculiarities of management in the law enforcement sphere. A look at the origin and development of a scientific approach to the management process is given. The complexity, multi-component, and dynamism of the social management system, which is determined by the characteristics and nature of its components, is emphasized. The above determines the use of a system approach that is optimally suited for the analysis and research of complex objects and relationships, taking into account ara large number of dynamic variables. The author noted that in the field of law enforcement, a number of factors and conditions must be constantly analyzed to forecast changes, develop the external environment, and ensure the effective operation of relevant bodies. This emphasizes the importance and necessity of using analysis both in the activities of law enforcement agencies and in the management processes of this area. Its indisputable importance for strategic management and ensuring long-term effective activity of law enforcement agencies is emphasized. The peculiarities of the application of SWOT analysis, which allows to investigate of the impact of external and internal factors on the object, taking into account its weaknesses and strengths, are revealed. Modeling is considered an important component of system analysis and a general scientific management method. Attention is paid to the specifics of the use of this method when the model acts as a scientific tool and a means of scientific knowledge. The author paid attention to the types of models, their purpose, and features of application in management processes.

Модернізація діяльності правоохоронних органів України в сучасних умовах

Annotation. The current conditions of law enforcement agencies in Ukraine are extremely complex, which requires increased efficiency in this area. The purpose of this article was to highlight the main directions of modernization of law enforcement agencies of Ukraine. This study was carried out within the limits of the set goal using the following methods: information-analytical method, system approach method, anamnestic method, descriptive statistics method, descriptive analysis method, forecasting method. The specificity of law enforcement agencies' activities in modern conditions is determined by: the introduction of martial law and a change in the qualitative and quantitative composition of crime; globalization and European integration processes and universalization; digitization of law enforcement activities; establishing international cooperation in the fight against crime and ensuring national security. Proposals for improving law enforcement activities should be combined into one document, such as the Program for the Modernization of Law Enforcement Agencies of Ukraine, which will include the following areas: law enforcement agency activities under martial law; provision of socially oriented law enforcement activities; democratization and depoliticization of the law enforcement sphere; improvement of the legal framework of law enforcement activities based on international standards and foreign experience; ensuring the appropriate educational and qualification level of law enforcement officers; implementation of digital technologies and information systems; cooperation with governmental and non-governmental organizations and the public; international cooperation. This study cannot be considered exhaustive, but it opens perspectives in the development of research in this area. In particular, this concerns the establishment of cooperation with governmental and non-governmental organizations and citizens in ensuring national security in the conditions of martial law.

Спорные вопросы наследования жилых помещений, приобретенных за счет средств материнского (семейного) капитала

According to the Concept of State Family Policy approved in the Russian Federation, one of the significant measures that influenced the increase in the birth rate in the country was the provision of maternity (family) capital for families with children at the expense of the state budget. However, the application of the provisions established by special legislation, especially in terms of allocating a share in the acquired residential premises to minor children, caused problems of their practical implementation, arising not only during life, but also after the death of parents. The purpose of writing the article was to identify typical cases of participation of heirs in disputes arising in connection with the inheritance of residential premises acquired in whole or in part at the expense of maternal (family) capital. Special attention is paid to the problem of inheritance of residential premises after the death of a person who did not fulfil the obligation to allocate a share to minor children during his lifetime. At present, both in science and in the law enforcement sphere, a judgement has been formed on the need to refuse heirs to issue a certificate of inheritance in part of the residential premises acquired at the expense of the maternal (family) capital, before determining the shares of both heirs and the deceased parent in court. This approach is based on a misunderstanding of the legal nature of the obligation to allocate shares to minor children. The author makes a conclusion about the termination of an unfulfilled public duty by the death of a person and the impossibility of applying the norms of the law of obligations.

Characteristics of the State of Crimes in Russian Foreign Economic Activities After the Adoption of Special Economic Measures

Currently, foreign trade-related crimes do not only pose a serious threat to the economic and national security of the Russian Federation, but are a considerable obstacle for the international cooperation of the country. Such crimes create conditions for widening the scale of the shadow economy, and contribute to practically all negative trends in the law enforcement sphere of the country. The author analyzes the indices related to the law enforcement work of the customs departments. The latter are immediate participants of customs operation and combat crimes in the sphere of foreign trade within their jurisdiction. In the current geopolitical situation, the Russian Federation used the defense mechanism connected with the application of special economic measures. The author believes that this practice to some degree provoked the criminals to come up with new ways and means of bypassing existing prohibitions and limitations. In the last decade there has been an increase in the number of crimes connected with the smuggling of timber, currency operations with forged documentation, unlawful establishment of a juridical person and unlawful use of documentation to establish a juridical person. Besides, over this period the customs departments have not been able to reduce the number of crimes involving smuggling of cash, alcohol and tobacco, evasion of customs payments and certain duties to any significant extent. The author links this situation to the increase in foreign trade-related crimes committed with the aid of some corrupt officials from the state bodies, as well as the «grey» customs system. It is concluded that the state should continue to improve its law enforcement work in the sphere of foreign trade and economy while taking into consideration the current special economic measures in order to ensure a more efficient counteraction to foreign trade crimes.

Legal regulation of the digital environment: digitization of the state-legal and law enforcement sphere

The rapid development of society and the impact of information technology have significantly changed the legal field and contributed to the creation of a legal framework for the digital environment. Successful development of digital relations in Ukraine requires effective legislative regulation. The favorable appearance of this process is determined by effective strategic planning, active participation of the government and an appropriate legal framework. From this point of view, it is considered important to consider issues of legal regulation of the digital environment in the context of the activities of state and law enforcement agencies. The purpose of the work is to research the regulatory and legal provision of the digital environment with an emphasis on the regulation of digitalization of state legal and law enforcement activities. Research methodology includes such methods as: historical, systematization, analysis and synthesis, structural-functional and comparative analysis. The result of the scientific analysis of scientific research and regulatory and legal regulation of the relevant relations was the study of the legal plane of digital transformations in Ukraine. Internal legislative norms were studied, relevant laws aimed at digitization were analyzed, their purpose was determined; the existing legislative basis for building a digital society and economy in Ukraine is highlighted. The analysis of strategic documents on digitalization in the spheres of public administration and law enforcement was carried out. The internal concepts of the development of e-government have been studied. The experience of foreign countries in the regulation of the digital environment and electronic management was studied, progressive means of regulation of the studied issues abroad were determined.

About some problems of law enforcement activities in the field of state social assistance and support to poor citizens in Russia

The subject of the study is the most common conflict situations that are resolved, mainly in court, in the field of providing state social assistance and support to the poor citizens. The author analyzes the existing, rather extensive judicial practice in this area, focusing on the most socially significant aspects of law enforcement that need further improvement. The methodological basis of the study was a set of general scientific methods of cognition, based on a dialectical general philosophical basis, and, in turn, determining the use of certain private scientific methods, primarily statistical methods in the law enforcement sphere. The article was prepared as part of the state assignment to the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation in 2023. The sphere of assistance to low-income citizens and families is extremely conflictual from the point of view of law enforcement. The most common categories include legal disputes related to: contradictions between federal legislation and regulatory acts of the regions of the Russian Federation; imperfection of federal and regional legislation; improper application of the norms of substantive and procedural law; violation of the terms of the social contract; recovery of funds unreasonably paid to recipients of social assistance; bringing to administrative responsibility for misuse budget funds; challenging the refusal to provide social services, in the form of vouchers for sanatorium treatment.

LEGAL PROTECTION OF PUBLIC MORALITY - AXIOLOGY OF LEGAL RELATIONS AND LAW ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES IN UKRAINE: A MODERN COMPARATIVIST APPROACH

The purpose of the article is to study the modern comparative approach to determining the influence of the level of the legal protection of public morality on the axiological component of legal relations and law enforcement activities in Ukraine within the framework of theoretical and legal discourse. As a result of the conducted analysis, it is necessary to state that the axiology of legal relations in society in the general system of coordinates and interaction with other types of social relations is permanently permeated by the categories of social morality. At most, morality is a system of principles, and a spindle of social principles, which permeates all types of social relations without exception, is the starting point for their generally human and philosophical qualification, a marker of compliance with the needs of modernity. The article establishes that law enforcement activity is a special type of social relations, since on the one hand it interacts prominently with society, the widest circle of legal subjects, almost without exception, on the other hand, it is a narrow-profile, specialized activity of persons authorized to do so. Therefore, it was established that the law enforcement sphere is at the same time the so-called issuer, creator, and developer of moral principles, as rule narrow-branch ones, which, at the same time, clearly intersect and interact with general social principles, complementing each other, penetrating into other spheres of sectoral social relations, supplementing them, changing, transforming legal validity, etc. It was established that the level of public morality of law enforcement officers directly affects the state of compliance with public morality by civil society, and vice versa: the level of public morality of society draws a demarcation line for the system of permissible worldview and behavioral principles of law enforcement agencies. At most, it seems quite obvious that one of the most effective means of acceptance by law enforcement agencies of values, principles, ideas, and norms of public morality is the maximum integration of law enforcement agencies into the social, human plane, their immersion in the urgent needs of society, its requests, the spirit of the law as much as possible, to which it aspires. At the same time, the so-called "humanization" of law enforcement agencies is, on the one hand, a demand of society for the law enforcement system and, at the same time, a guarantee of the protection of public morality, because only humanized law enforcement agencies are able to ensure and guarantee the specified process.

Prospects for the transformation of the domestic law enforcement system in the conditions of russian aggression

Russian aggression has a direct impact on the Ukrainian law enforcement system, because it is a direct threat to the security and integrity of the state. The paper aims to determine effective means of transformation of the law enforcement system of Ukraine in the conditions of russian aggression. On the basis of a systematic analysis of theoretical information, the main threats to the law enforcement system of Ukraine were determined: direct, caused by russian aggression, hybrid and internal. At the current stage, some reforms of the law enforcement system have been implemented: creation of the National Police, an anti-corruption body, the SOCTA methodology for combating organized crime has been implemented, the "PRAVO-Police" program has been implemented, as well as martial law has been implemented. The following issues require further resolution: ineffective personnel policy and low level of trust in law enforcement officers, use of outdated work methods in the law enforcement system. The solution of these issues is possible through the following measures: the introduction of modern technologies, the use of artificial intelligence and extensive data in the law enforcement sphere. This will increase the level of security of the state, citizens and civil society institutions.

ПОДГОТОВКА КАДРОВ ДЛЯ ПРАВООХРАНИТЕЛЬНЫХ ОРГАНОВ РЕСПУБЛИКИ КАЗАХСТАН — СОВРЕМЕННОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ

The article deals with the actual problems of personnel training for the law enforcement sphere of the Republic of Kazakhstan, taking into account the ongoing socio-economic transformations at the present stage of state development. The current situation with the staffing of law enforcement agencies, primarily internal affairs agencies, is analyzed. The system of personnel training for the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan is described. The article reveals the essence of the ongoing measures in Kazakhstan to improve human resource management and modernize this activity in the law enforcement sphere of the state. The reasons for the existing difficulties with staffing police units at the present time are shown. 
 The article also contains a forecast of changes in the staffing of professional resources prepared by higher education institutions of Kazakhstan for internal affairs bodies.