History Of Law Enforcement Research Articles

Teaching to Fear: How Islamophobia is Perpetuated in Criminology and Adjacent Disciplines

Throughout American law enforcement history, a persistent pattern has emerged, emphasizing marginalized groups. This emphasis extends to higher education, notably seen in the proliferation of Terrorism and Homeland Security courses post-9/11 in criminology and related fields. These courses predominantly focus on the ‘Islamic threat’ to America, reflecting broader biases in counter-terrorism policies. Such biases overlook other forms of terrorism, especially right-wing extremism. We analyzed 382 syllabi from American higher education institutions to assess this bias. Our analysis reveals a concerning prevalence of misinformation in these courses. Educators hold a pivotal role in rectifying this imbalance, shaping the perceptions of future criminologists. Addressing this bias is crucial to providing a comprehensive understanding of terrorism threats and acknowledging all forms of extremism equally. It underscores the urgency for educators to present accurate and inclusive portrayals of terrorism in their curriculum.

Considering Death Penalty for Corruptors in Law on Corruption Eradication from the Perspective of Maqāṣid al-Syarī‘ah

The implementation of the death penalty for corruptors has never been decided by any judges throughout the history of law enforcement in Indonesia. However, Law No. 31 of 1999 jo Law No. 20 of 2001 on Corruption Eradication has established the criteria or conditions for a corruptor to be sentenced to death. This was an empirical legal study which was conducted by library research. This article examines judge decisions by a descriptive analysis. The theory used in this research was maqāṣid al-syarī‘ah. The paradigm was used to determine the dynamics of Islamic law in analysing the death penalty for corruptors. This study was based on the Social Assistance (Bansos) corruption committed by former Minister of Social Affairs, Julia Peter Batubara, during the Covid-19 pandemic. The corruption was committed by Julia Peter Batubara when there was an epidemics and national economic crisis. This study found that the death penalty for corruptors is affected by political power, allowing corrupt officials to escape the death penalty.

The beginnings of the history of English and Hungarian policing and criminal justice

Aim: The aim of the study is to explore, analyse and compare the beginnings of English and Hungarian policing, the system of public administration that comprised it, and the characteristics of criminal justice from the Middle Ages to the establishment of professional police organisations.Methodology: The publication relies on the relevant literature in English and Hungarian and on a wide range of sources. Among other things, it uses data from a work on the history of the police in a small town near Liverpool, based on original sources.Findings: Historical specificities determine the development of a country’s law enforcement institutions. This is the main explanation for the many similarities between English and Hungarian organisations and institutions in pursuance of examining the medieval history of law enforcement. However, due to the different pace of industrial and civil development, and the preservation of feudal relations in Hungary, there are significant differences in the formation of English and Hungarian professional police organisations. In the United Kingdom, the various decentralised police forces were created as a grassroots initiative based on the demand of the citizens, while in Hungary the centralised state police was created from above (otherwise using the London model). This certainly played (plays) a role in the different perception of the police in the two countries, too.Value: Although there are relatively many studies on the prehistory of Western European countries’ police forces, and for some time this has also been true for the history of Hungarian policing, there is relatively scarce comparative historical research. And the specific topic under discussion here has, to the authors’ knowledge, never been examined in such detail.

Requiem for a dream

Aim: A look back at the successful history of scientific research in the field of home affairs prior to the establishment of law enforcement science, namely the theoretical and applied research carried out at the Law Enforcement Research Institute, established in 1991 at the Ministry of the Interior.Methodology: Review of the research carried out at the Institute during the existence of the Law Enforcement Research Institute, as well as the presentation to what extent the results of these research contributed to the later acceptance and accreditation of law enforcement science.Findings: The activities of the Law Enforcement Research Institute of the Ministry of the Interior, and later of the Police College’s Institute for Leadership Training and Research between 1991 and 1998, are worth remembering as an important legacy of the research institute’s past. It can be stated that without the research carried out at the Law Enforcement Research Institute at that time, the academic recognition of law enforcement science could not have taken place, which laid the foundation for the establishment of the Doctoral School of Law Enforcement.Value: We consider it a value that scientific research and leadership training took place in the above-mentioned research institute for several years, as a result of which the latest domestic and international results of law enforcement theory were always present in the training, and researchers could learn about the state of practice in leadership courses, they could check the reception of their work in the law enforcement services and also learn from the criticisms. Several aspirations that were first articulated during the regime change have become a reality. For example, the elevation of higher law enforcement education to university level, the establishment of master’s degrees, the strengthening of the acceptance of law enforcement science, the increasing exploration of sources of law enforcement history, and the appearance of all these results in the operation of the Hungarian Law Enforcement Society.

Regimes of representation in Canadian police museums: Othering, police subjectivities, and gunscapes

There are dozens of public police museums located across Canada that memorialize the country’s history of law enforcement and criminalization. Drawing from fieldwork at these sites, we explore the representational devices used to curate police museum displays. Invoking Stuart Hall’s work on representation and Othering, we examine how gun displays at Canadian police museums are organized to minimize the harm that police interventions with guns cause. Arguing these displays are made intelligible through a regime of representation that naturalizes the distinction between police officers and the “criminal” Other, we examine how these museums position weaponry including the gun as an esthetic object and a force of social good when in the hands of police. Analyzing curatorial strategies such as the arrangement of weapons, mannequin placement, dress, and level of humanization, as well as the rhetoric and narratives espoused on accompanying placards, we show how the curatorial approach in these spaces ratify an ideological framework that normalizes police violence and criminalization. We then assess what our analysis contributes to literatures on police museums and policing myths.

Occupying spaces, regulating bodies: a cultural history of the Celere and mobile police units in the Italian Republic

ABSTRACT There has been a revival in studies on the various Italian police forces in recent times. This article is part of that trend and uses interpretive categories that have become widespread internationally, such as protest policing. The use of these categories allows the work to introduce specific events and law enforcement history within the broader history of contemporary Italy. In this context, the article examines a previously understudied issue from a historical and scientific perspective. There has never been a comprehensive study of the special police units called ‘Celeri’ and ‘Mobili’. However, since their creation in 1944, they have played an important role in the Italian Republic and affairs between politics and law and order through their unique characteristics, direct dependence on Interior ministers, their capacity for rapid intervention throughout the national territory, and their function as anti-riot police. Through largely unpublished sources, the article outlines the history of the Italian riot police, including the images and public perceptions associated with them. The interpretative perspective focuses on the relationships of antagonism and mutual influence between two ‘spaces’: the internal space of the special units and the external space of society in Italy. Polysemic categories of physical and symbolic knowledge, help explain the complex history of the Italian riot police. The article also investigates the ’bodies’ (police, society, political), the disconnect between practice and imagination, and the weight of certain stereotypes associated with these units which have, until now, impeded a scientific reconstruction of their history. 1

The History of Law Enforcement Culture in Hungary

In Hungary, Ágoston Karvasy was an early pioneer writing about the history of law enforcement. In his first study he defined the concept of law enforcement as a science. The idea of establishing a national police organisation was first mentioned after the reform era but it has not been realized that time but only in the year of 1872. However, the first professional journal of law enforcement was published in 1869 and the word police officer as the ʻguard of the order’ appeared in the Hungarian language in 1870. The scope of authority and jurisdiction of the Police was declared in a law passed in 1881. In 1873 the Metropolitan Police Department was established and in 1905 the Border Police and the Police Department of Fiume were established. In the period between 1945-47, the police continuously emerged. Although the State Security Office was destroyed by the revolution of October 1956 and it was not restored afterwards, it has not effected the Police itself. The organizational culture of the Police is mostly influenced by its educational and training systems. The training of the probationary police officers was approved first by the prime minister in 1884. In 1920 the training of police officers was unified on new bases by the leaders of the Ministry for Internal Affairs and the Police Department. Then the Police Academy was set up in 1948 and the Police College was established in 1971. In 2012 the University of Public Service and its Faculty of Law Enforcement were established and took over the functionalities of the Police Academy as well.

The History of Law Enforcement in Hungary

Numerous publications are appreciated for being a gap filler. Naturally, in certain sense, each book, paper, scientific work, etc. can be considered in this way but in most cases this formulation in reviews means just a polite phrase towards the author. The newest book of János Sallai can be regarded as a veritable gap filler. Those, who are a little bit familiar with the area of law enforcement science, know how great the gap was on this field of law enforcement history. A part of its reason can be read in the preface of the book: „ The research of the history of the Hungarian law enforcement and police did not happen in the socialist era because of the continuous denial of the past.” Only after the system change was opened the possibility to search in this topic, but in spite of numerous articles and books published, the education of law enforcement history did not become part of the training program in the secondary and the higher education of law enforcement in the long run.

Searching Places Unknown: Law Enforcement Jurisdiction on the Dark Web

The use of hacking tools by law enforcement to pursue criminal suspects who have anonymized their communications on the dark web presents a looming flashpoint between criminal procedure and international law. Criminal actors who use the dark web (e.g. in the commission of a crime or in order to evade authorities) obscure digital footprints left behind with third parties, rendering existing surveillance methods obsolete. In response, law enforcement has implemented hacking techniques that deploy surveillance software over the Internet in order to directly access and control criminals’ devices. The practical reality of the underlying technologies makes it inevitable that foreign-located computers are subject to the remote “searches” and “seizures” that take place. The result may well be the greatest extraterritorial expansion of enforcement jurisdiction in U.S. law enforcement history. This article examines how the use of hacking tools on the dark web profoundly disrupts the legal architecture upon which cross-border criminal investigations rest. The overseas cyber operations that result raise increasingly difficult questions regarding just whom may authorize these activities, where they may be deployed, and whom they may lawfully be executed against. The rules of criminal procedure fail to regulate law enforcement hacking because they allow these critical decisions to be made by rank-and-file investigators, despite potentially disruptive foreign relations implications. This article outlines a regulatory framework that reallocates decision-making to institutional actors best suited to determine U.S. foreign policy, without sacrificing law enforcement’s ability to identify and locate criminal suspects that have taken cover on the dark web.

Written in Blood: The History of Fort Worth’s Fallen Lawmen: Volume I, 1861–1909 (review)

Reviewed by: Written in Blood: The History of Fort Worth’s Fallen Lawmen: Volume I, 1861–1909 Robin C. Sager Written in Blood: The History of Fort Worth’s Fallen Lawmen: Volume I, 1861–1909. By Richard F. Selcer and Kevin S. Foster. (Denton: University of North Texas Press, 2010. Pp. 384. Illustrations, notes, bibliography, index. ISBN 9781574412956, $39.95 cloth.) The grim visages of Fort Worth lawmen stare out from the cover of Selcer and Foster’s first volume in a two-volume series exploring the lives, and deaths, of fallen peace officers. Making the claim that our modern-day “cop killings” possess a substantial historical lineage, the authors identify their work as both a recovery and memorial project. Not content with simply relaying biographical facts, Selcer and Foster contend that the thirteen accounts contained therein provide “a wonderful [End Page 221] prism through which we can view law enforcement during a critical era in our history” (11). Focusing on men who served within the Fort Worth Police Department (FWPD) and the Tarrant County Sheriff’s Office, the text is divided into two parts: The Frontier Years, 1861–1888, and Black and White Justice, 1889–1909. Each section contains a number of short biographical entries based on newspaper accounts and genealogical source materials. Unfortunately, the authors were unable to draw upon institutional records in the production of their study. Despite this limitation, Selcer and Foster construct an image of Fort Worth law enforcement entities gradually making progress toward professionalization and modernization. While officers in the frontier period only needed to possess brass cojones and the ability to operate a firearm, by 1908 the FWPD had enacted a list of qualifications for service including age and health standards (17). The obstacles faced by legal authorities also changed during the period of study from problems associated with a frontier cattle-town, such as cowboy rowdies, to issues stemming from an urban environment riddled with slums and poisoned by rising drug use. Within the individual accounts, Selcer and Foster chronicle numerous “firsts” in Fort Worth law enforcement history: the first man to die in the line of duty, the first to die while assisting in another state, “first plainclothes detective,” and the “first (self-styled) traffic cop” (73, 176). Although the officers vary in age and background, their deaths contain many striking similarities. Questionable circumstances surrounded the majority of the incidents described, including Deputy Marshall Christopher Columbus’s mortal injury following a gambling dispute. In addition, dispelling the romantic myth of the law officer, the authors make a partially successful effort to depict how these men quite often operated out of overtly racist motives, refusing to grant all citizens equal protection under the law. And, representatives of the law frequently received little to no recognition upon death with memorials taking place hastily and formal legal proceedings moving in a haphazard fashion, generally concluding without a satisfactory result for any of the parties in question. Readers approaching Selcer and Foster’s text hoping to find an interesting collection of frontier tales will have their expectations readily met. However, scholars will also encounter some frustration in navigating between anachronistic references, including a mentioning of “the Man,” a slang label for law enforcement, that serve only to distract from the work’s stated purpose (136). On the whole, the authors present an engaging example of how to breathe life into a narrative inspired by death. Robin C. Sager Rice University Copyright © 2011 The Texas State Historical Association

The teamsters rocky road to recovery — The demise of project RISE

The 1998 government-initiated civil-RICO suit and court-enforced agreement to purge the International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT) of organized crime's presence and influence will stand as an important chapter in America's labor history as well as law enforcement history. The remedial phase, now in its sixteenth year, is one of the most ambitious insitutional law reform efforts, since it involves the nation's largest private sector union and its most powerful organized crime syndicate. So far, the suit has transformed the IBT's system for electing international union officers, led to the suspension or expulsion of approximately 500 IBT officers, and produced several dozen IBT international union trusteeships over organized-crime influenced locals. It also spawned Project RISE, an IBT-initiated anti-racketeering program meant to persuade the U.S. Department of Justice that union is ready, willing, and able to police itself, thereby rendering unnecessarythe continued monitoring by means of the Independent Review Board (IRB) established by the settlement of the 1988 RICO suit. This article seeks to make Project RISE's brief but extraordinary history available to scholars and policymakers concerned with labor racketeering, organized crime control, and the IBT itself. It also seeks to shed light on whether Project RISE should be seen as a model for for future organizational reform initiatives, or on the contrary, as proof that racketeer-ridden unions and other organizations cannot be expected or trusted to reform themselves. Part I reviews the history of the civil RICO litigation that eventually led to Project RISE. Part II describes the organization and operation of Project RISE. Part III chronicles and explains the demise of Project RISE. Part IV identifies Project RISE's accomplishments and failures.

“Trouble on the Outside, Trouble on the Inside”: Growing Pains, Social Change, and Small Town Policing—The Eugene Police Department, 1862-1932

This article examines a century of policing in Eugene, Oregon, from 1862 to 1932. Its central argument is that the city's early civic leaders and law enforcement officers were concerned with preserving the status quo and image of the city by restricting the entrance of the “dangerous class.” As the city expanded, however, and the police department grew to meet the demands of the changing city, the department increasingly suffered the same problems it had been designed to stop. Although the department's ability to successfully address crime and the city's targeted concerns fluctuated over time, the problems within the force remained. Eugene's law enforcement history, as a result, both substantiates the larger patterns in American law enforcement history and deviates from that pattern in unique ways

Disciplining the non‐disciplinary spaces, the rise of policing as an aspect of governmentality in 19th century Eugene, Oregon

The history of policing has been typically written through a conservative, liberal‐progressive or instrumentalist Marxist lens. The insights of poststructuralism have been slow to penetrate our understanding of law enforcement history. This paper attempts to move towards a poststructuralist analysis of the rise of policing in the town of Eugene, Oregon (USA). It begins with an analysis of the relationship between policing and what Foucault has called carceral institutions (prisons, insane asylums, schools, reform schools, etc.). These institutions constitute disciplinary spaces. The bulk of the paper examines the manner in which police were involved in the management of social life outside of these disciplinary spaces. These attempts to discipline the non‐disciplinary spaces formed an integral part of local government practice. Of central importance here was the deployment of governmental power through the construction, elaboration and circulation of disciplinary discourses. Police played a pivotal role here.