Lateral Subunits Research Articles

Postburn Neck Contracture: Principles of Reconstruction and a Treatment Algorithm.

Various techniques have been developed for postburn neck reconstruction, but a treatment algorithm is needed. We retrospectively reviewed all patients treated for postburn neck contracture at our institution between February 2008 and December 2015. Necks were divided into one anterior subunit and two lateral subunits marked by the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Deformities were categorized into three types according to their size and location. Type I deformities involve less than one subunit, type II deformities involve at least one subunit but less than two subunits, and type III deformities affect two or more subunits. Type II deformities were further divided into type IIa deformities, which mainly involve the anterior region, and type IIb deformities, which mainly involve the lateral region. Local random pattern flaps were constructed for type I deformities. Pedicled flaps from the anterior chest and supraclavicular areas were preferred for type IIa deformities, and pedicled flaps from the back were preferred for type IIb deformities. Pedicled flaps from other areas were the second choice for type II deformities, followed by free and prefabricated flaps. For type III deformities, bipedicled flaps were usually required. At a follow-up of at least 12 months, all patients showed near-normal neck function, and aesthetic features were significantly improved. The proposed classification and treatment algorithm for postburn neck reconstruction may help achieve satisfactory outcomes.

Reconstrucción nasal con colgajos locales: Manejo según unidades estéticas.

Introducción: Las lesiones neoplásicas de la nariz necesitan una resolución con resultado estético satisfactorio. El objetivo del presente estudio es realizar una descripción del lugar en donde se ubicaron las lesiones y los tipos de colgajos más utilizados. Métodos: El presente estudio descriptivo fue realizado en pacientes intervenidos en el 2013 por reconstrucción nasal secundaria exéresis tumoral en Solca-Guayaquil. Se describe la localización de la lesión y la técnica. La muestra fue incidental. Para la descripción se dividió la nariz en 3 zonas: proximal (Z1), media (Z2) y distal (Z3). Las lesiones con >1 zona fueron “defectos complejos”. Las Z1 y Z2 fueron divididas en subunidades (SU) central y lateral. La Z3 fue dividida en SU: alar, domo-alar, de domo, central, columelar y de base nasal. Los defectos con >1 SU fueron combinados. Resultados: Ingresaron al estudio 96 casos, 60 mujeres. 14 defectos (14.6 %) en Z1, 16 defectos (16.7%) en Z2, 50 casos (52 %) en Z3 y 16 defectos complejos (16.7 %). El colgajo frontal (CF) 21 casos (21.88 %), el colgajo avance V-Y (AV-Y) 19 casos (19.79 %) y el colgajo nasolabial (CNL) 15 casos (15.63 %). En Z1, la SU- central se utilizaron los colgajos glabelar (CG), AV-Y y colgajo en Mitra (CM); en la SU- lateral se utilizaron el CG y AV-Y con más frecuencia. En la Z2, la SU- central se utilizaron los CM y el cierre directo (CD); en la SU- lateral se utilizaron el CD, CM, AV-Y y CNL. En la Z3 se utilizaron CNL, AV-Y y colgajos bilobulados. El colgajo frontal fue usado en los defectos complejos y combinados. Conclusión: La SU-Alar y la SU del Surco Domal Alar de la Z3, fueron las áreas más prevalentes. Las técnicas quirúrgicas más utilizadas fueron, el colgajo frontal, el AV-Y y el CNL.

Imaging the effect of a hydrothermal treatment on the pore accessibility and acidity of large ZSM-5 zeolite crystals by selective staining

Confocal fluorescence microscopy has been used in combination with bulky non-reactive dyes (i.e. proflavine, stilbene and nile blue A) and two staining reactions (i.e. fluorescein synthesis and 4-fluorostyrene oligomerisation) to study the effect of steaming on pore accessibility and acidity of large ZSM-5 zeolite crystals. This approach enabled the 3-D visualization of cracks and mesopores connected to the outer zeolite surface as well as mesoporous “cavities” within steamed ZSM-5 zeolite crystals. It has been found that besides the generation of mesoporosity steaming makes the boundaries between the different crystal sub-units accessible for bulky molecules. Additionally, the fluorescein staining reaction reveals prominent formation of structural defects that are connected to the surface of the crystal via the microporous ZSM-5 system and which contain either Brønsted or Lewis acid sites. On the other hand, the 4-fluorostyrene staining reaction shows how mild steaming conditions increase the accessibility towards the Brønsted acid sites, while under severe steaming conditions the Brønsted acidity contained in the internal crystal sub-units is more accessible, although it is preferentially removed close to the surface of the lateral sub-units of ZSM-5 zeolite crystals.

The impact of light and gravity on growth directions in a root system of Cucumis sativus L.

While each individual root responds to such environmental factors as light or gravity the question arises how these reactions subordinate to the whole root system, which is supposed to maintain its primary functions. Data presented here confirm that in cucumber the gravity and light modulate the growth direction of the lateral roots subunits of the system. Another important factor affecting behavior of lateral roots is an orientation of the main root. These facts all together suggest that the root system functions as an integrated entity, capable of adapting its architecture to changing environmental conditions. Its flexibility, based on unknown signaling network, guarantees optimal functioning of the system.

Spatial Variation in Material Properties in Fascicle-Bone Units from Human Patellar Tendon

An understanding of the mechanical responses of the patellar tendon (PT) subunits should aid in determining which portion of the tissue might best be used as a cruciate ligament replacement. Human cadaveric knees were obtained from young donors. Fascicle groups with patellar and tibial bone blocks (subunits) were cut to provide six equally-spaced test specimens for each PT. After potting each bone end in PMMA, specimens were mounted in a saline-filled chamber, preloaded to 0.26 N and then subjected to 40 cycles of preconditioning to 2.5 % of the initial length at a strain rate of 1.25 %/sec, and then preloaded to 0.26 N again and failed at a strain rate of 100 %/sec using an Instron. The moduli and maximum stresses were generally greater in the lateral and mid subunits than in the medial subunits. The strains to maximum stress were similar between the lateral and medial subunits, but mid subunits had larger strains. Most strain values were distributed between 10 % to 20 %. Mechanical responses of human PT do vary from location to location. In general, the mid and lateral subunits were stiffer and carried greater stresses than the medial subunits. The results of this research should eventually be important, e.g. in selecting which portion of the PT would be the most suitable for cruciate ligament replacements to use as an autograft. On the basis of strength and stiffness, the more lateral portion of the PT would seem to be more advantageous.

Desempenho de um sistema de irrigação por microaspersão, instalado a nível de campo

Este trabalho foi desenvolvido na Escola Agrotécnica Federal de Sousa, PB, com a finalidade de se avaliar o desempenho de um sistema de irrigação localizada tipo microaspersão. Avaliaram-se, em três subunidades deste projeto (A, B e C) a variação de pressão e de vazão, os coeficientes de uniformidade e a eficiência de aplicação. Foram observadas elevadas variações de vazão e de pressão em duas subunidades avaliadas. A uniformidade de irrigação apresentou resultados elevados, sendo classificado como excelente; por outro lado a eficiência de aplicação de água nas subunidades A e C foi aceitável, enquanto na subunidade B foi menor que o mínimo recomendável, que seria de 80,0%, para microaspersão, fato que pode ser atribuído as elevadas variações absolutas de pressão e de vazão observadas em todas as laterais desta subunidade.

Die funktionell und ästhetisch orientierte Rekonstruktion von Lippendefekten

Reconstruction of lip defects presents a challenge to the surgeon. Apart from attaining a good aesthetic result, preserving the function of the oral sphincter is an essential objective. A variety of techniques and modifications of procedures for reconstructing lip defects have been reported in the literature. It is up to the surgeon to select the reconstruction procedure ensuring optimum functional and cosmetic results, depending on the location, size, and depth of the defect. The division of the lips into aesthetic subunits can prove very beneficial in designing lip reconstruction procedures. The upper lip is divided into three aesthetic subunits: two lateral subunits and a median subunit, the philtrum. The lower lip constitutes a single subunit. In this study, established reconstruction techniques are discussed and a concept serving to facilitate the appropriate choice of technique is introduced. This concept differentiates between vermilion defects on the one hand, and partial-thickness and full-thickness lip defects on the other hand. For the lower lip, the full-thickness defects are classified as defects involving one-third, one-third to two-thirds of the lower lip width, and between two-thirds and complete loss of lip tissue. For the upper lip, a distinction is made between isolated defects of the central and lateral subunits and combined defects of the central and lateral subunits. Important principles of surgery and the advantages or disadvantages of different reconstruction techniques are discussed.

Functional and aesthetic objectives in the reconstruction of lip defects.

The reconstruction of lip defects presents a challenge to the surgeon. Apart from attaining a good aesthetic result, preserving the function of the oral sphincter is an essential objective. A variety of techniques and modifications of procedures for reconstructing lip defects have been reported in the literature. It is up to the surgeon to select the reconstruction procedure ensuring optimum functional and cosmetic results, depending on the location, size, and depth of the defect. The division of the lips into aesthetic subunits can prove very beneficial in designing lip reconstruction procedures. The upper lip is divided into three aesthetic subunits: two lateral subunits and a median subunit, the philtrum. The lower lip constitutes a single subunit. In this study established reconstruction techniques are discussed, and a concept serving to facilitate the appropriate choice of technique is introduced. This concept differentiates between vermilion defects on the one hand and partial-thickness and full-thickness lip defects on the other hand. For the lower lip the full-thickness defects are classified as defects involving one third and one third to two thirds of the lower lip width and between two thirds and complete loss of lip tissue. For the upper lip a distinction is made between isolated defects of the central and lateral subunits and combined defects of the central and lateral subunits. Important principles of surgery and the advantages and disadvantages of different reconstruction techniques are discussed.

LATERAL SUBUNITS IN C-BANDS OF UNREPLICATED CHROMOSOMES OF DISSOSTEIRA CAROLINA (L.) (ORTHOPTERA:ACRIDIDAE)

The C-banding pattern is described for the chromosomes of the grasshopper Dissosteira Carolina (2n♂ = 24, ♀ = 23; XX-XO). Each of the 24 acrocentric chromosomes has a prominent C-band at the centromeric region and most chromosomes have a less prominent C-band at the distal telomeric region. Usually, one or more pairs of chromosomes has a C-band in the short arm. The C-band at the centromeric region appears to be composed of two lateral subunits in unreplicated meiotic chromosomes at anaphase II and telophase II in a number of secondary spermatocytes and in unreplicated mitotic chromosomes at anaphase in several spermatogonia. The C-band at the distal telomeric region appears similarly divided in unreplicated chromatids at anaphase I and metaphase II in several spermatocytes. The lateral subunits may be an artifact or may reflect the presence of a dual structure at C-banded regions.