Latin Description Research Articles

A Metaphor to Build Empires: Imitatio and the Politics of Representation in European Humanism

In Western criticism and philosophy, Renaissance discussions of imitation have often been seen as both a legacy of Greece and Rome, and as the foundation of modern theories of art and literature. This investigation shows that the discussions of imitation that spread throughout the Renaissance were indeed adopted from Latin Roman discussions of poetry and rhetoric, but they have no connection to the famous Greek philosophical concepts of mimesis/imitation that are found in the work of Plato and Aristotle. Indeed, European concepts of imitatio/ imitation, as this study shows, developed their conceptual potential before Plato’s and Aristotle’s discussions of mimesis became familiar in Europe. Furthermore, Renaissance discussions of imitation were not theories of art and literature, as is commonly believed. They were simply an educational pedagogy that organized the appropriation of the canons of description of classical Latin into the vernaculars. The peculiarity and the scale of this pedagogy become evident when located within its geopolitical context. In the early modern era, neither the dead Latin language nor the vernaculars were equipped to manage the wealth or the administrative and cultural needs of ascending European states. Like Rome at the height of its power, European states were emerging empires in need of a language and a culture. And just like the Romans resorted to the imitation of Greek masterpieces in order to develop their language, Europeans advocated the imitation of Latin masterpieces to develop their vernaculars. But while the Romans resorted to imitatio often with resentment and bitterness at the impossibility to match the Greek achievement, European humanists considered imitatio to have been a resounding success [sic]. By adopting the Roman practice of imitatio, European cultures appropriated and internalized Roman ambivalence without solving or even identifying it.

Res quae in Academiae Thesauris insunt: Latin descriptions of Kunstkamera antiquities made in the first half of the 18th century

Res quae in Academiae Thesauris insunt: Latin descriptions of Kunstkamera antiquities made in the first half of the 18th century

(258–260) Proposals to eliminate contradiction between Articles 11.7 and 11.8 and to equate non‐fossil with fossil names of dinophytes for purposes of priority

(258–260) Proposals to eliminate contradiction between Articles 11.7 and 11.8 and to equate non‐fossil with fossil names of dinophytes for purposes of priority

Notes about Phaseolus pallar Molina (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae-Phaseoleae): alas but at best a synonym!

A name given by Molina in 1782 and again in 1810 to a new Phaseolus species after a food legume crop grown for millennia mostly in the western part of the Quechua realm in South America refers to that crop (in the text of his essay) as well as to a weed (in his short Latin description), thus raising taxonomical uncertainty. Obviously, a taxonomical epithet cannot refer to two different botanical entities within the same genus. An example of that uncertainty was the naming of a specimen likely of Macroptilium lathyroides collected in northern Colombia and kept in the negative series of Berlin-Dahlem at the Field Museum. That crop spread so widely and fast that it received several names that Molina and a fortiori Philippi should have considered.

Dokładna nauka języka i stylu polskiego w dwóch częściach. Cz. 1 Tomasza Szumskiego .

Tomasz Szumski (1778–1840) was a polyglot, teacher, bookseller, author of school textbooks, associated with Greater Poland. His grammar book, released in 1809, is the first Polish-language grammar book of the Polish language published in the 19th century where the grammatical description of Polish is made independent of the description of Latin. It is at the same time the first known 19th-century grammar of Polish where the author dared to polemicise with Onufry Kopczyński’s ideas contained in the Polish–Lati n Grammatyka dla szkół narodowych (Grammar for national schools). Keywords: school grammar books – Polish linguistics – 19th century – Tomasz Szumski – Onufry Kopczyński

The Jerusalem Temple and Jewish Identity between Pseudo-Hegesippus and Sefer Yosippon: The Discursive Aftermath of Josephus’ Temple Ekphrasis

Abstract Josephus’ Temple ekphrasis in his Jewish War (5.136–247) is a significant literary monument. The description of this quintessential Jewish holy place has a great deal to do with Jewish identity. In the late fourth century, the Latin Christian author Pseudo-Hegesippus, in his work On the Destruction of Jerusalem, rewrote the Temple description to emphasize Christian identity as central to the Temple’s construction, not Jewish identity. In the tenth century, the Jewish author of the Hebrew Sefer Yosippon rewrote the Temple description again to emphasize Jewish identity. By reading these Greek, Latin, and Hebrew Temple descriptions comparatively, one may identify an ongoing identity discourse about Jewish and/or Christian identity vis-à-vis the Jerusalem Temple. These three accounts, with each subsequent account based on the one that came before, illustrate a back-and-forth discussion between Jewish and Christian authors across a millennium about what the Temple means and is/was for Jews and Christians.

Validation of five Peronospora species names

Some Peronospora names included in the last major taxonomic treatment (a 1991 annotated list of names) were invalid because the author failed to provide the Latin description required at the time of their proposal. Here five such names—Peronospora coronillae-minimae, P . erini, P. papaveris-pilosi, P. ranunculi-flabellati, and P. viciicola—are validated either by providing an English description or by reference to the original English description.

(119–122) Proposals to amend Articles 51 and 56 and Division III, to allow the rejection of culturally offensive and inappropriate names

(119–122) Proposals to amend Articles 51 and 56 and Division <scp>III</scp>, to allow the rejection of culturally offensive and inappropriate names

On Spinopilar from Rio de Janeiro state with description of three new species (Opiliones, Laniatores, Cryptogeobiidae).

The genus Spinopilar Mello-Leitão, 1940 currently has seven species distributed in eastern Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay. Three species are hitherto known from Rio de Janeiro state (RJ), in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. In this paper, five species from Rio de Janeiro state (RJ) are studied as follows: (1) Spinopilar armatus Mello-Leitão, 1940, the type species of Spinopilar, originally described without illustrations, is herein redescribed based on additional material from the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro city. (2) Spinopilar anomalis (Sørensen, 1932) is a species never recorded again after the original description. A new diagnosis is provided for S. anomalis based on a translation of the original Latin description. (3) Spinopilar jocheni spec. nov. is described from Barra de Guaratiba, Southeast RJ. It is characterized by the unarmed mesotergal areas. (4) Spinopilar martialis spec. nov. is described from Macaé, northern RJ. It is characterized by the pars stridens of the stridulatory organ on the pedipalpal femur, the unusual armature of scutal areas (2-2-10-10) and the extremely complex lobes of the stigmatic area in males, which connect the apophyses of coxa and trochanter IV. (5) Spinopilar magistralis spec. nov. is described from Búzios. It is characterized by extreme stoutness of leg IV and an elevated campaniform ocularium. A key is provided to 9 of the 10 species of Spinopilar and a new diagnosis is given for the genus. Two novel structures so far known only in Spinopilar are described: (1) a third type of pars stridens, which is different from the Tibangara-type and the Bissulla/Pseudopachylus-type both in topology and in structure of the ridges; (2) a proximal primary trochanteral cluster (PTC) composed of modified setae situated on the main apophysis of trochanter IV of males.

(2817) Proposal to conserve the name Erysimum violascens (Cruciferae)

(2817) Proposal to conserve the name <i>Erysimum violascens</i> (<i>Cruciferae</i>)

(2816) Proposal to conserve the name Echinocactus williamsii Lem. ex Salm‐Dyck (Lophophora williamsii) against E. williamsianus Lem. (Cactaceae)

(2816) Echinocactus williamsii Lem. ex Salm-Dyck in Allg. Gartenzeitung 13: 385. 6 Dec 1845 [Angiosp.: Cact.], nom. cons. prop. Typus: Mexico, San Luis Potosí, near El Huizache, 2 Jul 1958, Anderson 1079 (POM No. 298103 [RSA barcode RSA0008867]). (≡) Echinocactus williamsianus Lem. in Herb. Gén. Amateur., ser. 2, 3: 43. 1843, nom. rej. prop. Neotypus (designated here): Mexico, San Luis Potosí, near El Huizache, 2 Jul 1958, Anderson 1079 (POM No. 298103 [RSA barcode RSA0008867]). Prince Joseph Salm-Reifferscheidt-Dyck, in his description of Echinocactus williamsii (Salm-Dyck in Allg. Gartenzeitung 13: 385. 1845), added after the name “Lem. Cat. Cels 1845 sine descriptione”. Salm-Dyck had very good relations with cactus growers in France, and one can conclude that he acquired his plant from the company Frères Cels. Echinocactus williamsii had been offered for sale by them several times: Cels, Cat. Cultures 1843: 19., Cat. Cact. 1844: 5., and Extr. Cat. Cultures 1845: 28. In each case only the name appeared without any description but, in the two latter, it was ascribed to “Lem.” In the absence of any description of the species by the Celses, Salm-Dyck (l.c.) validly published E. williamsii with a Latin description and a rather fuller description in German. No original material is known to exist. In consequence, Anderson (in Brittonia 21: 304–305. 1969) designated as neotype the specimen cited above as “Typus”. In 1894, John M. Coulter (in Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 3: 131. 1894) erected the genus Lophophora, with Echinocactus williamsii Lem. ex Salm-Dyck as its orginal type. The genus Lophophora J.M. Coult. today includes 3(–7) species. The name is accepted worldwide by scientists and amateurs: Hunt & al., New Cactus Lexicon, Text: 145. 2006; Anderson, Große Kakteen-Lexikon: 358–359. 2005; Hernández & Gómez-Hinostrosa, Mapping Cacti Mexico 2. Mammillaria. 2015; The Plant List, http://www.theplantlist.org/ and Plants of the World online, http://powo.science.kew.org/ (accessed 26 Mar 2021). Because the plants of this genus contain alkaloids, the name is included in most drug laws around the world. Echinocactus williamsianus Lem. was published two years before E. williamsii Salm-Dyck. The source of the plants is not known, but it is very likely that they were also from the Cels nursery. The name has never been in use. Lemaire, himself, later used the epithet of Salm-Dyck (Lemaire, Cactées: 49. 1868). It appears in only two publications: Monville, Cat. Pl. Exot.: 22. 1846 and Weber in Bois, Dict. Hort.: 90. 1893 but in the latter only as a synonym of Anhalonium williamsii. Like eight other cactus names published by Lemaire and by Monville in Herbier général de l'amateur, it has been ignored or overlooked by scientists and amateurs for over 170 years, not being listed in Index Kewensis and only appearing on 11 February 2021 in IPNI (http://www.ipni.org/). Here I propose that Echinocactus williamsii Lem. ex Salm-Dyck be conserved against E. williamsianus Lem. in accordance with Art. 14.2 of the ICN (Turland & al. in Regnum Veg. 159. 2018). The non-acceptance of the proposal would have the consequence that a hitherto unknown name should be used for a very popular and well-known plant, resulting in the drug legislation of many countries around the world having to adopt the new name. AH, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5455-5093 I thank Prof. John McNeill for his guidance in drafting this proposal.

(97) Request for a binding decision on the descriptive statement associated with Aethionema kopetdaghi (Cruciferae)

(97) Request for a binding decision on the descriptive statement associated with <i>Aethionema kopetdaghi</i> (<i>Cruciferae</i>)

(2791–2792) Proposals to conserve the name Williamsonia with a conserved type and W. gigas T.M. Harris against W. gigas (Lindl. &amp; Hutton) Carruth. (fossil Cycadophyta: Bennettitales)

(2791–2792) Proposals to conserve the name <i>Williamsonia</i> with a conserved type and <i>W. gigas</i> T.M. Harris against <i>W. gigas</i> (Lindl. &amp; Hutton) Carruth. (fossil <i>Cycadophyta</i>: <i>Bennettitales</i>)

Polyphasic reassessment of a yellow rice fungus, Penicillium toxicarium

From historical strain records, Penicillium citreonigrum NBRC 4692 was originally isolated as the toxigenic fungus responsible for the yellow rice incident in Japan in 1937. The fungus was named Penicillium toxicarium by I. Miyake, which was considered invalid due to the lack of a Latin diagnosis. Initially, it was named Penicillium sp. by Miyake et al. in 1940. Subsequently, P. toxicarium, which was erroneously cited as synonym of P. citreo-viride, was validated by C. Ramírez in 1982 with a Latin diagnosis and type designation (CBS 351.51). Later, CBS 351.51 was assigned to Penicillium trzebinskii by Houbraken et al. in 2014. In 2016, P. toxicarium was treated as a synonym of Penicillium citreosulfuratum based on a conclusion of molecular phylogenetic analysis. Recently, we discovered the taxonomic and nomenclatural short communication (in Japanese) by I. Miyake in 1947 on P. toxicarium sp. nov. with its Latin description and four illustrations but lacking the type designation. In this paper, we re-examined strain NBRC 4692 for its current taxonomic position based on morphological characteristics and molecular phylogenetic analysis. NBRC 4692 (received from I. Miyake in 1951) has been found to have the same morphological characteristics as P. toxicarium, as was shown in Miyake's diagnosis in 1947. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the NBRC strain belongs to a unique clade, different from the clade comprising P. citreosulfuratum strains. As a conclusion, herein, P. toxicarium I. Miyake (1947) is reinstated as a correct name with the lectotype designation.

Calamagrostis hongii (Poaceae, Agrostidinae), a new species from southwestern China.

Calamagrostis hongii, a new species of Calamagrostis (Poaceae) from southwestern China (S Chongqing, W Guizhou, Sichuan, SE Xizang, Yunnan), is here described and illustrated. It is similar to C. arundinacea and C. effusiflora in spikelet traits, but can be distinguished by its moderately or densely scabrous upper leaf surface with ribs covered by short, stiff, prickle hairs, and glabrous leaf sheaths, blades and collars. Nomenclature Deyeuxia zhongdianensis lacks Latin description or diagnosis and is an unavailable nomen nudum (naked name).

Calamagrostis hongii (Poaceae, Agrostidinae), a new species from southwestern China

Calamagrostis hongii, a new species of Calamagrostis (Poaceae) from southwestern China (S Chongqing, W Guizhou, Sichuan, SE Xizang, Yunnan), is here described and illustrated. It is similar to C. arundinacea and C. effusiflora in spikelet traits, but can be distinguished by its moderately or densely scabrous upper leaf surface with ribs covered by short, stiff, prickle hairs, and glabrous leaf sheaths, blades and collars. Nomenclature Deyeuxia zhongdianensis lacks Latin description or diagnosis and is an unavailable nomen nudum (naked name).

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Friedrich Welwitsch and his overlooked contributions to the &lt;em&gt;Flora of Tropical Africa&lt;/em&gt;, with a discussion of the names of &lt;em&gt;Kalanchoe&lt;/em&gt; (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) that should be ascribed to Welwitsch alone&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Although it is widely assumed that Friedrich Welwitsch, who collected about 10,000 specimens in Angola during a seven-year period in the mid-1800s, only proposed names that were validly published by other authors in the Flora of Tropical Africa (FTA), he also provided Latin descriptions that were attached to the specimens. These descriptions were translated into English and used in FTA. Welwitsch was therefore the only author of those names. As a case study, the nomenclature of new species published in the FTA in the genus Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) is presented. When all the internal evidence in the relevant FTA volume is taken into account, the authorship of all the Kalanchoe species names, bar one, K. welwitschii, which was published by Britten exclusively, is Welwitsch only, and not “Welwitsch ex Britten” or “Welwitsch ex Oliver” as usually cited. Kalanchoe coccinea and K. brachyloba, whose distributions extend beyond Angola, have type localities in that country, and were also based on Welwitsch’s descriptions. An itinerary of Welwitsch’s Angolan expedition and maps showing the areas where he collected in the country are provided. Type localities from where Welwitsch collected the Kalanchoe species published in FTA are placed on the map. The typification of seven Kalanchoe names is clarified, some through correcting previous designations and, where required, second-step lectotypifications.

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Validation of the name &lt;em&gt;Rhododendron xishuiense &lt;/em&gt;(Ericaceae)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Rhododendron xishuiense C.H.Yang &amp; C.D.Yang in Yang et al. (2012: 95) was described based on material from Xishui, Guizhou, China. In the protologue, Yang et al. (2012) provided a Latin description and cited two collections, C.H. Yang 5784 with flowers and C.H. Yang 7590 with fruits. Both of the collections were deposited in the herbarium of Guizhou Academy of Forestry (GF). However, no type was indicated in the protologue. According to Art. 40.1 &amp; 40.6 of ICN (Turland et al. 2018), it was invalidly published. Here R. xishuiense is validated by reference to the previously published description (Yang et al. 2012) and by designating the specimen with flowers (C.H. Yang 5784) as its holotype.

The Impact of 16th Century German Botanical Treatises on Garcia de Orta’s &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Coloquios dos Simples&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;

In the early sixteenth century, Italian, French, Portuguese, Spanish, Flemish and German academics led the revival of the study of botany. In Germany, Otho Brunfels, Jerome Bock, Leonhart Fuchs, Adam Lonicerus, and Valerius Cordus published herbals dealing with European medicinal plants, but notes on Asian products remain invaluable. The Portuguese doctor Garcia de Orta sailed to Goa in 1534. There, he published his Coloquios dos Simples e Drogas da India in 1563. It is precisely in the context of Indian materia medica that Garcia de Orta’s path intersects with that of the German academics. The aim of this paper is to analyze the influence of Valerius Cordus’ and Leonhart Fuchs’ works on Orta’s Coloquios. To this end, the original Latin descriptions of Asian medicinal products made by Cordus and Fuchs were compared with Orta’s interpretations. It was observed that Garcia de Orta makes good use of Cordus’s descriptions of cardamom, cassia lignea, cinnamon, lignum aloes (agarwood) and tamarind fruits. His attitude towards Fuchs, however, was less accommodating because he was, in Orta’s words, “a heretic condemned for being a Lutheran” and he distorted the words of the German master about ivory. It was concluded that neither Garcia de Orta’s Renaissance humanism nor his scientific view of Indian natural history was any match for the influence of his religious beliefs. Orta did not escape the profound doctrinal and theological division that was raging Europe after the emergence of the Reformation movement.

ДВА КОММЕНТАРИЯ К «ПУТЕШЕСТВИЮ В АРЗРУМ»

These notes provide a historical-cultural commentary on two passages of Pushkin’s “Journey to Arzrum:” a Latin description of anomalous genitalia of “a sham hermaphrodite” discovered among Turkish prisoners of war, and a night scene of the interrogation of captured Turks which Pushkin compares to Salvator Rosa’s paintings. Both the pseudo-medical description and the allusion are contextualized: Pushkin’s interest in hermaphroditism is connected to the concepts of French Encyclopedists and their followers, while the allusion to Rosa’s “terrible” pictures is explained through the Romantic perception of the painter as a cult figure.