Law Enforcement Organizations Research Articles

The Changing Nature of Policing Studies in Türkiye

The Changing Nature of Policing Studies in Türkiye

The Law and Science of Eyewitness Evidence

Eyewitness testimony is heavily reliant on their memory and visual perception, both of which are highly prone to error. Eyewitness memory's propensity for error has long been shown in instances of wrongful conviction. Currently, decades of scientific studies on memory and visual perception have shown important error sources and strategies for enhancing eyewitness accuracy. Similar to a few other legal fields, eyewitness testimony that involves experimentation in the identification process lends itself to scientific study. Consequently, eyewitness testimony has evolved into a test bed for applying science to legal interpretation. This article looks at the responses given to this corpus of research by legal players, including state and federal courts, state legislators, and law enforcement organisations. Although decisions from the Supreme Court have established a constitutional floor, we discover that this largely does not inform first-hand evidence-based law. As we document in a comprehensive fifty-state survey of rulings, state courts have increasingly used eyewitness memory science to reduce misidentifications. In our second examination, we look at what more state legislators have accomplished by examining the twenty-four state statutes that govern the process of eyewitness identification. Third, law enforcement organisations have embraced updated identification procedures, notably through the adoption of a model policy by twenty-nine states.

Video Anomaly Detection in Crime Analysis using Deep learning Architecture- A survey

The importance of developing automated video surveillance systems for public safety and security, particularly in crime analysis, has witnessed significant growth in recent years. This survey delves into the current landscape of automated video surveillance systems, emphasizing advancements in crime analysis and exploring existing methodologies and technologies. The study underscores the significance of employing deep learning models in video analysis. Furthermore, the study suggests a deep learning architecture to address the challenges of the existing methods. The goal of the suggested approach is to help security and law enforcement organizations quickly react to any dangers by precisely identifying unusual occurrences or actions in video sequences. The DenseNet-121 architecture is used for efficient spatial and temporal data acquisition from the video frames. This architecture is characterized by a dense connection structure in which all levels get feature mappings from all layers before them. The characteristics of DenseNet-121 can help in the accurate identification of anomalies in video streams and differentiate between normal and abnormal actions. In addition, the study also delves into the topic of using a cell structure with varied sizes to effectively split video sequences. This allows for flexible analysis and can accommodate different sorts of abnormalities. Anomaly detection accuracy can be further improved by adding size, motion, and location information to prediction and measurement models. This study serves as a foundation for the future research that aims to develop a more robust and efficient automated video surveillance solutions.

FIGHTING FOR THEIR PLACE IN BRAVE SPACES: UNCOVERING THE TRAVAILS OF THE CLOSETED POLICE OFFICERS

<p>In law enforcement and correctional agencies, sexual orientation and gender identity-based harassment and employment discrimination remained persistent until today. Moreover, there is stereotyping involved in the issue of being closeted in the law enforcement agency. This study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the experiences, challenges, and struggles faced by closeted officers in law enforcement organizations. The study’s participants are closeted police officers, who were chosen through snowball sampling, while data were collected via interview guide questionnaires. The study employs a qualitative phenomenological research approach, focusing on what people experience concerning certain significant life events and how they perceive those occurring. Thematic analysis was employed as the chosen qualitative data analysis approach. The study revealed that closeted gay police officers needed to adjust and adapt themselves to the workplace dynamics to fit in while balancing their values to stay true to themselves. The participants also experienced discrimination, stereotypes, and bullying. The significance of this study is to understand better the experiences, challenges, and struggles of closeted police officers; specifically, to explore their lived experiences in law enforcement organizations, document the difficulties the respondents have faced and the coping techniques they used to overcome the significant challenges in their professions and document how the closeted police officers project themselves during police operations.</p><p> </p><p><strong>JEL: </strong>J15, J71, J78, Z13<strong></strong></p><p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/soc/0758/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Preference for group-based social hierarchy and the reluctance to accept women as equals in law enforcement

Abstract While many public organizations have made notable strides to improve the representation of women at all ranks, women remain severely underrepresented in law enforcement organizations. Research shows that a critical barrier to women’s integration into law enforcement is the common perception among policemen that women are unsuited for police work. This study draws on Social Dominance Theory (SDT) to illuminate the values and beliefs underlying policemen’s negative perceptions. Using multi-wave survey data and Ordinary Least Squares Regression analyses, we examine the association between social dominance orientation (SDO), an individual difference variable that captures preference for group-based social hierarchy, and officers’ assessment of women’s suitability for law enforcement. In line with existing evidence, our analyses show that compared to policewomen, policemen report significantly more negative assessments of women’s suitability for law enforcement. We also find that higher SDO officers report more negative assessments of women in law enforcement, and officers’ diversity value partially mediates this relationship. These novel findings suggest that officers who desire to protect existing power dynamics are more likely to resist organizational diversity efforts and hold more negative views about women’s suitability for law enforcement.

Bias and fairness in software and automation tools in digital forensics

The proliferation of software tools and automated techniques in digital forensics has brought about some controversies regarding bias and fairness. Different biases exist and have been proven in some civil and criminal cases. In our research, we analyze and discuss these biases present in software tools and automation systems used by law enforcement organizations and in court proceedings. Furthermore, we present real-life cases and scenarios where some of these biases have determined or influenced these cases. We were also able to provide recommendations for reducing bias in software tools, which we hope will be the foundation for a framework that reduces or eliminates bias from software tools used in digital forensics. In conclusion, we anticipate that this research can help increase validation in digital forensics software tools and ensure users' trust in the tools and automation techniques.

Chhattisgarh's Perspective on Investigating Cybercrime: Challenges and Solutions

Chhattisgarh is not an exception to the ubiquitous effects of cybercrime, which has become a global problem. Cybercriminals take advantage of weaknesses as digital technologies develop, providing particular difficulties for Chhattisgarh's law enforcement organisations and authorities. In order to boost cybersecurity measures and improve law enforcement capacities, this research study addresses the specific difficulties the state faces in pursuing cybercrime. The study examines case studies, evaluates current cybersecurity activities, and provides thorough recommendations while also analysing the current cybercrime scenario. Chhattisgarh can successfully fight cybercrime and establish a safer online environment by comprehending and tackling these issues.

Social partnership in law enforcement: theoretical and methodological aspects of the research

The relevance of the research topic is determined by the search for the reasons for the unsatisfactory practice of building social partnerships in the law enforcement sphere. The main problem of the current state of affairs, according to the author, is the presence of an axiological barrier in the minds of the intended subjects of interaction: internal affairs bodies and public law enforcement organizations. The length of time it takes to overcome the axiological barrier, as well as the lack of progressive dynamism in building an effective system, are burdened by a lack of understanding of the nature of the phenomenon of social partnership. This circumstance contributed to the dominance of a predominantly normative basis for mobilizing the movement of «social activists» and predetermined the administrative-command methods of stimulating public activity «from above.» This has given rise to simulation and over-centralized practices that exclude the value content of the communication process, initiative, interest, independence, personal responsibility and other mandatory attributes of a partner form of interaction.The purpose of the research is to determine the essential characteristics of social partnership, systematization and accounting of which will allow us to propose a conceptual basis for its formation in the law enforcement sphere. The research method is abstract situation modeling where the development of partnerships is analyzed through a system-activity approach. It makes possible to study both the systemic properties of social partnership and the specifics of the activity content of the analyzed model, which generates successful joint actions of subjects in the process of building a social partnership.The results and key conclusions of the research have made it possible to describe the essential features of the partnership form of interaction, present the author’s definition of social partnership in the law enforcement sphere and propose the main directions for its activation in order to build truly partnership practices.

Change in attitudes and beliefs about implicit bias education: a demonstration among members of a police department

ABSTRACT Law enforcement organizations invest in ongoing education of employees on various topics concerning diversity, equity and accountability. Such education is designed to ensure the highest levels of performance and to earn the trust of the public. Traditional approaches to education, however, have proved challenging. The effectiveness of what passes as “training” is unregulated, and negative attitudes and beliefs about mandatory educational programs themselves may sabotage any possible benefits for policing. Utilizing a 2-wave, pre-/post-education panel design (N = 263), we demonstrate significant, even dramatic attitude and belief change among members of a police department concerning the value and importance of implicit bias education. That the program succeeded in promoting positive attitudes and beliefs offers a possible path forward given that law enforcement desires a rational, science-based approach to improving professional conduct and police-community relations, and given increased demands for implicit bias education as a component of police reform. Self-reported attitude change is most emphatically not an indication of reduction in bias in the trenches of policing. Nevertheless, positive shifts in attitudes and beliefs about bias education is a notable step forward as it likely reduces resistance to procedures and policies for individual and institutional reform that might otherwise remain elusive.

Money Laundering Hinders the Growth of the Economy of a Country

The worldwide prevalence of money laundering poses a serious risk to the security of monetary systems and economies everywhere. This study offers a theoretical explanation of money laundering and describes the steps that make up the process in detail. In addition, it delves into the digital approaches used in money laundering, illuminating the many processes that take place via internet-connected devices. To get a whole picture of the problem, it's crucial to know what money laundering is, why it happens, and how it hurts businesses and economies, as the author explains. Almost everywhere on Earth, money laundering is considered a serious crime, thus the most prosperous nations have put in place stringent safeguards to prevent it. The article looks at the ways in which money launderers get around these restrictions and use novel, unlawful strategies to clean their money before using it. Researchers observed that money launderers use strategies including "layering," "integration," and "placement" to avoid getting caught and prosecuted. Online platforms, digital currencies, and anonymous payment methods all provide new ways for money launderers to hide their transactions, making electronic money laundering a growing concern as well. This presentation offers a synopsis of the problem of money laundering and the damage it does to economies all around the world. This highlights the need of governments, financial institutions, and law enforcement organizations maintaining their efforts to tackle this threat. Money laundering is a serious problem that calls for increased attention and the creation of new methods to detect and stop it.

Gender differences in workplace incivility experiences and their impacts on the well-being and retention of women in law enforcement organizations

Abstract This study examines differences in workplace incivility experiences between policewomen and policemen and the impacts of workplace incivility experiences on the emotional exhaustion and turnover intentions of policewomen. The analysis relies on survey data collected from 591 officers across 6 law enforcement organizations in the USA. The research reveals that, compared to policemen, policewomen report significantly higher levels of workplace incivility. Policewomen also report heightened emotional exhaustion and express a greater intention to leave their current positions than policemen. Moreover, the study finds that the increased workplace incivility experienced by policewomen exacerbates emotional exhaustion and may prompt them to consider leaving their organization. The implications of these findings for the well-being and retention of women in law enforcement organizations are thoroughly discussed.

‘I really felt wanted’: Police recruitment strategies within a competitive labour market

Abstract As law enforcement organizations report challenges surrounding recruitment, evidence-based practices are critical and cost-effective measures which fundamentally support and advance the policing profession. To combat a hiring crisis and remain competitive among endless options of agency vacancies, employers must recognize internal data resources at hand along with the advantages of researcher-practitioner partnerships. The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine the effectiveness of a single mid-size southeastern municipal law enforcement agency’s recruitment program to identify unique indicators present within career decisions from the incoming officer workforce. Primary findings identified the recruitment process to play an integral role in the ultimate application and agency selection decision for participants, regardless of participant background. Further, participant interviews identified elements such as Responsiveness, Communication, Personal, and Timeliness critical to perceived success of the recruitment program. Regarding police staffing, this study introduces a self-sustaining model for agency-specific key motivating factors in recruit agency selection, to include application of strong recruitment practices and benchmark identification for sustained program effectiveness. Implications include the impact of customer-service approaches to police staffing and evidence-based strategies for agency-specific strengths during a nation-wide staffing crisis.

Big Data Analytics and Mining for Effective Visualization and Trends Forecasting of Crime Data

Abstract: Big data analytics (BDA) is a systematic approach for analyzing and identifying different patterns,relations, and trends within a large volume of data. In this paper, we apply BDA to criminal data where exploratory data analysis is conducted for visualization and trends prediction. Several the state-of-the art data mining and deep learning techniques are used. Following statistical analysis and visualization, some interesting facts and patterns are discovered from criminal data in San Francisco, Chicago, and Philadelphia. The predictive results show that the Prophet model and Keras stateful LSTM perform better than neural network models, where the optimal size of the training data is found to be three years. These promising outcomes will benefit for police departments and law enforcement organizations to better understand crime issues and provide insights that will enable them to track activities, predict the likelihood of incidents, effectively deploy resources and optimize the decisionmaking process.

Innovations Concerning Diversity Training and Organizational Development Interventions for Police Officers Using Reflection and Talking Circles

Abstract The paper explores a management consulting and organizational development intervention focused on employing new and innovative approaches to diversity training for police and law enforcement organizations through real-world interventions that explore human stories, connections, and dialogues as tools for understanding and change. The outcome of this approach is a more dynamic, productive, and constructive way to have more impactful and transformative organizational development and employee discussions, interventions, and training on diversity, inclusion, and cultural competence in law enforcement and all complex organizations. The intent of this discussion is not to reconstitute academic theory, but to influence the world of practice in a way that supports social change, because when applied, community-based research is important and relevant.

Emlékezetes pillanatok az Interpol elmúlt harminc évéből

Aim: The aim of the study is to present, from the author’s own point of view and based on his personal experience, the most significant changes in INTERPOL over the last 30 years in Hungary.Methodology: In addition to the relevant literature and legislation, the author draws on his own lived experience to describe the past three decades of the organization's ‘close-up view of history’.Findings: Looking at the history of INTERPOL, it can be seen that, in addition to the spirit of internationalism, regionalism and regional/continental cooperation have always played a crucial role in practice. In the beginning, partly due to a lack of technical development, this was a restraining force in day-to-day operations. However, INTERPOL has taken advantage of the opportunities offered by technical-digital developments to recognise the regionality of the way in which smwaller entities are recognised and operate, thus contributing to the effectiveness of global INTERPOL. In Europe, this is represented by the INTERPOL European Commission. Likewise, an important means of enhancing effectiveness is INTERPOL’s cooperation with other regional law enforcement organisations – in the case of Europe, this is the close working relationship that has been established between INTERPOL and Europol. All this could not be achieved without the added value through the National Centre Bureaus of the Member States, which in the case of Hungary is the International Law Enforcement Cooperation Centre.Value: As a result of this overview, the reader can see the structure of the domestic system, its links with the international organisation, the relevant EU agencies and the structure and role of the committees of strategic importance.

The variability and clustering of Financial Intelligence Units (FIUs) – A comparative analysis of national models of FIUs in selected western and eastern (post-Soviet) countries

Financial intelligence units (FIUs) are crucial pillars of international anti-money laundering (AML) law as national authorities that gather, analyze, and disseminate financial intelligence to law-enforcement authorities (LEAs). This paper offers an in-depth insight into national models of financial intelligence units (FIUs) in ten selected Western (Canada, Denmark, Netherlands, Luxembourg, United States) and Eastern (post-Soviet) countries (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Ukraine). A hypothesis that FIUs’ characteristics cluster along the West-East dimension is tested, based on a development of an analytical framework involving twelve potentially discriminative properties of FIUs, that characterize how a given FIU falls on a hypothetical continuum from primarily administrative to primarily law-enforcement organization and modi operandi. The findings are that, despite several decades of legislative efforts to harmonize FIUs worldwide, they are not homogenous. In fact, a West-East dichotomy between FIUs styles can be seen to the extent that Lithuania, Estonia and Poland form one cluster. On the other hand, Denmark, Netherlands and Luxembourg form another cluster. The exception that proves the rule, in this case, is Latvia, that falls within the Western cluster, not the Eastern one, due to a recent restructuring along “Western” lines. This analysis contributes to the knowledge-gap about FIUs governance in two ways. It provides a new theoretical framework of FIUs governance that hinges upon the “input-output” dynamics among FIUs, AML supervisory bodies, and law-enforcement authorities (LEAs). Furthermore, it demonstrates that blindly issuing new European AML legal standards, without regard for the idiosyncratic nature of these national bodies, is unlikely to produce substantive further harmonization results.

Law Enforcement Against Religious Blasphemy on Social Media in Indonesia

This study looks into the complex legal environment surrounding blasphemy enforcement on social media platforms in Indonesia, a country known for its wide range of religious and cultural practices. Using a thorough mixed-methods approach, the study combines technology evaluations, legal analyses, and sociological surveys to give a comprehensive knowledge of the prospects and problems in reducing online blasphemy. The legal analysis delves into the complexities of the Blasphemy Law and the Electronic Information and Transactions (EIT) Law, exposing obstacles in its implementation in the ever-changing digital landscape. Different public perspectives are captured through societal surveys, which highlight the influence of religion on attitudes and the efficacy of existing legislative measures. Technological evaluations explore the complexity of algorithms used for content moderation and the cooperation between law enforcement and platforms. Through the cross-analysis of these aspects, inequalities and links are shown, encouraging a nuanced conversation on striking a balance between religious sensitivity and freedom of expression. The study's conclusions highlight the necessity for a flexible and culturally aware strategy in dealing with online blasphemy and offer recommendations for legislators, law enforcement organizations, and technology stakeholders.

Mobile Forensic Readiness: A Comprehensive Survey of the Best Practices, Current Methods and Available Data

Our way of life has been completely transformed by mobile phones. Nowadays, a cell phone is seen as a necessary item. Which means we use it for the majority of our tasks as well as communication. Communication is portable allowing us to send texts and make calls from anywhere on the planet. In addition, people can utilize the camera to record significant moments in their life and store them for later reference. People used to send these photos to their loved ones from their phone allows them to share their moments with others. Moreover, through mobile applications, they may interact with individuals from all over the world and create new acquaintances on a mobile phone, Last but not least, they can use smartphone applications for finding their way about acquiring maps. For nefarious purposes, some people, on the other hand, want to wipe all of their data, including phone records, text messages, images, videos, and location information. Therefore, using mobile forensic technologies, a mobile forensic expert can recover all of the erased data, including call logs, text messages, photographs, videos, and location data. This survey paper intends to investigate and assess the state of mobile phone forensic preparation, including a thorough overview of current methodologies and industry best practices. This research intends to help forensic investigators, law enforcement organizations, and digital forensic practitioners create strong and efficient mobile phone forensic preparation strategies by examining various methodology, tools and procedures.

Associations between individual cognitive factors, mode of exposure and depression symptoms in practitioners working with aversive crime material

ABSTRACT Background: There is extensive literature on front-line officers and investigators exposure to trauma and its negative impact on them. However, there are analytical practitioners in law enforcement who indirectly work with the traumatic experiences of other people daily, but are seldom the focus of academic research. Objective: Our goal was to conduct the first international study with these practitioners to identify the risk of depression symptoms and establish whether potentially modifiable risk factors (belief in a just world, mental imagery and thought suppression) and work-related characteristics (medium of exposure) are associated with depression. Method: 99 analysts and secondary investigators employed in police and law enforcement organizations from the UK, Europe and Canada participated in the study. The online survey was advertised to employees via their employers but hosted without employer access. Multiple regression was used to analyze the data. Results: After controlling for age, gender, ethnicity, previous exposure to trauma, and marital status, four potential risk factors were identified. Analytical practitioners with vivid mental imagery, those exposed to crime material via auditory and visual means, those who suppressed intrusive thoughts, and those who believed in a just world reported more depressive symptoms. Conclusions: The majority of our sample reported clinical levels of depressive symptoms. Four potential risk factors accounted for just under half of the variance in depression scores. We consider strategies that can be used to mitigate the potential negative influence of these factors and suggest that these are established as risk factors for depression symptoms via future longitudinal research.

Characterizing Head Acceleration Events in Law Enforcement Cadets During Subject Control Technique Training.

Law enforcement cadets (LECs) complete weeks of subject control technique training. Similar sport-related combat training has been shown to expose participants to head acceleration events (HAEs) that have potential to result in short- and long-term impairments. The purpose of this study was to describe the number and magnitude of HAEs in LECs throughout their training. 37 LECs (7 females; age = 30.6 ± 8.8years; BMI = 30.0 ± 6.0) were recruited from a law enforcement organization. Participants wore instrumented mouthguards, which recorded all HAEs exceeding a resultant 5g threshold for training sessions with the potential for HAEs. Participants completed three defensive tactics (DT) training sessions, a DT skill assessment (DTA), and three boxing sessions. Outcome measures included the number of HAEs, peak linear acceleration (PLA), and peak rotational velocity (PRV). There were 2758 true-positive HAEs recorded across the duration of the study. Boxing sessions accounted for 63.7% of all true-positive HAEs, while DT accounted for 31.4% and DTA accounted for 4.9%. Boxing sessions resulted in a higher number of HAEs per session (F2,28 = 48.588, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.776), and higher median PLA (F2,28 = 8.609, p = 0.001, ηp2 = 0.381) and median PRV (F2,28 = 11.297, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.447) than DT and DTA. The LECs experience a high number of HAEs, particularly during boxing sessions. Although this training is necessary for job duties, HAE monitoring may lead to modifications in training structure to improve participant safety and enhance recovery.