Flood Lavas Research Articles

Analisis Pemberitaan Banjir Lahar Dingin di Sumatera Barat dalam Media Detik.com dan Antaranwes.com

News related to the cold lava flood disaster in West Sumatra that was broadcasted in print, electronic and online media became public consumption, causing perceptions in the community. Online media both Antaranews.com and Detik.com have news related to cold lava floods in West Sumatra. The media provided information from different perspectives in presenting the news. The floods came from material from Mount Marapi that erupted some time ago, most of which was on the slopes of the mountain. The material was washed away by rainwater downstream. Meanwhile, Antaranews.com provides information to the public by quoting the statement of Andalas University researchers that the accumulation of fallen tree material in the upper reaches of the Batang Anai river became a natural dam, due to the volcanic eruption of Mount Marapi accompanied by high rainfall as the cause of the collapse of natural dams and resulting floods. Framing analysis is viewed from syntactic, thematic, script and rhetorical structures. This research uses a qualitative approach with the theory of Zhongdang Pan and M. Kosicki. The results prove that the two online media have different points of view and news packaging, each emphasizing based on the data and facts received. After analyzing the two news articles, the researcher concluded that both news articles provided information on the causes of the flood disaster in West Sumatra. However, if seen in the Detik.com online media, the floods were caused by moderate to heavy rains that washed away volcanic material from the eruption of Mount Marapi in the form of cold lava. Another case with the information put forward by the Antaranews.com media that the flood was caused by the collapse of a natural dam in the upstream section of the Batang Anai river due to the vibration of the volcanic earthquake of Mount Marapi accompanied by high rainfall.

High‐Resolution Ice‐Core Analyses Identify the Eldgjá Eruption and a Cluster of Icelandic and Trans‐Continental Tephras Between 936 and 943 CE

AbstractThe Eldgjá eruption is the largest basalt lava flood of the Common Era. It has been linked to a major ice‐core sulfur (S) spike in 939–940 CE and Northern Hemisphere summer cooling in 940 CE. Despite its magnitude and potential climate impacts, uncertainties remain concerning the eruption timeline, atmospheric dispersal of emitted volatiles, and coincident volcanism in Iceland and elsewhere. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of Greenland ice‐cores from 936 to 943 CE, revealing a complex volatile record and cryptotephra with numerous geochemical populations. Transitional alkali basalt tephra matching Eldgjá are found in 939–940 CE, while tholeiitic basalt shards present in 936/937 CE and 940/941 CE are compatible with contemporaneous Icelandic eruptions from Grímsvötn and Bárðarbunga‐Veiðivötn systems (including V‐Sv tephra). We also find four silicic tephra populations, one of which we link to the Jala Pumice of Ceboruco (Mexico) at 941 ± 1 CE. Triple S isotopes, Δ33S, spanning 936–940 CE are indicative of upper tropospheric/lower stratospheric transport of aerosol sourced from the Icelandic fissure eruptions. However, anomalous Δ33S (down to −0.4‰) in 940–941 CE evidence stratospheric aerosol transport consistent with summer surface cooling revealed by tree‐ring reconstructions. Tephra associated with the anomalous Δ33S have a variety of compositions, complicating the attribution of climate cooling to Eldgjá alone. Nevertheless, our study confirms a major S emission from Eldgjá in 939–940 CE and implicates Eldgjá and a cluster of eruptions as triggers of summer cooling, severe winters, and privations in ∼940 CE.

Resilience of The Sumberwuluh Village Community in Facing Semeru Disaster

Resilience of The Sumberwuluh Village Community in Facing Semeru Disaster

Mapping the Lava Flood Hazard Using the Flood Discharge Approach and 2D Hydrodynamic Modeling at the Rejali River, Mount Semeru

In December 2021, Mount Semeru experienced an eruption accompanied by extreme rainfall, which resulted in lava floods, known as lahars or debris flows. The lava flood destroyed infrastructure, resulting in loss of life. Various rivers surrounding Mount Semeru, including the Rejali River, experienced the effects of this phenomenon. To address this, a study is needed to analyze the occurrence and frequency of lava floods over specific time intervals through the creation of a hazard map. This study aims to map the hazard of lava floods for various return periods using a coupled HEC-HMS and HEC-RAS software alongside a lava flood discharge approach. The HEC-HMS software is used to simulate hydrological processes, to obtain the lava flood discharge, while the HEC-RAS is used to model a two-dimensional (2D) lava flood hazard map. The input parameters of the modeling in this study are rainfall intensity, soil type, land cover, river distance, slope, and elevation. The results show that the flood area covers 9.55% of the total study area by 2 year return period (Q2), 11.80% by Q10, 14.10% by Q50, and 15.72% by Q200 with an overall validation Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0.16. These changes are determined by the discharge volume from each return phase and the river's shallow depth, which causes overflow beyond the river's ability to accommodate the flow. Thus, this study suggests that the models successfully generated a reliable model for mapping the risk of lava floods on the Rejali River. These findings can help the government reduce disaster losses through adequate adaptation and mitigation initiatives.

Pengembangan Sistem Peringatan Dini Bencana Banjir Lahar Hujan Merapi di Sungai Blongkeng Kabupaten Magelang

Mount Merapi is one of the most active volcanoes in Indonesia and is located in the Sleman Regency area of the Special Region of Yogyakarta Province and the Magelang, Klaten and Boyolali Regencies in Central Java Province. There are tools to support the early warning system located at stations or posts around the Blongkeng River. This tool is still active and is needed to notify you if a rain lava flood disaster will occur with a water level sensor. Therefore, a warning system model is needed that can be utilized by the community around Blongkeng. This research was conducted using qualitative methods with data obtained through FGD/Interviews, Observation and documentation studies. The subjects of this research were 15 residents living around the Blongkeng River. The research results show that the existing device developed can provide information to the people around Blongkeng if the water level is dangerous and has the potential for lava flooding. From the results of interviews, observations and documentation studies, it shows that the community needs tools and systems to receive early warnings when a rain lava flood disaster occurs. Furthermore, as a means of information for villages located on the top/slopes of Mount Merapi to be able to provide information to villages located below it when lava floods will occur. Existing devices can provide information to people living around the Blongkeng River if the water level is dangerous and has the potential for rain lava flooding, although there are still several obstacles because there are tools at the Salamsari Station/Post that need to be calibrated.

Analysis of Extreme Rainfall in the Mt. Merapi Area

The slopes of Mount Merapi (Mt. Merapi) are an area prone to hydrological disasters due to elevation and orography. Hydrological disasters that have the potential to occur include floods, erosion, landslides, and drought which are closely related to extreme rainfall. Spatial and temporal variability of rainfall in mountainous areas requires rainfall data that can represent rainfall events. Therefore, this research aims to obtain the reliability of satellite rainfall data in the extreme rainfall indices. The CHIRPS, GPM-IMERG FINAL (IMERG-F) and GPM-IMERG LATE (IMERG-L) will be used in the reliability analysis of satellite-based rainfall compared to observed rainfall station. To validate satellite rain data, statistical criteria are utilized with parameters such as Correlation Coefficient (R), Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), and Relative Bias (RB). Satellite-based rainfall estimates have a weak to moderate correlation (0.19 – 0.55), the RMSE value is relatively good (12.18 – 31.35 mm) and the observed bias tends to underestimate the estimated values. The capabilities of the IMERG-F, IMERG-L and CHIRPS satellites as alternative rainfall data in the Mt. Merapi area are quite good where IMERG-L has the best performance in capturing rainfall above 50 mm (R50mm), Consecutive Dry Days (CDD) indices, max 1–day and 5-day precipitation (Rx1day and Rx5day). The potential for extreme rainfall that is most prone to trigger lava floods occurs in the western region of Mt. Merapi at Ngandong Station (Sta. Ngandong). In this region, there is a high occurrence of extreme rainfall events. For instance, there were 501 instances of R50mm with an intensity of 77 mm day-1, Total Precipitation (PRCPTOT) reaches 3385 mm, Rx5day reaches 393 mm, and Consecutive Wet Days (CWD) lasts for 30 days. The results of this analysis can assist in climate understanding and modeling of extreme rainfall relevant to the region and support water resource management and disaster risk mitigation.

Effect of Debris Flow Event on the Affected Areas in Putih River, Indonesia

Debris flow is a natural phenomenon that can cause some damage and fatalities. Debris flow from Mount Merapi frequently happens through the Putih River, so it is necessary to do research. Anticipating the occurrence of debris flows can be done with predictions to reduce the number of casualties and material losses. This research used a simulation method based on Ashida, Takashi, and Mizuyama equation that applied the Nakayasu synthetic unit hydrograph through modeling on SIMLAR V2.1 application by modifying the hyetograph pattern and the rain intensity value. The test result contained flood area, velocity, volume, flow height, and the value of degradation and aggradation that happened in each simulated pattern. The velocity value in simulation with rain intensity of 56.8 mm and one peak hyetograph is 1.36 m/s, and in simulation with rain intensity of 56.8 mm and two peak hyetograph is 1.42 m/s. It means the parameter increases by 4.4%. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the hyetograph pattern is very influential on the impact of lava floods. The increase in the hydrograph value is also directly proportional to the increase in flow velocity. The value of rain intensity and rain pattern also affects the number of areas affected by the lava flood. The increasing value of the intensity and pattern of rain is also directly proportional to the increase in the area affected by flooding.

Identification of Fish Species in Kuning River, Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta Special Region

One of the ecosystems inhabited by many types of fish is a river. Kuning River is one of the rivers in Sleman Regency, D.I. Yogyakarta, which upstream is located at Mount Merapi. In 2010 there was a large cold lava flood in the Yellow River from Mount Merapi. So far, no identification of fish species in the river has been carried out. The purpose of the study was to determine the types of fish in the Yellow River (both local and introduced) and the state of the abiotic environment. The method used is purposive sampling with three research stations. Each station is divided into three sampling points. The fish samples obtained were identified in the Biology laboratory of Ahmad Dahlan University. Based on the identification, there are a total of 16 species of fish, with 13 local species, namely; Barbodes binotatus (cakul), Hampala macrolepidota (palung), Mystacoleucus obtusirostris (kepek), Rasbora argyrotaenia (wader pari), Labiobarbus leptocheilus (lukas), Barbonymus gonionotus (tawes), Osteochilus vittatus (nilem), Nemacheilus fasciatus (kepala timah), Channa gachua (kotes), Channa striata (gabus), Trichopodus trichopter (sepat), and Dermogenys pusilla (cucut tawar) and 3 introducedspecies, namely; Poecilia reticulata (gupi), Xiphophorus helleri (ekor pedangl), and Amphilopus labiatusus (red devil). Abiotic parameters in the Yellow River, Sleman Regency, DIY; average temperature, water pH, current strength, dissolved oxygen (DO) indicate normal conditions for fish survival.

Studi Pengaruh Kejadian Hujan Terhadap Banjir Lahar Di Sungai Gendol Menggunakan SIMLAR

Indonesia is a country with the largest number of active volcanoes in the world and has the potential to erupt. This causes primary and secondary disasters, one of which is secondary disasters caused by lava floods during heavy rains. So disaster mitigation is needed by simulating lava floods to find out the predictions of speed, volume, height and area affected by lava floods. The simulation was carried out using SIMLAR software, carried out on Gendol River which is one of the watersheds that has the threat of lahar flooding. The test was carried out with 3 hyetograph patterns and for each pattern there were 3 simulations with different rainfall intensities, namely 162 mm, 243 mm and 324 mm. From these tests, the speed values ​​in patterns 1, 2 and 3 increased each simulation to the existing simulation. The speed value obtained by pattern 1 at 162 mm rain intensity is 2.35 m/s, at 243 mm rain intensity is 2.48 m/s, and at 324 mm rain intensity is 2.58 m/s. In addition, at high yields, volume and area also increase in each simulation due to the higher rainfall intensity. This proves that the intensity of rain is directly proportional to speed, volume, area and height. In addition, the hyetograph pattern also affects the peak hours when the maximum volume, maximum height and maximum speed are reached.

Stratigraphic Section and Geochronological Studies of the Shoushan Basin, Fujian Province, South China, and Its Implications for the Mineralization of Shoushan Stone

As one of the most famous craft-carving stones in China, Shoushan stone commonly consists of clay minerals, including the kaolinite, pyrophyllite, or illite group, which is the product of hydrothermal alteration. In Fujian Province, the Xiaoxi Formation of the Early Cretaceous is a critical formation containing pyrophyllite deposits (including Shoushan stone). Here, we carry out a geological field investigation of a typical section in the Shoushan basin of southeastern China to identify lithology and volcanic sequences of the Xiaoxi Formation. The section included four lithofacies: eruption facies, flood lava facies, sedimentary facies, and volcanic channel facies. The petrogenesis of these lithofacies demonstrates the evolution of volcanism, which is critical for understanding the formation of the Shoushan-stone-associated hydrothermal system. For the geochronological study, the samples of unaltered rhyolitic tuff are collected from the layers topping and bottoming a pyrophyllite orebody. The zircon U-Pb dating results constrain the age of pyrophyllite alteration during the episodic eruption. Shoushan stone is formed in an epithermal hydrothermal environment, so we suggest that high-quality Shoushan stone is formed by the hydrothermal alterations in the interval time of the volcanic episode (135–131 Ma) and after volcanic activity (<131 Ma). Furthermore, the Shoushan basin’s stratigraphic section suggests that there have been large-scale hydrothermal systems in the volcanic basin during the Early Cretaceous volcanism. The stratigraphic correlation and geochemical results indicate that the Mesozoic basins in the Fu’an-Yongtai volcanic eruption belt have the potential for pyrophyllite deposit exploration.

Plume-induced flood basalts on Hesperian Mars: An investigation of Hesperia Planum

Hesperian Mars was characterized by a unique style of geodynamic activity that left crucial volcano-tectonic records in the form of extensive flood lavas covered by wrinkle ridges. Yet, little is known about the context of their formation. Here, we perform a tectonic and geophysical investigation of Hesperia Planum, a 1700-km-diameter volcanic plain covered by wrinkle ridges. Our tectonic analysis reveals that the planum has the highest density of wrinkle ridges on the planet and a characteristic compressional peak strain of about 3.20 × 10−3, almost 2 times larger than typical Hesperian compressional strains. We invert gravity and topography data and find that simple crustal loading and volcanism cannot explain the tectonic record. An additional source of deformation is thus required. We demonstrate that a loading sequence of plume-induced uplift, volcanism, and subsidence, following an evolutionary path similar to flood basalt provinces on Earth better fits the observations. This plume model is able to explain the peak strain, crustal thinning, and low relief of Hesperia Planum. The inferred plume head size (∼1400 km) and temperature anomaly (∼320 K) are consistent with large terrestrial plumes. Based on a fit to the tectonic record, we determine a plume center location that correlates with a cluster of wrinkle ridges, local crustal thinning, and a circular magnetic low, where the latter could be the result of a thermal demagnetization of the lithosphere in the presence of the ascending plume. Our analysis suggests that scattered mantle plumes could be at the origin of Hesperia Planum and other late Noachian to early Hesperian volcanic provinces within the highlands.

Empowerment of the Disaster Risk Reduction Forum (FPRB) through communication monitoring tools for cold lava floods in Sumber Village, Magelang Regency

When the Merapi eruption happened in 2010, members of the Disaster Risk Reduction Forum (FPRB) as well as disaster communicators in Sumber Village, Magelang Regency, still had limitations in using communication and information technology to carry out disaster mitigation. As a result, community-based disaster mitigation communication tools and training are required. This service will be implemented by providing training and assistance to participants on how to use cold lava communication monitoring tools. According to the findings, 85 percent of the participants improved their knowledge and skills in the area of community-based disaster communication. As a result of this service, the Sumber Village FPRB community now has a monitoring tool that can also be used as a disaster communication tool.

Spatial analysis of damage due to the eruption of Mount Kelud in February 2014: lessons learned for better regional planning

The eruption of Mount Kelud in February 2014 released eruptive material that caused lava flooding from the sub-watershed. Lava floods cause land-use changes, land damage, and infrastructure damage. Ngantang Sub-district Malang Regency is the area most severely affected by the eruption of Mount Kelud. This paper aims as a preventive effort to reduce disaster risk through spatial evaluation of vulnerability due to lahar sediments and directives for infrastructure and settlement planning in volcanic areas. Using scoring and map overlay techniques for vulnerability analysis and planning directions. The findings highlight that villages along the river have a higher level of vulnerability and disaster risk and are not recommended to build and use land within a 100 meters radius of the river wall for various community activities. Another finding is the lack of strong indicators of disaster risk reduction capacity in Ngantang Sub-district. This phenomenon proves that there are still many challenges to realizing disaster risk reduction as mandated in Law No. 24 of 2007 and Regulation of the Head of BNPB No. 2 of 2012.

Disaster risk reduction of mount agung cold lava flood at the Bali cultural centre in Klungkung Regency

The Bali Province Government plans the development of Bali Cultural Centre as a comprehensive cultural information centre to support the development of Culture-oriented Bali Tourism. The Bali Cultural Centre site is situated in an area of post-mining remnants in Klungkung Regency. The sites located at coordinates 8°32‘41.35” - 8°34‘30.94” South Latitude and 115°24‘54.92” - 115°26‘6.99” East Longitude. This site is also portion of estuary area of the Unda River which has a high potential for the danger of cold lava flood from the Mount Agung eruption. The structure to manage cold lava floods at the Unda River estuary is being conducted. The construction is divided into two locations which design to satisfactory a 50-year design flood with discharge of 1436.11 m3 per second. The first location is at upstream (north side of Prof. Ida Bagus Mantra Street) using a single rectangular cross section. The second location is at downstream (south area of Prof. Ida Bagus Mantra Street) using a combine double rectangular cross section. These two types of cross sections are designed to accommodate the capacity of water discharge under normal conditions and still able to drain water discharge in the 50-year return period. The presence of this channel allows the cold lava flood flow directly towards the sea-shore and so as to reduce the risk. It is possible that the sediments settle at the base of the channel, therefore, channel shape normalization and periodic dredging for maintenance are essential.

IoT-based Lava Flood Early Warning System with Rainfall Intensity Monitoring and Disaster Communication Technology

A lava flood disaster is a volcanic hazard that often occurs when heavy rains are happening at the top of a volcano. This flood carries volcanic material from upstream to downstream of the river, affecting populous areas located quite far from the volcano peak. Therefore, an advanced early warning system of cold lava floods is inarguably vital. This paper aims to present a reliable, remote, Early Warning System (EWS) specifically designed for lava flood detection, along with its disaster communication system. The proposed system consists of two main subsystems: lava flood detection and disaster communication systems. It utilizes a modified automatic rain gauge; a novel configured vibration sensor; Fuzzy Tree Decision algorithm; ESP microcontrollers that support IoT, and disaster communication tools (WhatsApp, SMS, radio communication). According to the experiment results, the prototype of rainfall detection using the tipping bucket rain gauge sensor can measure heavy and moderate rainfall intensities with 81.5% accuracy. Meanwhile, the prototype of earthquake vibration detection using a geophone sensor can remove noise from car vibrations with a Kalman filter and measure vibrations in high and medium intensity with an accuracy of 89.5%. Measurements from sensors are sent to the webserver. The disaster mitigation team uses data from the webserver to evacuate residents using the disaster communication method. The proposed system was successfully implemented in Mount Merapi, Indonesia, coordinated with the local Disaster Deduction Risk (DDR) forum. Doi: 10.28991/esj-2021-SP1-011 Full Text: PDF

Caldera Collapse and Volcanic Resurfacing in Arabia Terra Provide Hints of Vast Under‐Recognized Early Martian Volcanism

AbstractArabia Terra is an ancient, geologically complex region of Mars. It is not typically described as volcanic because it lacks prominent, easily recognizable shield volcanoes. However, Arabia Terra contains flood lavas and widespread layered materials that might represent airfall pyroclastics from unknown sources. Here we explore the geology of some complex topographic depressions in Arabia Terra previously hypothesized to represent collapse features termed “plains style caldera complexes,” an enigmatic category of volcanic feature on Mars characterized by surface collapse rather than construction of topographic shields. Geomorphological observations and geologic mapping carried out here support a volcanic origin of these features, providing a possible source for volcaniclastic sediments. The identification of caldera complexes in Arabia Terra raises the questions of how they are linked to the geotectonic setting of the region and whether similar features might be much more abundant in the ancient Martian crust than is currently recognized.

Evidence for geologically recent explosive volcanism in Elysium Planitia, Mars

Volcanic activity on Mars peaked during the Noachian and Hesperian periods but has continued since then in isolated locales. Elysium Planitia hosts numerous young, fissure-fed flood lavas with ages ranging from approximately 500 to 2.5 million years (Ma). We present evidence for a fine-grained unit that is atypical of aeolian deposits in the region and may be the youngest volcanic deposit yet documented on Mars. The unit has a low albedo, high thermal inertia, includes high‑calcium pyroxene-rich material, and is distributed symmetrically around a segment of the Cerberus Fossae fissure system in Elysium Planitia. This deposit is superficially similar to features interpreted as pyroclastic deposits on the Moon and Mercury. Unlike previously documented lava flows in Elysium Planitia, this feature is morphologically consistent with a fissure-fed pyroclastic deposit, mantling the surrounding lava flows with a thickness on the order of tens of cm over most of the deposit and a volume of 1.1–2.8 × 107 m3. Thickness and volume estimates are consistent with tephra deposits on Earth. Stratigraphic relationships indicate a relative age younger than the surrounding volcanic plains and the Zunil impact crater (~0.1–1 Ma), with crater counting suggesting that the deposit has an absolute model age of 53 ± 7 to 210 ± 12 ka. This young age implies that if this deposit is volcanic then the Cerberus Fossae region may not be extinct and that Mars may still be volcanically active. This interpretation is consistent with the identification of seismicity in this region by the Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy, and Heat Transport (InSight) lander, and has additional implications for astrobiology.

Two dimensional modeling (2D) gravity method for interpreting subsurface structure of mount Merapi

Mount Merapi is one of the active volcanoes in Indonesia. The characteristics of this mount are explosive and eruptive. Moreover, its eruption causes lava floods. Its last eruption took many victims, and they were both dead and injured. They lost belongings and anything surroundings as well. Considering the negative impacts, research is needed to determine the subsurface structure of Mount Merapi as a disaster mitigation measure. One method that can be used is the gravity method. The gravity method is a geophysical method with an interpretation based on the different density of masses obtained from the Earth’s gravity acceleration data. In this research, an interpretation of the results of two-dimensional modeling will be performed. Research data is secondary data obtained from satellites. The research uses a literature study method on Mount Merapi by processing gravity data to obtain Bouguer anomalies, separating Bouguer anomalies into local and regional anomalies using MagPick and Surfer software, and two-dimensional modeling to determine density value density of subsurface mass using Grav2dc software. The results obtained consist of lithological interpretation consisting of basalt-andesite rocks, pyroclastic rocks, and magma chamber.

Design of Automatic Rain Gauge Prototype (ARG) As An Early Warning Indicator for Cold Lava Flood Based on The Internet of Things (IoT)

This study aims to design a prototype of automatic rain gauge, characterize the automatic rain gauge, rainfall classification as an indicator of cold lava flood, tested the automatic rain gauge prototype. The design of this tool includes three parts, the first is the reed switch block design. Second, designing an automatic rain gauge block by designing a tipping bucket. The third is designing IoT block and Android applications. The automatic rain gauge prototype was successfully designed with a 0.8 cm reed switch and a tipping bucket with a funnel area of 380 cm2 with a resolution of 0.1 mm and a maximum capacity of 9.4 mm/minute. The classification of rainfall as an indicator of cold lava flood is normal 0-15 mm, advisory 16-20 mm, watch 21-48 mm and warning > 48 mm, so that the early warning system prototype can display rainfall charts and warning alarms on the android application.

Kesiapan infrastruktur data spasial sebagai upaya mitigasi banjir lahar di kali putih Kabupaten Magelang Jawa Tengah

Availability of Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) has an important role in disaster management. The purpose of this research is to analyze the readiness of the Spatial Data Infrastructure (IDS) as an effort to mitigate the lava flood in Kali Putih, Magelang Regency, Central Java. The research method was carried out by interview, survey and secondary data collection and SWOT analysis. The results of the SWOT analysis, on the Strength-Opportunity matrix, conclude that the optimization of Spatial Data Infrastructure (IDS) and the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) in the field of Geospatial Information (IG). The Strenght-Threath analysis concludes the need to use quality spatial data for government agencies. Opportunity - Weakness analysis concludes that there is a need for Web GIS development and the need to improve the quality of GI and the quality of human resources in the field of GI. Threat-Weakness analysis resulted in a conclusion, namely the need to refer to the one map and one data policy as well as the ID and SDI field policies.