Law Breakers Research Articles

Computer and Cyber Crimes

All that were impossible so for, internet have made them possible. Computer has facilitated to restore lots of Data in small memory, which seems to be very impossible from the view of human. Based on the high speed of computer, it calculates and counts very complicated issues within seconds. The improvement in information technology has negative aspect as well. It means it has facilitated for some crimes and illegal activities against the community that before it was very impossible and couldn’t happen. Computer systems is a modern and improved opportunity for law violators, and have made the law breakers to keep up with changed method and feature of crimes. Computer crimes have created much more problems in modern communities; for instance legal societies have confront such conflicts and problems. Such crimes include the ancient and practiced criminal activities like; robbery, deceiving, hacking, and financial abuse, or they have completely new nature which is unpredictable, which have created problems to the former criminal code and criminal procedure code.

Theory and Practice of Legal Liability for Environmental Offences: A Regional Aspect

Introduction. The XXI century is becoming not only an era of great discoveries and achievements, but also a time of extreme anthropogenic pressure the humans have on the various ecosystems. Alongside, the condition of all the natural components of the environment (water, forests, lands, air, etc.) deteriorates, which affects the human life and health, food quality, working and resting conditions. As soon as the state and society became aware about the danger of this trend, the various legal acts regulating the negative impact of the humans on the nature and containing a mechanism of ensuring the ecological rights of a person and a citizen began to be adopted. One of such ensuring mechanisms is the environmental liability institution, which envisages the liability of the environmental law breakers to be subject to the certain measures of the state coercion (of personal, property or organisational nature). The present article studies the efficiency of this mechanism. The aim of the paper is to investigate the general theory of legal liability for environmental offences, to express the authors' point of view on the debatable issues of improving the regulation thereof, as well as to demonstrate the dynamics of the environmental liability at the regional scale (in three Caspian regions). Materials and Methods. The research was carried out using the methods of scientific cognition commonly applied in Russia: general scientific (dialectical method) and specific scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, historical case-specific, logical, comparative legal, systemic methods and others). Results. Within the research the theory and practice of legal liability for environmental offences (in the frame of the criminal, administrative, civil laws) have been analysed. The authors have substantiated their point of view on the main debatable issues in the frame of each type of legal liability, expressed a number of critical comments regarding the concept of independent environmental liability, implying reparation of environmental damage. Cases of judicial practice for the regional level environmental offenses (in three Caspian regions of the Russian Federation — the Astrakhan region, theRepublics of Dagestan and Kalmykia) have been presented, the identified trends have been assessed. Discussion and Conclusion. The conducted research is important for the Russian legal science, since the efficiency of functioning the environmental liability institution is a condition for achieving the sustainable development goals and transition to the green economy, however its current state arises a number of doctrinal and practical issues. Among them could be distinguished: the insufficient activity of the Russian Federation subjects in development of the administrative liability sub-institution for the environmental offences, on-going problem of differentiation between the administrative and criminal liability, high latency of the environmental crimes, inefficient work of the law-enforcement authorities, insufficient elaboration of the issues of environmental damage reparation (e.g., harm to the health of citizens, compensation for the moral damage caused by the environmental offense, etc.). The study of judicial practice of three Caspian regions made it possible to conclude that within their boundaries there is no distinct specificity that would differ them completely from the other subjects of the Russian Federation having access to the sea or located in the large river basins. The same as in the other regions, the cases of soil, water and air pollution; poaching; the nature reserve protection regime violations; negligence of the owners towards the sunken vessels; restricted access to the shores of water bodies, etc. are quite widespread here. In these regions the specificity of liability lies not in the statistics of the separate offenses, but in the need to combat the environmental offences at the scale of the whole Caspian Sea, which requires coordination and political will of the Governments of all five littoral states (Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan and Iran).

Vagueness in Law 35 of 2009 Regarding Narcotics Abuse That Makes Overcapacity Prisons

Regulations on narcotics crimes themselves have been regulated in the Narcotics Law number 35 of 2009 but still the number of narcotics abuse in Indonesia continues to increase. Although there are regulations that regulate the prohibition of drug abuse, the author is interested in researching the number of users who are sentenced to prison terms, why is rehabilitation not carried out, but more are sentenced to prison. There are several articles in the law, there is a vagueness that can be interpreted as a vagueness of different interpretations from law enforcers who have the power to impose punishment on law breakers, with the existence of this vagueness, the giving of the law is different even though in the case of which have the same resemblance. The research uses normative legal research methods. In the technique of collecting data in solving this problem, it is carried out using library research techniques, which are then analyzed qualitatively. With the form of the sound of the articles in the Narcotics Law, it can have an impact that can have a full or overcrowded impact, which is the current condition in prisons and detention centers, and results in the implementation of coaching not going well. With the updated legal form, it will provide a parser from the complexities of enforcement and enforcement of narcotics abusers.

Fashion, Thresholds, and Borders

Fashion, Thresholds, and Borders

Милиционеры рабочей милиции Выборгского района и городской милиции Спасского района г. Петрограда – жертвы солдатского и обывательского насилия (март – октябрь 1917 года)

The article analyzes examples of violent actions of soldiers and residents, whose victims in March – October 1917 were militiamen of the Vyborgsky and Spassky districts. The militia of Vyborgsky District, which was formed in the days of the February Revolution at its industrial enterprises, differed in composition from the militia of the Spassky district, which was staffed on the basis of free-and-easy hire, i.e. the militia of the Vyborgsky district consisted of workers, while any volunteer could join the militia of the Spassky district. In other words, a comparison of soldiers’ and residents’ violence against militiamen of the two districts of Petrograd, fundamentally different in terms of the personnel composition of their militia, allows us to solve an important scientific issue: what type of militia, workers’ militia or city militia, was more respected by soldiers and residents? For the first time, on the example of numerous sources, an attempt is made to consider and systematize cases when militiamen, assistants to sub-district commissars, and even commissars of the Vyborgsky and Spassky districts of Petrograd became victims to the violence of both soldier and residents. The militiamen were insulted, beaten, and blatantly humiliated. The militiamen on duty were often attacked by two or three persons, and sometimes a whole crowd acted against them. The perpetrators of such law violations were detained and sent to the commissariat for making the records of what had happened. Then, the soldiers were usually sent to the commandant’s office or to provisional courts, and the residents were sent to provisional courts. After the abolition of provisional courts in July, the offenders and the records of the incidents were sent to the magistrates’ courts. Despite the militiamen’ efforts to fight crime in the city, the number of law breakers increased every month and the militiamen were often defenseless against hooligans. It was possible to study the examples of such law violations by surveying the records of the city militia of Spassky District and the workers’ militia of the Vyborgsky district of the city of Petrograd. As a result of the study, it was found that militiamen of the Spassky district suffered from soldiers’ and residents’ violence more often. In this regard, it can be argued that the militiamen of the workers’ militia had more influence and were more respected by soldiers and residents at the place of their service than the militiamen of the city militia.

Police: A Public Safety Institution of Governance

Abstract: The most and constantly visible institution of governance” police” constitute the embodiment more pervasively than any other unit of administration. In a democratic welfare policy like India, the police, in addition to their primary role of maintenance of law and order, prevention and detection of crime, have to perform the crucial task of reconciliation of authority with human dignity and personal liberty and assure the functions of a social service organization. Police have to operate within the legal framework and in conformity with the Indian constitution. Its activities are constantly scrutinized by the judiciary, legislature, and the people. They have to be courteous, gentle, and friendly with the law-abiding citizens and have to be tough and fearsome to the criminals and law breakers being the executives of law and executers of the rule of law. They should ensure the safety of the lives and properties of the citizens. They should provide relief and succor to the needy and so should develop an attitude ode of respect for the dignity of the citizens, understanding the human rights and strict adherence to the principles will earn goodwill and adulation of the people. The equations between the police and the community have to be built on firm foundations of social accountability and mutual appreciation and support. The mantle of ideal citizen is the most prominent one for the policeman. A law-abiding policeman is the visible symbol of all that is good in society. On his moral and ethical fiber, depends on the quality of life in a democracy. They have to be model law-abiding citizen even when dealing with the hardened criminals. The policeman stands for good citizenship, on emblem of’ Truth’ and ‘Right.’ He is the reality that the most ignorant man can comprehend. Keywords: police, Democratic welfare policy, law and order, legal framework, judiciary, legislature, criminals and law breakers, law abiding citizens, rule of law, executives of law, social accountability, moral ethical fiber.

The structure of South African police: Towards a single police service

The South African crime statistics released by the police minister for the first three months of 2021 reaffirmed the alarming crime problems in the country. Although, the statistics as released by the minister seemingly opined that certain crimes such as contact related crimes, property-related crimes to be declining. Other crimes such as, Truck hijacking, commercial crime, attempted murder, murder, robbery at residential premises, carjacking, robbery at non-residential premises, bank robbery and others are on the increase. This article argues that the high rate of crime in South Africa cannot be severed from the disjointed functions given to public law enforcement establishments in the country. It is argued the public policing agencies in South Africa, such as the Municipal police, Traffic police and the SAPS have the common objective of crime control against law breakers. The central argument is that the alarming rate of crime in the country is essentially because the efforts of these law enforcement agencies are not properly coordinated into a central command structure with uniform strategy and tactics. The main objective of this article is to propose a centralisation of police agencies (Municipal, Traffic and South African Police Services) which will be effective in dealing with crime in the South African communities. This article adopted qualitative research methodology. Twenty participants were purposefully selected. The article makes recommendations, emanating from the research findings.

Battery Storage Based Convict Tracking of Embedded Platform

There are many law writers in the world, Jail is the spot wherever all the law breakers are put behind the poles There are many probabilities in secure unit that convicts can run away from lockup. There are many types of machinery obtainable in and around the world, none of the effects helps to cut the probabilities of avoidance from the lock up, so we formed a system to keep the convict from avoidance from jail because lockup safety is also the municipal safety in the world. We used RF (Radio F, Actuator frequency) method to guard the lockup. essentially, in a set of connections the space between a pair of nodes is projected from the Radio Frequency (RF). So, we used this scheme to real time monitor the distance between the convict and the control room and we can observe the convicts heart rate. Once convicts try to cross the limit of the jail it gives the awareness to the control room.

Personal Characteristics of Bihari Migrants:Some Impressions

This paper is part of a major project on ‘Bihari migrants in Mumbai’ whose sample comprised 152 male Bihari migrants and 155 local people of Mumbai. The paper’s observations are based on the migrants’ ‘self-ratings’ of 36 personal attributes associated with the Bihari people and, the ratings of these attributes by the local people of Mumbai. The rating scores were factor analysed for studying the factors of the migrants’ ‘self-perception,’ local people’s ‘perception,’ and the common factors of the migrants’ overall personal characteristics extracted through a combined sample score. The results showed that the migrants mainly ‘self-categorized’ themselves significantly highly on positive attributes, while the local people on the negative ones. Despite whose ratings were used, the factor analysis results suggested two prominent strands in the Bihari people’s overall image. One was positive and seemingly represented the core feature of the Bihari people. It described the migrants as, simple, modest and sensitive towards others’ feelings.The other aspect was negative and described the migrants as law breakers and quarrelsome in case of the migrant’s own self-perception, dishonest and law breakers according to the combined sample factor and law breakers and untrustworthy as regards to the Marathi people’s perception. Some anomalies were also observed in the configuration of the factors extracted from the rating scores of different instances (i.e., migrants’ self-ratings, local people’s perception-based ratings, and the combined sample scores).

델마와 루이스의 젠더 정체성의 횡단

Ridley Scott’s 1991 film Thelma & Louise is a feminist film that bitterly criticizes masculinity and the patriarchal system set up to sustain male power. The film visualizes the subversion of masculinity and femininity. Thelma and Louise as the female main characters no longer are represented within the regime of woman as victim but rather go beyond the male-centered boundary and transform their roles as subjects to resist male violations and the male-centered system. For this reason, Ridley Scott transforms Thelma and Louise into law breakers. Focusing on the concepts of violation and power, this paper analyses the ways in which the movie Thelma and Louise criticizes and overturns the system of female representation in classical Hollywood films by exploring how the characters of Thelma and Louise become law breakers.

ОРГАНІЗАЦІЯ І ТАКТИКА ПРОВЕДЕННЯ ОГЛЯДУ МІСЦЯ ПОДІЇ В СУЧАСНИХ УМОВАХ РОЗВИТКУ НАУКИ І ТЕХНІКИ

Метою статті є з’ясування змісту огляду місця події та надання рекомендацій із тактики проведення цієї слідчої (розшукової) дії за участю групи спеціалістів. У процесі дослідження уточнено підходи до визначення сутності огляду місця події, конкретизовано його цілі і завдання, функції учасників. Узагальнено досвід проведення огляду місця події поліцією США, а також застосування сучасної техніки, яку можна використовувати для фіксації матеріальних об’єктів, що несуть на собі слідову інформацію вчиненого правопорушення, на місці події. Доведено, що зміни, які відбулися в структурі злочинності, підвищення рівня її організованості, застосування злочинцями сучаснихспособів маскування кримінальних правопорушень потребують застосування дещо іншої тактики огляду місця події, а отже огляд місця події має проводити слідчо-оперативна група, до складу якої доцільно залучати спеціалістів із різних галузей знань для виконання основного обсягу робіт з виявлення, фіксації, вилучення та дослідження матеріальних об’єктів, які несуть на собі слідову інформацію вчиненого правопорушення. Запропоновано авторське бачення організації огляду місця події, сформульовано рекомендації з тактики проведення цієї слідчої (розшукової) дії за участю групи спеціалістів. Достовірність отриманих результатів і висновків забезпечено комплексом загальнонаукових і спеціальних методів пізнання, обраних відповідно до поставленої мети. Основу становив діалектичний метод, завдяки якому предмет статті розглядався у сукупності та взаємозв’язку його елементів. Також застосовувалися формально-логічні (аналіз, синтез, дедукція, індукція, аналогія, абстрагування), системно-структурний та порівняльно-правовий методи. Результати дослідження ґрунтуються на узагальненні даних практики розслідування злочинів, отриманих із використанням соціологічних (опитування, інтерв’ювання) і статистичних методів.Ключові слова: розслідування; огляд місця події; група спеціалістів; слідчо-оперативна група.

Law breaking in hampshire as an expression of nonconformist opposition to the education act 1902

Militant nonconformists were prepared to go to the extreme of breaking the law in expressing their opposition to the highly controversial Balfour Education Act of 1902, which was seen as privileging the Church of England at their expense. This was even the case in Hampshire, where the bitterness associated with the legislation was not as great as elsewhere. Known as passive resistance, law breaking involved a refusal to pay a portion of the rates which it was estimated would be used to fund Church of England schools and what was deemed to be a sectarian mode of religious instruction. In exploring the motivations of the law breakers, what emerges is a potent mix of politico-religious arguments that touch on the heritage, prestige and doctrinal underpinning of Nonconformity. Above all, the law breakers were demonstrating solidarity with their predecessors who had fought long and hard for the civil and religious liberty which they continued to cherish.

Explaining trajectories of adolescent drunkenness, drug use, and criminality: A latent transition analysis with socio-ecological covariates

BackgroundAlthough there are diverse trajectories in adolescent substance use and criminality, it is less clear why some adolescents follow one pathway and not another. In this study, we examine how different domains in a young person’s life, such as temperament, peer, and family factors, are linked to different trajectories and whether some domains are more strongly associated with specific patterns of these behaviours. MethodsData comes from the Longitudinal Research on Development in Adolescence (LoRDIA) study in Sweden. Adolescents were surveyed at baseline (n = 755, age 13, grade 7) and followed up at grades 8 and 9. Latent transition analysis and multinomial logistic regression were conducted. ResultsFour distinct statuses were found, showing heterogeneity in adolescent substance use and criminal behaviours. These statuses were however highly stable. Individual, peer and family domains were all relevant in distinguishing between the statuses. A key finding is that the relative importance of these domains differed between statuses, suggesting differential effects of the domains on the different trajectories. The pre-teen family environment, as well as criminal peers, was most strongly associated with a more entrenched group. This was not the case for a ‘Dabblers’ group, where novelty-seeking was weakly linked. For the ‘Occasional Law Breakers’, criminal peers was more strongly associated. ConclusionsOur results suggest that substance use and criminality in early to mid-adolescence is more diverse than current theories allow. Moreover, the different trajectories in these behaviours are likely to have different causal mechanisms, which has important implications for theory, policy and practice.

Orangutan trade, confiscations, and lack of prosecutions in Indonesia.

Prosecuting and sentencing law breakers punishes the offender and acts as a deterrent for future law breakers. With thousands of Sumatran and Bornean orangutans (Pongo abelii and P. pygmaeus) having entered private and government rescue centers and facilities, I evaluate the role of successful prosecution in orangutan conservation in Indonesia. Orangutans have been protected in Indonesian since 1931 and they are not allowed to be traded or to be kept as pets. In the period 1993-2016 at least 440 orangutans were formally confiscated, and many more were "donated" to law enforcement agencies. This resulted in seven (7) successful prosecutions by six different courts. Sentencing was lenient (median fine US$ 442 out of a possible US$ 7,600, median prison sentence 8 months out of a possible 5 years) and certainly too low to act as a deterrent. A paradigm shift within government authorities, conservation organizations, the judiciary, and by the general public is needed where trade in orangutans is no longer seen as a crime against an individual animal but as an economic crime that negatively affects society as a whole. Prosecuting offenders for tax evasion, corruption, endangering public health, animal cruelty, and smuggling, in addition to violating protected species laws, would allow for an increase in sentencing, resulting in a stronger deterrent, and greater public support. Conservation and welfare NGOs have a duty to become more proactive in a drive to increase enforcement; rescuing orangutans always has to coincide with prosecuting offenders and failures, and successes of these prosecutions have to be vigorously publicized. Despite numerous commitments made by Indonesia to orangutan conservation, and clear failures to deliver on almost all components, international donors have increased their funding year on year; it is time that this changes to a system where not failure is rewarded but success.

Exploring Justitia Through Éowyn and Niobe: On Gender, Race and the Legal

The image of Lady Justice, a white woman, sometimes appearing with her eyes veiled and other times unveiled, at times bearing scales and/or a sword in her hands, still is a common and popular feature of legal culture in many parts of the world. This is an image of justice that is found everywhere, from courthouses to cartoons. However, one may ask: “Who is this woman?”; Is she really a worthy representative of justice?; Or even a commendable representative of women? Thus, in this article, it is proposed to question the image of Lady Justice and the interpretations that have been associated with it, as well as the standards of conduct required of, and imposed upon, women both inside and outside the legal profession. The article will consider a range of arguments related to such questions, particularly on the issues of gender and race, by using two female characters: Eowyn (from Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings) and Niobe (from the Wachowskis’s The Matrix). The two characters are women who have some significance in both plots. Through them, I will establish some similarities and differences with Justitia, namely the need to be disguised as men or embrace male attitudes (a similar process concerning women in the legal profession, for example); the use of weapons (specifically, the sword, and, hence, the necessary analysis of women as law breakers, in contradiction to the image of Justitia); and finally some key issues relating to the representation of women of colour.

People of the Upper Cumberland: Achievements and Contradictions ed. by Michael E. Birdwell and W. Calvin Dickinson

Reviewed by: People of the Upper Cumberland: Achievements and Contradictions ed. by Michael E. Birdwell and W. Calvin Dickinson Edward Salo People of the Upper Cumberland: Achievements and Contradictions. Edited by Michael E. Birdwell and W. Calvin Dickinson. (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2015. Pp. xxiv, 434. $54.95, ISBN 978-1-62190-109-9.) More than a decade ago, Michael E. Birdwell and W. Calvin Dickinson edited a seventeen-essay collection, Rural Life and Culture in the Upper Cumberland (Lexington, Ky., 2004), which examined popular music, movies, architecture, folklore, religion, and literature of the Upper Cumberland, a region usually thought of as distinct from the rest of the nation. Even though that work received excellent reviews, Birdwell later mentioned in an interview that many of the reviews discussed the book that the authors did not write, rather than the book they did. With critics' suggestions in hand, Birdwell and Dickinson present this new volume to address the perceived holes in the first book. What they have produced is another important addition to the historiography of the region and to southern history. After an introduction by the editors that provides the reader with an overview of the region, the book is divided into five sections: "Regional Overview," "Politicians and Politics," "Lawyers and Law Breakers," "Medical Men and Women," and "African Americans and Race Relations." However, unlike in many similar works, the editors do not provide a summary of the essays in this book. The section "Regional Overview" offers one of the more enjoyable essays in the book because of the newly researched material being examined; archaeologist Randal D. Williams explores the relatively unknown history of Native Americans in the Upper Cumberland. Next, Michael Allen examines how the Cumberland River was used for both work and play, although much of this essay discusses areas outside the Upper Cumberland region. Finally, Ann [End Page 487] Toplovich pens an exciting essay on the changing roles of women in the region, which fits nicely with other important work being done on Tennessee and other regional historiographies. The section on "Politicians and Politics" contains a chapter by Al Cross and David Cross on Republican politics in the Kentucky portion of the region and an essay by Mark Dudney on Cordell Hull and John Gore, law partners who took different political paths. Finally, Mary A. Evins's fascinating essay on Tennessee congressman Joe L. Evins, a post–World War II Democrat, examines the forces that were in play in rural areas of the South during the 1950s and 1960s. In the section "Lawyers and Law Breakers," Birdwell and John Nisbet III look at the career of John Catron, the Andrew Jackson–appointed Supreme Court justice from the Upper Cumberland who was instrumental in the Dred Scott v. Sandford decision of 1857. Also, Troy D. Smith showcases Champ Ferguson, a Confederate guerrilla, and Birdwell explores moonshine and its place in the region's heritage. The next three essays on the development of medicine in the Upper Cumberland are arguably the strongest and most interesting in the collection. Opless Walker, a pharmacist, explores the early medical practices of the region and how traditional healers treated common ailments. While Walker examines traditional healers, Janey Dudney and W. Calvin Dickinson highlight early medical doctors of the region. Finally, Dickinson tells the story of Dr. May Cravath Wharton, one of the first female physicians in the area, who was instrumental in the establishment of hospitals and clinics in Cumberland County, Tennessee. The final three essays examine race relations in the Upper Cumberland, a subject that was often not investigated in the previous volume. Wali R. Kharif provides an overview of African American lifeways in the region, and Laura Clemons studies the relationship between the white composer Charles Faulkner Bryan and his African American student J. Robert Bradley. Finally, Birdwell presents the story of John's Place, an African American bar and honky-tonk where music and entertainment aided in the integration of the races. One of the strengths of this collected work is that rather than rely solely on academic historians, Birdwell and Dickinson have enlisted authors from outside the academy, including a lawyer and a pharmacist, to examine topics through...

Cyber crime: the legislative enactments and the interpretation of the judiciary with special reference to India.

This research paper seeks to probe into the various facets of Cybercrime and threats posed by them to Computer and Internet as such is one grey area, which has given rise to the menace of cyber crimes. The advancement of Information Technology has brought about radical changes in the modern human society, experiencing with it some unforeseen problems, taking advantage of which the law breakers explore new techniques to perpetrate their criminal activities. In fact, technology generated crimes not only affect the individuals but to the nation and also have a widespread ramification throughout the world. The paper highlights the Cyber crime scenario in India and the challenges faced by the Law Enforcement Agencies in tackling with these kinds of crimes in cyberspace especially due to the absence of territorial boundaries and also because of its transitional nature. The paper aims at identifying the problems emanating from the expanding dimensions of Cyber crimes and its impact as a whole; and also extent the role of Comprehensive Legislation, Judiciary to combat and tackle these crimes in the e-world to the best of its capacities with special reference to India. Efforts are made to elucidate that, there is a dire need for international Cyber crime Legislation and a Global Cyber Law to be uniformly accepted by all the countries to tackle the ambivalence threat of Cyber crime.

Road Traffic Injury as a Major Public Health Issue in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A Review.

Injury was the largest single cause of disability-adjusted life years and death in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 2013. The vast majority of injury-related fatalities are deaths caused by road traffic. Measures to control this serious public health issue, which has significant consequences for both Saudi families and the Saudi economy as a whole, have been underway for years but with little success. Most attempts at intervening revolve around attempts for enforcing stricter traffic laws and by installing automated traffic monitoring systems that will catch law breakers on camera and issue tickets and fines. While there has been much research on various factors that play a role in the high rate of road traffic injury in The Kingdom (e.g., driver behavior, animal collisions, disobeying traffic and pedestrian signals, environmental elements), virtually no attention has been given to examining why Saudi drivers behave the way that they do. This review provides a thorough account of the present situation in Saudi Arabia and discusses how health behavior theory can be used to gain a better understanding of driver behavior.

Transnational border surveillance and social sorting systems in the EU: a changing approach to Europe's borders?

In recent years, the European Union (EU) has widened its competences considerably the field of transnational surveillance. The main databases for border movements, Schengen Information System (SIS), Visa Information System (VIS), and Eurodac, are planned to merge increasingly to ensure maximum efficiency surveillance. These databases are keeping track of movement within the EU and across its borders, mainly for the purpose of controlling migration . This process of harmonising migration surveillance systems is controversial. All three databases entail large-scale surveillance of migrants and travellers thereby turning every recorded individual into a potential suspect. As the European Data Protection Supervisor stated, all travellers are put under surveillance and are considered a priori as potential law breakers. David Lyon (2003), the founder of surveillance studies, assesses that transnational surveillance systems classify individuals according to certain criteria that allow for discriminatory treatment. Thereby, social differences are created and stored, which he labels social sorting. Social sorting, other words, refers to surveillance systems obtaining data for the purpose of classifying people according to specific criteria. Classification occurs according to risk categories such as citizens, migrants or potential criminals. This may lead to establishing or strengthening social differences. Starting out from Lyon's assumption that every form of surveillance entails social sorting, this paper assesses how far and with what consequences such classification is found present-day EU surveillance systems. If they display social sorting characteristics to a high degree, this indicates that the traditional function of borders of exclusion and inclusion of migrants is to some extent taken over by the new surveillance systems. The question then arises how this form of social sorting affects the concept of the border the EU. The intended merger of transnational databases will create an increasingly sophisticated information infrastructure that may alter the function of territorial boundaries. If border surveillance is no longer confined to checking documents on the ground but is carried out in the cloud, what does this entail for the concept of the territorial border?

Indonesia & Thailand: “Maltreatment”/ “Forced Labor”/ “TIP” in fisheries in Indonesia/Thailand

This article focuses on “trafficking in persons” (TIP) in fisheries in Indonesia and Thailand. This The article refers to key international instruments on TIP and continues by discussing recent cases of TIP in fisheries in Indonesia that were reported in the first half of year 2015. It also explores national domestic legislation of Indonesia and Thailand in relation of measures to combat trafficking in the region. Bilateral and multilateral treaties such as the Treaty between the Government of the Kingdom of Thailand and the Government of the Republic of Indonesia Relating to Extradition and the ASEAN Treaty on Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters are also addressed as cooperation tools which should be used by Indonesia and Thailand in prosecuting traffickers. To attain success in prosecuting law breakers and to be fair to all concerned, the author discourages those who are preoccupied with TIP from prejudging all unlawful acts as incidents of TIP since many of them might not fall under the criteria of TIP. Additionally, the article addresses the U.S. Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000, which classifies countries under one of the tiers stipulated therein. The author indirectly suggests that, via the Act, the U.S. puts pressure upon other countries to intensively suppress TIP and properly protect victims of TIP. Therefore, the author urges Indonesia and Thailand to take special care in handling incidents of TIP in fisheries.