Latex Mixture Research Articles

Transorbital Exposure of the Internal Carotid Artery: A Detailed Anatomic and Quantitative Roadmap for Safe Successful Surgery.

The superior eyelid endoscopic transorbital approach has rapidly gained popularity among neurosurgeons for its advantages in the treatment, in a minimally invasive fashion, of a large variety of skull base pathologies. In this study, an anatomic description of the internal carotid artery (ICA) is provided to identify risky zones related to lesions that may be approached using this technique. In this framework, a practical roadmap can help the surgeon to avoid potentially life-threatening iatrogenic vascular injuries. Eight embalmed adult cadaveric specimens (16 sides) injected with a mixture of red latex and iodinate contrast underwent superior eyelid transorbital endoscopic approach, followed by interdural dissection of the cavernous sinus, extradural anterior clinoidectomy, and anterior petrosectomy, to expose the entire "transorbital" pathway of the ICA. Furthermore, the distance of each segment of the ICA explored by means of the superior eyelid endoscopic transorbital approach was quantitatively analyzed using a neuronavigation system. We exposed 4 distinct ICA segments and named the anatomic window in which they are displayed in accordance with the cavernous sinus triangles distribution of the middle cranial fossa: (1) clinoidal (Dolenc), (2) infratrochlear (Parkinson), (3) anteromedial (Mullan), and (4) petrous (Kawase). Critical anatomy and key surgical landmarks were defined to further identify the main danger zones during the different steps of the approach. A detailed knowledge of the reliable surgical landmarks of the course of the ICA as seen through an endoscopic transorbital route and its relationship with the cranial nerves are essential to perform a safe and successful surgery.

Natural rubber composites with high strength, modulus, water-resistance, and thermal stability, prepared with cellulose nanofibrils and sodium methacrylate

Natural rubber (NR) composite sheets consisting of TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibrils (TEMPO–CNFs) and sodium methacrylate (mAANa) were prepared. An aqueous mixture of NR latex, TEMPO–CNFs, and mAANa was oven-dried; the dried material was kneaded to prepare cross-linked composite sheets. The NR/TEMPO–CNF/mAANa (100/20/11.2 by mass) sheets exhibited high tensile strengths of ∼23 MPa, whereas the tensile strengths of the neat NR sheets were ∼5 MPa. Scanning electron microscopy observations indicate that the TEMPO–CNFs formed fewer aggregates in the composite sheet containing mAANa than in the mAANa-free sheets. Thermomechanical tests indicate that the NR/TEMPO–CNF/mAANa sheets had higher storage moduli over the entire range from −100°C to 200°C than the neat NR sheet. The NR/TEMPO–CNF/mAANa composite sheets exhibited hysteresis loss and permanent deformation behaviors, similar to or better than those of NR/carbon black composite sheets. Thus, the NR/TEMPO–CNF/mAANa composite sheets can be used in a similar manner as those consisting of all-carbon neutral components.

Arterial branching pattern of the cranial mesenteric artery in the degu (Octodon degus)

BackgroundThe cranial mesenteric artery exhibits a species-specific ramification pattern that adapts to the morphology of the intestinal tract. The degu is a strictly herbivorous rodent with a well-developed large intestine with a spiral loop in the ascending colon; therefore, the cranial mesenteric artery likely demonstrates a degu-specific ramification pattern. Thus, we traced the cranial mesenteric artery to establish the detailed ramification pattern of the branches. MethodsEighteen male degus were injected with 0.3–0.8 ml of a latex mixture and water at a 1:1 ratio in conjunction with red acrylic paint coloring using a catheter inserted into the thoracic aorta. The cranial mesenteric artery was traced using a surgical microscope and photographed using a digital camera. ResultsThe arteries emerging from the cranial mesenteric artery exhibited frequent variations in number, distribution area, anastomosis pattern, and branching order. In the most frequent cases (22%), the cranial mesenteric artery sequentially gave rise to caudal pancreaticoduodenal, middle colic, right colic, jejunal, and ileocolic arteries. The right and middle colic arteries exhibited four different ramification patterns. In the most common cases (67%), the middle and right colic arteries emerged independently from the cranial mesenteric artery. The former was distributed to the transverse and descending colon, whereas the latter sent branches to the spiral loop of the ascending colon. ConclusionsThe complex ramification pattern of the right colic artery in the degu may be an adaptation to the characteristic running pattern of the ascending colon. Thus, we present the first comprehensive report of the arterial branching pattern of the cranial mesenteric artery in the degu.

Indonesia Natural Rubber Export Competitiveness Analysis in World Export Market

This study aims to determine the level of export competitiveness of Indonesia’s natural rubber products, namely TSNR (Technically Specified Natural Rubber), natural rubber latex pre-vulcanized or not, Natural rubber smoked sheets, Mixture of natural rubber latex, and compounded of natural gums. In addition, Comparing Indonesia’s natural rubber competitiveness to Malaysia and Thailand in the ASEAN region. The research method used Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and market share using time series data from 2012 to 2021. There are only four types with good competitiveness with RCA > 1, namely TSNR, Smoked Sheets, Mixture Latex, and Compounded Natural Gums. These four commodities have a comparative advantage with RCA > 1. This shows that Indonesia specializes in these commodities in the world market. Natural rubber TSNR has the highest market share at 41%. The lowest is Natural Rubber Latex and Compounded of Natural Gums at 1%. Indonesia's natural rubber has a comparative advantage or stronger competitiveness than Thailand and Malaysia. This is shown by Indonesia's average RCA value for ten years from 2012 to 2021, which is 30.37. However, Indonesia’s market share has been lower than Thailand’s in ten years.

The influence of pigment modulus on failure resistance of paper barrier coatings

Abstract Pigments are often used in water borne barrier coatings but tend to make the coatings prone to failure. The pigment properties effects on this issue is lacking in literature. In this work, coatings that used pigments with different moduli but with similar size and aspect ratio were characterized in terms of water vapor resistance before and after folding. Coatings with talc had better water vapor resistance than coatings with similar sized kaolin. Talc also limited the degradation of barrier properties when folded. Coatings with metalized poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) flakes had better failure resistance than coatings with similarly sized rigid mica. Both results are likely caused by the ability of the low modulus pigment to deform and allow for strain to occur in the pigment as well as the latex phase. Styrene-butadiene (SB) and natural rubber (NR) latex coatings had a better failure resistance than styrene-acrylate (SA) latex, which is likely due to their low glass transition temperatures and high strain-to-failure values. However, coatings with high amounts of SB or NR latex may lead to blocking issues in production. Adding kaolin into SA and SB latex mixtures resulted in improved water vapor barrier property and failure resistance.

Opacity and Washability Properties of Emulsion Paint with Natural Rubber Latex/Polyvinyl Acetate Blend Binder

Polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) has long been known as a binder material to improve the washability, opacity (hiding power), and viscosity of commercial emulsion paints. This study aims to study the properties of opacity (hiding power), washability resistance, and viscosity of emulsion paint added with a binder from a mixture of natural rubber latex (NRL) and PVAc. Emulsion paint samples were made with a binder content of 4, 6, and 8% w/w. The binder was made from a mixture of NRL and PVAc with various NRL levels of 0%, 15%, 25%, 35%, 50%, and 100% w/w. Testing of paint samples includes washability using a digital BGD 526 Wet Abrasion Scrub Tester and viscosity testing using a HAAKE 6R digital viscometer. At the same time, the opacity test uses the Indonesian Standard (SNI 3564:2009). The results showed that the opacity met the standard emulsion paint for all binder levels, except for the composition of NRL 100% w/w at all binder levels. The higher the NRL content in the binder causes the washability resistance and paint viscosity to decrease and become unstable. The best washability resistance and viscosity properties were obtained at NRL in a binder of 15% w/w and a binder content of 8% w/w, with washability resistance properties of 50 times and a viscosity of 3300 cp.

USAGE OF MIXTURE OF JACKFRUITLATEX AND ACTIVATED CHARCOAL POWDER AS THE COUNTER ELECTRODE IN PHOTO-ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS

The counter electrode plays major role in achieving of maximum performance in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). A mixture of jack-fruit latex and activated charcoal is used for the first time in DSSCs as counter electrode material. Maximum short-circuit photo-performances of 3.2 mAcm-2was achieved for the TiO2|mercurochrome|(I-/I3-) solar cells at optimal amount of binder percentage of 15% of jackfruit latex, under AM 1.5 conditions.

Spin-coated highly aligned silver nanowire networks in conductive latex-based thin layer films

Conductive thin films are industrially applied from display units to sensors. For many applications, current thin films struggle with a lack of transparency to light and of mechanical flexibility. Conductive nanowires and polymers in appropriate combinations could circumvent these two issues. In order to shed light on the impact of manufacturing conditions on the properties of conducting thin film, we report on structure, conductivity and transmission experiments involving spin-coated silver nanowire and polymer latex mixtures. Surprisingly, we find the nanowires to predominantly orient either parallel or perpendicular to the centripetal force, thus forming a conductive network. The conductivity of this network is enhanced by relying on bilayer rather than monolayer films, which show a better transmittance than indium tin oxide films do in a broader wavelength range.

Mechanical Integrity of Conductive Carbon-Black-Filled Aqueous Polymer Binder in Composite Electrode for Lithium-Ion Battery.

The mechanical stability of aqueous binder and conductive composites (BCC) is the basis of the long-term service of composite electrodes in advanced secondary batteries. To evaluate the stress evolution of BCC in composite electrodes during electrochemical operation, we established an electrochemical–mechanical model for multilayer spherical particles that consists of an active material and a solid-electrolyte-interface (SEI)-enclosed BCC. The lithium-diffusion-induced stress distribution was studied in detail by coupling the influence of SEI and the viscoelasticity of inorganic-filler-doped polymeric bonding material. It was found that tensile hoop stress plays a critical role in determining whether a composite electrode is damaged or not—and circumferential cracks may primarily initiate in BCC, rather than in other electrode components. Further, the peak tensile stress of BCC is at the interface with SEI and does not occur at full lithiation due to the relaxation nature of polymer composite. Moreover, mechanical damage would be greatly misled if neglecting the existence of SEI. Finally, the structure integrity of the binder and conductive system can be effectively improved by (1) increasing the carbon black content as much as possible in the context of meeting cell capacity requirements—it is greater than 27% and 50% for sodium alginate and the mixtures of carboxy styrene butadiene latex and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, respectively, for composite graphite anode; (2) reducing the elastic modulus of SEI to less than that of BCC; (3) decreasing the lithiation rate.

Development and study of protective properties of the composite materials for shielding the electromagnetic fields of a wide frequency range

Composites were shown to be the most promising materials for protection against electromagnetic fields. A technology of magnetic treatment of textile material with magnetic fluid and technology of ultrasonic treatment of a mixture of latex and iron ore concentrate has been developed. This has increased saturation of fibers of the textile material with magnetic fluid nanoparticles, dispersity of the iron ore concentrate, and isotropy of the liquid metal-polymer material. As a result of the use of this technology, the consumption of magnetic fluid for the treatment of the textile material decreased from 45‒50 g/m2 to 35 g/m2 with an improvement of shielding properties. It has been experimentally established that one layer of metal-textile material reduces the magnetic field of industrial frequency by 6 times and the electric field of industrial frequency by 1.5 times. Corresponding figures for the metal-polymer material were 3 and 2. It was found that an electromagnetic field with a frequency of 2.45 GHz is reduced 3.6 times by the single-layer metal-textile material and 5.7 times by the metal-polymer material. It was shown that the metal-textile material with such properties is suitable for the manufacture of personal protective means for personnel operating electrical and radio transmission equipment. Metal-polymeric material is suitable for the manufacture of collective protective means. A calculated evaluation of the effectiveness of protective materials was proposed. It is based on determining the shielding factors of structures of standard shapes. This enables the determination of electrophysical and magnetic properties of the material and their use in the development of protective materials with required shielding factors. The necessity of optimization of shielding factors under conditions of simultaneous influence of electromagnetic fields of heterogeneous sources was substantiated

Plant species used for birdlime-making in South Africa

Plants used for making birdlime and indigenous knowledge associated with the practice in Soutpansberg region, Vhembe Biosphere Reserve, Limpopo province, South Africa have been documented. Twelve birdlime-making plant species belonging to Apocynaceae, Celastraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Loranthaceae, Moraceae and Sapotaceae families were recorded. The common species included Maytenus peduncularis (Sond.) Loyes cited by 23.6% informants, Euphorbia pulvinata Marloth (17.2%) and Landolphia kirkii Dyer (12%). Plant parts used were latex (50%), fruit (34%), root (8) and the mixture of latex and fruit (8%). Documentation of plant species used for birdlime-making is of great interest, not only for preservation of the Vhavenḓa's traditional culture, but also for promoting economic subsistence, nutritional value and livelihood amongst poor and marginalized people.

Development of a New Large-Animal Model for Composite Face and Whole-Eye Transplantation: A Novel Application for Anatomical Mapping Using Indocyanine Green and Liquid Latex.

Recent advances in the field of vascularized composite allotransplantation have revolutionized reconstructive surgery and demonstrated opportunity for restoration of orbital content and perhaps vision. The development of an animal model that would facilitate study of surgical technique, nerve regeneration, vision restoration, and immunosuppression is needed. The aim of this study is to describe three different large-animal cadaveric models suitable for composite face and whole-eye transplantation. In addition, the authors introduce a novel colored liquid latex and indocyanine green mixture for vasculature identification and visualization. The authors studied three different flap designs using cadaveric Yorkshire swine and modified them for face and whole-eye transplant harvest. Flaps harvested included a chimeric flap, a monobloc flap, and a bipedicled free flap. The authors injected selected vasculature with colored latex to better delineate vascular anatomy supplying the orbit and face. Indocyanine green was added to the latex solution to allow for visualization of the vascular supply using near-infrared imaging. Colored latex and indocyanine green injections were successfully visualized in all cadaveric dissections. All three modified flap designs showed a well-defined and consistent vascular network within each face and whole-eye transplantation flap using laser-assisted near-infrared imaging. The authors present the feasibility of composite face and whole-eye transplantation models using a novel mixture of liquid latex and indocyanine green in a porcine cadaver. Further study in large animals is needed to appraise the surgical feasibility of this procedure and potential for clinically relevant outcomes, including vision restoration. The authors believe this study establishes a foundation for translation into live animal models for optic nerve regeneration.

Reformed solution combustion approach for probing of structural and dielectric properties of Sm3+ doped GdAlO3 nanoparticles

A reformed solution combustion technique incorporated for the synthesis of nanosized Gd1−xSmxAlO3 (x = 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 mol%) using a mixture of ODH and E-tirucalli plant latex as fuels. The structural morphology of amalgamated nanomaterials is revealed from different methods like x-ray diffraction analysis, electron microscopic studies, Optical characterizations such as FTIR, UV-Visible and Photoluminescence studies. XRD confirms the formation of phase pure gadolinium nano aluminates of 50–60 nm size. Fourier infrared transform spectra depict the formation of the metal-oxygen ligand complex bond between the Al3+ and Gd3+ with oxygen ions referring to the perovskite structure. Photoluminescence studies under the excitation wavelength of 405 nm are carried out. Effect of different concentrations of Sm3+ over the dielectric parameters was studied under room temperature in the radio frequency range using LCR meter. The outcomes clearly indicate that the inclusion of Sm3+ leads to an increase in permittivity. Other parameters like Ac conductivity and energy dissipation decrease with frequency. The Nyquist plot shows the contribution of both grains and its boundary for the impedance of the synthesized nanomaterial.

Effect of potassium oleate (PO) on the colloid stability of high ammonia (HA) natural rubber latex (NRL) after the freezing and thawing processes

High ammonia (HA) natural rubber latex (NRL) is generally very sensitive at lower temperature and will form big rubber lumps after the freezing and thawing processes. The growth of ice crystals in an aqueous medium during freezing causes the rubber particles to move closer together and thus disrupts the protein cloud surrounding the latex particles. The broken protein cloud causes rubber particles to coalesce and form big lumps after the thawing process. However, this phenomenon did not occur when potassium oleate (PO) was incorporated into the HA NRL medium. PO acted as a colloid stabiliser by means of adsorbance at the rubber latex surface, thus preventing the coalescence of rubber particles from occurring. This study investigated the effect of PO loading (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 phr) on the colloid stability of HA NRL after being subjected to both freezing and thawing. These latex mixtures were frozen by cooling it at − 4 °C for 24 h and thawed by allowing them to stand at room temperature for 1 h followed by heating at 40 °C for another hour. The results obtained showed that the PO improved the colloid stability of HA NRL in terms of morphological properties, viscosity, and mechanical stability time values. Particle-size distribution of latex mixtures, however, did not vary even after freezing.

Vascularity of the Proximal Fibula and Its Implications in Vascularized Epiphyseal Transfer: An Anatomical and High-Resolution Computed Tomographic Angiography Study.

Various vascular pedicles have been used to supply the proximal fibula for vascularized epiphyseal transfer. The optimal pedicle has, however, not been agreed on. This study aimed to describe the detailed vascular anatomy of the proximal fibula to assist the surgeon in choosing the optimal pedicle. Twenty-eight lower extremities were injected with latex or a mixture of latex and barium sulfate. Vessels supplying the proximal fibula were identified and dissected, and the course, diameter, anatomical relations, length, and branches were documented. In the barium group, high-resolution computed tomographic scanning was conducted before dissection. In seven specimens, branches of the deep peroneal nerve to the tibialis anterior muscle were carefully preserved, and their relation to the proximal fibular vascularity was noted. An anastomotic vascular network supplied the proximal fibula. This was formed superiorly by branches of the inferior lateral genicular artery, and inferiorly by branches of the anterior tibial artery, the most important of which were the first and second recurrent epiphyseal arteries. One or more deep peroneal nerve branches passed deep to the first recurrent epiphyseal artery in all specimens examined. In five specimens, all of the branches were superficial to the second recurrent epiphyseal artery, whereas two had branches deep to it. The proximal fibula can be transferred using the inferior lateral genicular or anterior tibial artery because of the existing anastomosis. Factors including length of pedicle, potential for nerve injury, and diaphyseal portion to be harvested should be considered in the pedicle choice.

Cracking at the fold in double layer coated paper: the influence of latex and starch composition

Cracking at the fold of publication and packaging paper grades is a serious problem that can lead to rejection of product. Recent work has revealed some basic mechanisms and the influence of various parameters on the extent of crack area, but no studies are reported using coating layers with known mechanical properties, especially for double-coated systems. In this study, coating layers with different and known mechanical properties were used to characterize crack formation during folding. The coating formulations were applied on two different basis weight papers, and the coated papers were folded. The binder systems in these formulations were different combinations of a styrene-butadiene latex and mixtures of latex and starch for two different pigment volume concentrations (PVC). Both types of papers were coated with single and double layers. The folded area was scanned with a high-resolution scanner while the samples were kept at their folded angle. The scanned images were analyzed within a constant area. The crack areas were reported for different types of papers, binder system and PVC values. As PVC, starch content, and paper basis weight increased, the crack area increased. Double layer coated papers with high PVC and high starch content at the top layer had more cracks in comparison with a single layer coated paper, but when the PVC of the top layer was low, cracking area decreased. No measurable cracking was observed when the top layer was formulated with a 100% latex layer.

Effect of vibration on structure and properties of polymeric membranes

The effect of structural memory in a wave field has been exemplarily studied by the IR-spectroscopy method on films made from mixtures of butadiene-styrene and acrylic latex as models of polymeric membranes. The strengthening of the interphase interaction in heterophase systems that can cause change of their local and transmitting mobility has been observed. It has been shown, that the response of polymeric dispersed systems and compositions on influence of nonlinear vibrations proves their influence on deformation properties, like orientation phenomena in solid polymers (where Rebinder's effect can take place) that it is possible to consider as a way of polymer modifications, including the obtaining of nanocomposites, polymeric biocarriers, etc.

Anatomical and Imagistic Aspects of the Aortic Arch in Chinchilla lanigera

Background: The investigation on the cardiocirculatory system in chinchilla has become increasingly important due to the use of the species in experimental medicine (toxicology, pathology, parasitology etc.). Even though initially this species was regarded with a strict economic interest, in the last period, chinchillas have become an increasingly-encountered patient in veterinary clinics and hospitals. Another aspect is the use of the species in medical research, as experimental model or in parasitology. The present study tackles a combined anatomical and radiological (angiographical) study to accurately describe the vascular anatomy of the initial part of the aortic arch (Arcus aortae).Materials, Methods & Results: The anatomical distribution of collaterals detached from arcus aorticus (brachiocephalic trunk and subclavian arteries) are highlighted in this paper. To do that, the classical stratigraphic anatomical investigation, followed by the radiological study with the help of the contrast substance injected into the vascular bed were used in combination. Several Chinchilla lanigera female carcasses, obtained from a private commercial farming unit in Cluj county, Romania were used for this study. Ten carcasses were used for the anatomical study, being injected into the vascular bed with a mixture of latex and acrylic dye, fixated into formaldehyde 5% and later dissected, while the other ten carcasses were injected at the level of the aortic arch with Visipaque 320 contrast substance and subjected to the angiographical procedure.The anatomical investigation was carried after an initial 5 day-fixation period, while the angiographic procedure was initiated using the TEMCO Grx-01 device and the Veterinary Digital Imaging System® as digital imaging processing software. This combined study shows the differential mode of emergence of the subclavian and carotid arteries in this species. The brachiocephalic trunk is the first large collateral branch arising from the initial part of the aortic cross while the left subclavian artery, in all studied cases, stems from this initial part of the aortic arch. The right subclavian artery arises from the terminal part of the brachiocephalic trunk, at the cranial border of the first rib. The continuation of the trunk is represented by right common carotid artery that follows the right jugular groove. The left common carotid artery emerges at the medial aspect of the first intercostal space as a collateral branch detached from the brachiocephalic trunk, in its initial sector. In respect to the collaterals emerging from the subclavian arteries, our study showed that in all studied cases, four branches arise in sequence- the internal thoracic, dorsal scapular, vertebral and superficial cervical arteries. The existence of the common trunks (internal thoracic, dorsal scapular arteries and superficial and deep cervical arteries (as described by other authors) was not confirmed on the investigated specimens.Discussion: The paper highlights some interesting facts referring to the specific morphology of the aortic arch in chinchilla, as literature data provides some divergent data. Some of the aspects noted are confirmed (the emergence of subclavian arteries) while some others are still subjects to discussion and further investigation (collateral branches of subclavian arteries). Our approach focuses also on the comparative aspects of the morphology of the branches emerging from the aortic arch. According to the available literature, the following species were used as comparison: leporids, Guinea pig, squirrel, yellow-necked mouse, Egyptian mouse, rat, armadillo, nutria, capybara, paca, fox and leopard.

Investigation on Electron Absorbed Dose in a Mixture of Natural Rubber Latex and Cross-linking Agents

Natural rubber vulcanization using electron beam is one of interesting applications of electron accelerators with an energy in a range of a few hundred keV to a few MeV. At the Plasma and Beam Physics (PBP) Research Facility, Chiang Mai University, a 4-MeV radio-frequency (RF) linear accelerator is developed for utilizing in natural rubber vulcanization. To accelerate the vulcanization process, cross-linking agents are added in a natural rubber latex to increase the bonding probability between the chains of rubber molecules. This research used a Monte Carlo based program GEANT4 to simulate the electron absorbed dose in a mixture of natural rubber latex and cross-linking agents. The initial electron energy distributions were obtained from the beam dynamic simulation in the accelerator, which were done with program ASTRA. The initial electron beams have average energy in the range of 0.70 to 4.02 MeV at the position 6 cm prior the 50μm titanium vacuum window foil. The air gap between the vacuum window to the natural rubber latex was set at 18 cm. The electron beam transportation in the titanium foil, air gap and a mixture of natural rubber latex were simulated. The cross-linking agents that are added in the natural rubber latex are ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EDMA) and 1,6-hexanediol-diacrylate (HDDA). Finally, electron absorbed dose distributions in both transverse direction and along the depth of the natural rubber latex mixed with each cross-linking agent were calculated and analyzed. The results from this work can be used for experimental planning of electron beam irradiation on the natural rubber latex with appropriate cross-linking agents and electron absorbed dose.

Implications for understanding ischemic stroke as a sexually dimorphic disease: the role of pial collateral circulations.

We investigated structural and functional differences in primary and pial collateral circulations in adult normotensive male and female Wistar rats. Male ( n = 10) and female ( n = 7) rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion and changes in relative cerebral blood flow in MCA and pial collateral territories were measured by multisite laser-Doppler flowmetry. Rats were then transcardially perfused with a mixture of carbon black and latex, perfusion fixed, and imaged to compare primary and pial collateral structure between male ( n = 4) and female ( n = 3) rats, including lumen diameters and number. To study pial collateral function, leptomeningeal anastomoses (LMAs) were isolated and pressurized from male ( n = 7) and female ( n = 6) rats. Myogenic tone and reactivity to pressure, vascular function to pharmacological activator, or inhibitor of ion channels was measured and compared. There was no difference between relative cerebral blood flow in both MCA and pial collateral territories during occlusion and reperfusion between groups. Compared with male LMAs, female LMAs had similar myogenic tone (24.0 ± 7.3% vs. 16.0 ± 3.7%, P > 0.05) and reactivity to increased pressure and similar vascular responses to vasoconstrictive and vasodilatory stimuli. Additionally, compared with female LMAs, male LMAs had similar numbers (21 ± 1 vs. 20 ± 2, P > 0.05) and diameters (30.5 ± 2.0 vs. 26.2 ± 0.6 μm, P > 0.05), and no sex difference was detected in the diameter of arterial segments of circle of Willis. Together, our data establish no sex difference of cerebral collateral structure or function, suggesting that the reduced severity of stroke outcome in female rats is not likely due to differences in the cerebral collateral circulation. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our work compared the function of leptomeningeal anastomoses between male and female adult normotensive rats with no sex difference found. We also confirmed no sex difference in primary and pial collateral structure in Wistar rats. Our findings suggest that the reduced severity of stroke in premenopausal women and reproductively intact female rodents is not likely due to improved primary and pial collateral circulations.