Law Enforcement Departments Research Articles

Cyberbullying among Children and Youth in Thailand and Measures to Combat It

The incidence of cyberbullying among Thai youth has increased recently. Some situations may become severe and challenging to resolve. Consequently, the purpose of this study is to develop regulatory measures that protect young people from cyberbullying, with a focus on integrating collaboration throughout research and development (R&D). Participating in the study were elementary and secondary school students, as well as their families, educators, and experts, in addition to a group of stakeholders from educational institutions, law enforcement departments, and relevant government and civil society organizations. The findings revealed that cyberbullying among children and young people is widespread and takes many different forms. The circumstances related to cyberbullying arise from a youth's lack of understanding of the consequences of bullying, as well as their familial background and social environment. The measures developed to protect youth from cyberbullying included regulatory measures for schools (developing teachers, encouraging students, gaining access to the family, surveillance, and caring) and legal measures (modernizing the law, promoting legal literacy, and protecting youth). Focus should be placed on all levels, including the policy and operational levels. While expanding the study's results, it should be implemented in an approach that integrates with routine duties and operates network-connectedly in order to prevent and solve problems continuously and sustainably.

Effectiveness of take ACTION online naloxone training for law enforcement officers

BackgroundTraining law enforcement officers (LEOs) to administer naloxone is a recommended strategy to reduce overdose deaths in the United States. To achieve this, an evidence-based and scalable naloxone training curriculum that is easy to use and readily scalable is needed. Convenient web-based training is a flexible method for delivering educational interventions particularly for LEOs who have irregular or shifting schedules. This study examined the effectiveness of a comprehensive web-based naloxone training that was created in partnership with LEOs on their knowledge, confidence, and attitudes regarding naloxone.MethodsFrom May 2019 to September 2020, five law enforcement departments from Michigan participated in web-based naloxone training. A total of 182 LEOs (77% male) were in the final sample based on matching pre-and post-test surveys. LEOs were assessed on knowledge, confidence, and attitudes towards naloxone. Negative binomial and Poisson regression was conducted to assess associations between knowledge, confidence, and attitudes towards naloxone before and after training.ResultsSignificant improvements in overdose knowledge and confidence were revealed across all departments with median (IQR) total composite scores for knowledge increasing from 35 (32, 37) to 40 (39, 42) (p < 0.01) and confidence increasing from 18.5 (15, 20) to 20 (20, 25) (p < 0.01). Median (IQR) attitude scores did not change.ConclusionOur web-based naloxone training was effective in improving knowledge and confidence for LEOs but did not significantly improve LEOs attitudes towards naloxone across most departments. The web-based format is readily scalable and quickly disseminated and meets the immediate need for LEO overdose training. Additional intervention is needed to address the negative attitudes of LEOs regarding naloxone.

Stepwise Au decoration-assisted double signal amplified lateral flow strip for ultrasensitive detection of morphine in fingerprint sweat

Point-of-care testing (POCT) of morphine (MOP) without invasion of privacy is of critical importance for law-enforcement departments to realize on-site rapid screening. In this study, ultrasensitive and non-invasive screening of MOP residues in the fingerprint sweat was easily realized by stepwise Au decoration-assisted double signal amplification and antibody-saving strategies on lateral flow strip (LFS). The construction of LFS was not intrinsically changed compared with traditional LFS except the labeling material on conjugation pad for enhanced signal reporting. The gold nanoparticle-seeded SiO2 was adopted as the labeling materials in place of traditional gold nanoparticles, which acted as the first-round signal amplification and ready for second-round gold deposition-assisted amplification. And the second-round amplification could be completed in just 10 s, which did not alter the intrinsic simplicity of LFS for rapid and on-site screening. With the designed signal amplification principle of LFS, target MOP in the fingerprint sweat can be effectively transferred to the LFS for analysis without invasion of privacy. As low as 0.5 pg MOP in fingerprint sweat can be visually judged with this double signal amplified LFS, the sensitivity of which has been improved at least 10-fold compared with traditional Au-labeled LFS, guaranteeing accurate screening of trace MOP in the fingerprint sweat. Of great importance, the consumption of valuable antibody can be reduced to just 1/20, which greatly reduces the cost of high-throughput screening. This stepwise Au decoration-assisted double signal amplified LFS holds great potential in the ultrasensitive screening of trace analytes in various fields and further widens the application scope of lateral flow strips.

Effects of liquor production wastewater discharge on water quality and health risks in the Chishui River Basin, Southwest China

Learning whether the discharge of large amounts of liquor production wastewater in China affects water quality is crucial to maintaining sustainable economic development, especially in the vulnerable eco-environment of the karst area. The present study investigated the relationship between liquor production wastewater and water quality in the Chishui River Basin for the first time and proposes several constructive suggestions. After river remediation, water quality in spring, summer, autumn, and winter in the Chishui River Basin was found to be at an excellent level, with water quality in winter being the best. Worse water quality and higher health risks were found in liquor production areas (Guling County and Renhuai City) in comparison with other areas. The developed structural equation model showed that physicochemical indexes (especially in N and P) have a higher influence on water quality in comparison with the algae community, heavy metals, and environmental factors. Because liquor being a pillar industry in the locality and these factories discharging an enormous amount of wastewater every year, our results show that liquor production wastewater have affected the water quality to some extent in the Guling County and Renhuai City sections of the Chishui River Basin, and fortunately, the health risks were acceptable in 2020. To prevent potential risks, we suggest that a related department should apply a stricter standard to wastewater discharge. Furthermore, law-enforcement departments can encourage enterprises to develop or introduce more advanced water treatment technologies to achieve as much pollution-free discharge as possible. Our other suggestion is to develop a project to cleanly produce mineral water in high-quality water-resource areas along the Chishui River Basin, contributing to the sustainable growth of the shoreside economy.

Проблемы криминалистической характеристики убийств, совершенных общеопасным способом

In this article, the authors consider the problem statements of criminalistic characteristics of murders committed by a generally dangerous method. The study uses the modern methodology of scientific research represented by historical, systems and comparative modeling methods. The aim of this study is the substantiation of elemental constituents of modern criminalistic characteristics of murders committed by a generally dangerous method, which is given in the context of understanding a criminalistic characteristic of a crime as a category of criminalistics. The authors note that the absence of special research of criminalistic characteristics of murders committed by a generally dangerous method cannot be balanced for the purposes of theory and practice by research dedicated to the criminalistic characteristics of domestic murder, assassination, ritualistic murder and other types of murder, and this should be taken into account when selecting the techniques for investigating murders committed by a generally dangerous method. Such murders constitute a small proportion in the general number of annually committed murders in Russia; nevertheless, they have a special criminological importance in view of the potentially high threat of infliction of harm to a considerable or even indefinite range of persons. In the authors' opinion, this is the reason why investigation of these cases is always under special control of heads of law enforcement departments and is always accompanied with external difficulties caused by the character of this act, and this fact foregrounds the elaboration of problem statements intermediating the creation of the corresponding specific criminalistic methodology. The authors note the difference between the approach of the concept of criminalistic characteristics of a crime and the approach of the concept of the mechanism of a crime, which lies in the fact that supporters of the former approach come to the mechanism of a crime as a dynamic system through investigation of interacting subjects, and supporters of the latter to the investigation of elements participating in one or another form of interaction through investigation of the system of interaction process. The scientific approach consisting in the denial of the necessity of the notion “criminalistic characteristics of a crime” as a category is criticized. As a result, a suggestion is made of typical criminalistic characteristics given in extremely methodological terms indicating general features of the mentioned category. The elements of criminalistic characteristics of murders committed by a generally dangerous method considered in this article allow the authors to define the characteristics as a system of scientifically grounded statements on the settings of committing a crime, method of its preparation, committing and concealing, mechanism of a crime, identity of the criminal and identity of the victim. These can give information about each of the elements and about the crime as a whole for a successful detection, investigation and prevention of this crime.

Inheritance and Development: The Evolution and Overview of China’s Fisheries Legal System

China’s legal system governing fisheries in China has been stable during development. In line with China’s national conditions and the spirit of the times, they have adhered to the concept of green development and maintaining the sustainable development of fishery production activities. Studying the history of Chinese fishery law is beneficial for the world to understand the evolution of this legislation and is a better gateway for the world to understand fisheries law with Chinese characteristics. Fishery, in this context, refers to fishing and fish farming. In China, fisheries are under the management of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, while fisheries enforcement has a special law enforcement department for collaborative management. Therefore, both fishing and fish farming in China’s fisheries industry belong to the category of agriculture. This is different from the West and is precisely what makes China unique. This paper explores the Chinese fishery legal and general legal systems by investigating policy guidelines, laws, and regulations on China’s fishery industry since 1949. Furthermore, it analyzes the development process of fisheries. Organizing the development status of China’s fishery legal and regulatory system analyzes the problems of fishery production control and development, searches for paths and methods to solve the practical problems, and finally, makes a reasonable outlook on the development prospect of China’s fishery.

SEXUAL ACTS AND ESCALATION: AN ANALYSIS OF THE FACTORS LEADING TO SEX CRIMES

Sex crime is a worldwide phenomenon, but being an Islamic state, Pakistan's position is very crucial. In Pakistan, the number of sex crimes is uncontrolled and increasing regardless of strong efforts at the government and non-government levels. The focus of the research at hand was to dig out the possible factors leading to sex crimes in Pakistani society. The study is conducted using a qualitative approach, applying interview protocol to such citizens who are professionals and serving in different fields of law; hence, the study is also abreast of the enriched experience and knowledge of learned officials. An in-depth interview for exploring these areas was developed and validated. Data were collected from 11 key informants with prolonged experience in their field of work. The study has important implications for dealing with such an obscene phenomenon for the government, judiciary, law enforcement departments, policymakers, non-governmental organisations linked with fields of law, personnel from grass-roots level administration, parents and teachers, and so on. Keywords: Sexual Acts, Crimes, Sexual Abuse, Sexual Penal provisions, Pakistan.

Land change modeler and CA-Markov chain analysis for land use land cover change using satellite data of Peshawar, Pakistan

Urbanization is a global phenomenon that caused many regions worldwide to face dramatic Land Use Land Cover (LULC) changes associated with urban sprawl and significant consequences. This research aims to assess and predict the urban growth of Peshawar city as well as LULC with a Cellular-Automata-Markov-Chain (CA-Markov-Chain). LULC distributions were mapped using Landsat (5, 7, and 8) data from 1998, 2003, 2008, 2013 and 2018. Long-term changes to the landscape were simulated using a CA-Markov model at 10-year intervals from 2018, 2028 and 2038. Finally, the overall accuracy and kappa coefficient were used to validate the models and LULC maps accuracies. Results indicate a substantial expansion in built-up area and vegetation class for Peshawar city replacing bare land. As a result of our research, the total built-up area was increased in 2018 was 272 km2. Peshawar's vegetation cover has increased by 25.6% throughout the study period, especially 12.7% under the billion-tree project (from 2013 to 2018). According to CA-Markov Chain analysis, we can predict the growth of built-up area and vegetation area from 299.75 km2 (23.71%) to 318.92 km2 (25.23%) and 701.38 km2 (55.48%) to 748.69 km2 (59.23%) between 2028 and 2038, based on the development from 1998 to 2018. This study is very significant for the urban designing, urban development, policy makers and law enforcement departments.

Forensic Face Sketch Artist System

Abstract: In this modern age, the general crime rate is increasing day-by-day and to cope up with this the enforcement departments too should find ways in which would speed up the overall process and help them in bringing one to justice. One such way can be using face recognition technology for identifying and verifying the criminal. The traditional approach here is to use the hand-drawn face sketches drawn by forensic sketch artist tospot the criminal, modernizing this is able to mean using the hand-drawn sketch and then matching them with the enforcement departments database to spot the criminal. Using this approach would result in the various limitations with latest technologies andeven would be time consuming as there are very few forensic sketch artists available when compared to the increasing crime ratio. Our project is aimed on decreasing the time span and speeding up this process by providing a standalone platform to the law enforcement department which would allow users to create accurate face sketch of the suspect without the help of forensic sketch artist and no special training or artistic skills. The sketch can be created using drag and drop feature in the application with variety of face elements and can automatically match the drawn composite face sketch with the law enforcement departments database much faster and efficiently using deep learning and cloud infrastructure.

COVID-19’s Effects on Homicide Investigation

COVID-19 affected every aspect of our society, including homicide incidence, investigation, and prosecution. This case study examines the impact of COVID-19 on homicide investigation in one large metropolitan police department. Two homicide investigators were interviewed using a semi-structured interview guide. A thematic analytic approach was used to identify two overarching themes: fear and changes to investigative procedure. Detectives feared getting COVID-19 and possibly transmitting it to their loved ones, particularly in the early day of the pandemic when little was known about transmission. Homicide investigators faced several changes to how they conducted interviews, met with families, and sought warrants. While this case study only offers a glimpse into the challenges faced by law enforcement departments due to COVID-19, it is clear that homicide investigations were greatly affected and may continue to be so. More research is needed to unpack the relationship between COVID-19 and policies that were implemented in response to it.

Role of Geospatial Technology in Crime Mapping &amp; Analysis: A Case Study of District Kasur, Punjab, Pakistan

Crime is a social stigma that needs to be addressed beyond talks. The use of geospatial information technology has become well recognized within the fields of forensic sciences and criminology, especially in the developed world. The current study is an attempt to analyze the distribution and trends of various crime types, including rape, murder, baby kidnapping, vehicle theft, and dacoity in district of Kasur Punjab, Pakistan during the year 2021. (Police station wise crime data) was collected from the District Police Office (DPO), Kasur and interpolation technique was applied and several maps were generated, including crime type, crime rate, and crime density with in study area and statistical illustrations were down users Microsoft Excel software suite. Murder crimes were found highest in the vicinity of Sadar Kasur police station whereas lowest in the vicinity of City Pattoki police station. Alla abad police station reported the highest rape crimes, whereas the lowest crime rate was found in the jurisdiction of Theh Sheikham. Kidnapping were highest in Sadar Kasur and Kot Radhakishen police stations’ vicinity, while it was found to be the lowest in the The Sheikham police station’s jurisdiction. Ganda Singh Wala, Kangan Pur, and Sadar Chunian had the lowest number of vehicle theft, whereas the city Pattoki and Sadar Kasur police stations recorded the highest dacoity crime. The present study suggests that the use of geospatial technology within the study area and beyond by the law enforcement departments can effectively enhance crime control and can help to maintain law and order situations.

Forensic Face Sketch Recognition

In modern society, the overall crime rate is increasing day by day, and in order to overcome this, law enforcement department must also find ways to speed up the entire process and help bring justice. One such method is to use facial recognition technology to identify the criminal. The traditional approach here is to use a hand-drawn sketch of a face, drawn by forensic artist to identify the criminal. Upgrading it will allow us to identify the criminals using hand-drawn sketches and then matching it with law enforcement databases. This approach is time consuming as there are few forensic artists available compared to the increasing crime ratio which is subject to various limitations with the latest technology and increasing crime rates. Our project provides law enforcement department a standalone platform that allows users to create composite sketches of a suspect's face using the drag-and-drop feature without the aid of forensics, thereby reducing time gaps and speeding up the process. The application automatically matches complex face sketches with police database.

CHEHRA: An Application for Forensic Face Sketch Construction and Recognition

In this modern age, the overall crime rate is increasing day-by-day and to cope up with this the law enforcement departments too should find ways that would speed up the overall process and help them in bringing one to justice. One such way can be using face recognition technology for identifying and verifying the criminal. The traditional approach here is to use the hand-drawn face sketches drawn by forensic sketch artist to identify the criminal, modernizing this would mean using the hand drawn sketch and then matching them with the law enforcement departments database to identify the criminal. We believe, there is a need for creating an application which would not just provide a set of individual features like eyes, ears, mouth, etc. to be selected to create a face sketch but also would help in finding the criminal much faster and efficiently.

Research on Liability Identification System of Road Traffic Accident

&lt;p&gt;With the rapid development of social economy and the increasing improvement of people’s living standards, car ownership is increasing exponentially, and road traffic accidents occur frequently. The identification of liability of traffic accident is an important problem in accident handling, which relates to the life and property interests of the litigants concerned. At present, the identification of liability of traffic accident basically depends on the manual judgment of law enforcement department, which is influenced by the experience and human feelings of law enforcement personnel, and has certain randomness and uncertainty. This paper proposes a traffic accident intelligent responsibility identification system based on Case-based Reasoning and D-S Evidence Theory. In the process of liability identification, Case-based Reasoning and D-S Evidence Theory are combined to analyze cases in case database. According to the case similarity, the basic probability of the litigants bearing the main liability is fused to obtain the probability interval of each litigant bearing the main liability, so as to determine the main liability person of the accident. By testing in real cases, the method proposed in this paper has achieved outstanding effect in identifying the main liability of traffic accidents.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

Assessing law enforcement websites: a comparative analysis exploring types, quantity and quality of information available

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to explore the availability of information on law enforcement websites in the state of Wisconsin.Design/methodology/approachThe study conducted a content analysis of all 179 county and municipal local law enforcement agency websites within Wisconsin. The authors then implemented a comparative analysis that explored whether the quantity and quality of information available on law enforcement websites are similar to those of local governments and school districts. The authors then estimated models to test whether there is a relationship between the population size served and gender distribution of law enforcement departments to the availability of information on law enforcement websites.FindingsLaw enforcement websites contain a noticeable lack of information. The finding is even more apparent when comparing law enforcement websites to the websites of local governments and school districts. Finally, the authors show a positive link between information sharing on law enforcement websites and the proportion of the civilian staff at an agency that are women.Originality/valuePast studies that reviewed the make-up of law enforcement websites analyzed large law enforcement departments rather than local law enforcement departments, which notably represent the majority of most law enforcement departments. The authors also explicitly demonstrate that the commitment to information sharing is lagging within law enforcement websites compared to local-level governments. Future scholarship and law enforcement departments may benefit from exploring the employment of female civilians.

State-of-the-Art Violence Detection Techniques: A review

Surveillance systems are playing a significant role in law enforcement and city safety. It is important to detect violent and suspicious behaviors automatically in video surveillance scenarios, for instance, railway stations, schools, hospitals to avoid any casualties which could cause social, economic, and ecological damage. Automatic detection of violence for quick actions is very significant and can efficiently help law enforcement departments. So, researchers are doing a lot of research on different techniques for detecting violence. This research study reviews various techniques and methods for detecting violent or anomalous activities from surveillance video that have been proposed by many researchers in recent years. The method of detection is divided into three categories. These categories are based on the classification techniques used. These categories are: traditional violence detection using machine learning, Support Vector Machine (SVM) &amp; Deep Learning. Feature extraction &amp; Object detection techniques are also described for each category. Moreover, dataset &amp; video features that help in the recognition process are also discussed. The overall research finding has been discussed which will help the researcher in their future work in this field.

A Comprehensive Survey on Computer Forensics: State-of-the-Art, Tools, Techniques, Challenges, and Future Directions

With the alarmingly increasing rate of cybercrimes worldwide, there is a dire need to combat cybercrimes timely and effectively. Cyberattacks on computing machines leave certain artifacts on target device storage that can reveal the identity and behavior of cyber-criminals if processed and analyzed intelligently. Forensic agencies and law enforcement departments use several digital forensic toolkits, both commercial and open-source, to examine digital evidence. The proposed research survey focuses on identifying the current state-of-the-art digital forensics concepts in existing research, sheds light on research gaps, presents a detailed introduction of different computer forensic domains and forensic toolkits used for computer forensics in the current era. The proposed survey also presents a comparative analysis based on the tool’s characteristics to facilitate investigators in tool selection during the forensics process. Finally, the proposed survey identifies and derives current challenges and future research directions in computer forensics.

Forensic Sketch Reconnaissance Using Deep Learning

Contemporary society is passing an increase in ordinary crime. To fight this, law enforcement agencies must accelerate the entire process and find a way to impeach culprits against justice. One similar system could be using facial recognition technology to identify and corroborate culprits. Conventionally, forensic artists use hand- drawn sketches to identify culprits and contemporizing this system requires relating culprits by comparing the sketches to law-enforcement databases. Taking this approach will pose a number of limitations to the current technology, as there are fairly many felonious artists available compared to the growing number of crimes. Our idea is to speed up the process for law enforcement departments by creating a standalone platform that can be used to directly sketch a suspect without backing from a forensic sketch artist and with no special training or cultural chops. Sketches can be created with drag-and- drop in operations with colorful facial rudiments, and synthetic face sketches drawn using deep literacy and pall structure can be automatically counterplotted to law-enforcement databases much briskly and more efficiently.

Identification and quantification of fox meat in meat products by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

Over the years, food adulteration has become an important global problem, threatening public health safety and the healthy development of food industry. This study established a liquid chromatography–tandem mass (LC-MS/MS) method for accurate identification and quantitative analysis of fox meat products. High-resolution mass was used for data collection, and Proteome Discoverer was used for data analysis to screen fox-specific peptides. Multivariate statistical analysis was conducted using the data obtained from the label-free analysis of different contents of simulated samples. Samples with different contents were distinguished without interfering with each other, suggesting the feasibility of quantitative analysis of fox meat content. The linear correlation coefficient and recovery rate were calculated to determine the fox peptides that can be used for accurate quantification. The established LC-MS/MS method can be used for the accurate identification and quantification of actual samples. In addition, this method can provide technical support for law enforcement departments.

Lean Thinking Approach in Crisis Scenarios: Managing a CBRNe Emergency in a Law Enforcement Department by Means of Managerial Decision-Making Tools

Ongoing developments in threats to security and public order demand a thorough analysis of the approaches currently used to avoid and resolve crisis situations, in particular when they relate to non-conventional CBRNe incidents. The ability to respond rapidly and efficiently to an unexpected situation requires an extensive knowledge of the CBRNe threats and the display of management resources to overcome the emergency phases. A CBRN advisor must have the ability to determine the consequences of a CBRN situation in any given context, in order to suggest the most favorable paths to emerge from the crisis to the decisional leader/manager. In this report we thoroughly explored, from the CBRN awareness point of view, a successful response to the emergency management of the Regional Forensic Police Centre of Firenze, using a range of instruments often related solely to the private business dimension, such as "Lean thinking approach" or the SWOT analysis, in order to exit the crisis phase mitigating the expected damages. Whit this research the two authors confirmed that correct management of a CBRN emergency cannot be entrusted to good will alone, but requires careful planning, in-depth knowledge of the crisis and managerial organization of events and resources.