Lateral Cephalometric Study Research Articles

Morphometric Analysis of Sella Turcica and a Proposed Novel Sella Turcica Index - A Digital Lateral Cephalometric Study.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12070-023-04082-9.

Detection of Sella Turcica Anomalies in Relation with Malocclusion. Lateral Cephalometric study in Sohag Population

Detection of Sella Turcica Anomalies in Relation with Malocclusion. Lateral Cephalometric study in Sohag Population

Evaluation of Three Different Frontal Sinus Index Measurement Protocols for Sexual Discrimination among Egyptian Adults: A Lateral Cephalometric Retrospective Study

Evaluation of Three Different Frontal Sinus Index Measurement Protocols for Sexual Discrimination among Egyptian Adults: A Lateral Cephalometric Retrospective Study

Comparison of the pharyngeal airway in snoring and non-snoring patients based on the lateral cephalometric study: A case-control study.

Normal airways are a key factor during the craniofacial growth of the young. Therefore, sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) without treatment can have harmful consequences for development and health. This study aimed to evaluate the cephalometric characteristics in non-snoring individuals and snoring subjects, and investigate differences in the pharyngeal airway space between the 2 groups. This case-control study included 70 patients aged over 18 years, selected from a radiology center. The patients were divided into 2 groups: case (35 patients with a history of habitual snoring); and control (35 healthy patients). The Berlin sleep questionnaire was administered to the parents of the patients. The nasopharyngeal airway was measured according to the analysis of Linder-Aronson (1970), and 4 indices were measured and analyzed in each of the lateral cephalometric radiographs. No statistically significant differences were observed in the pharyngeal measurements between the 2 groups, although all means in the control group were higher than in the experimental group. However, there was a significant relationship between gender and the Ba-S-PNS and PNS-AD2 indices. Although the patients with nocturnal snoring had smaller airway dimensions, their pharyngeal measurements were not significantly different from the control group.

Sella turcica anomalies and its association with malocclusion – a lateral cephalometric study

The aim of the study is to estimate the prevalence of sella turcica anomalies on lateral cephalograms of individuals with malocclusion, so as to utilize it as a predictive indicator of malocclusion in adolescents. Lateral cephalograms of 224 subjects out of 250 aged between 8-18 years with good visibility of cephalometric structures including sella turcica were assessed for the variants of malocclusion. The study group consisted of 133 cephalograms with abnormal sella turcica, while the control group consisted of 91 cephalograms without any abnormality. Cramer’s V test was applied to find out association of classes of malocclusion and Sellar anomalies, and chi-square test was applied to know the frequency of each sellar anomaly among the class-wise distribution within the subjects. Males are more associated with sellar anomalies as compared to females. A significant association between skeletal classes of malocclusion and sella turcica with Cramer’s V value of 0.365 and significance of 0.001; so, it is clear that Class I malocclusion is associated with normal anatomy, while individuals with Class II and III is associated with sellar anomalies. An early predictive sign for prompt orthodontic intervention and correlating it with skeletal malocclusion can benefit both patients, as well as clinicians for interventional treatment.

Prevalence and characteristics of ponticulus posticus and its association with cervicogenic headache and migraine: A lateral cephalometric study.

Ponticulus posticus (PP) (arcuate foramen) is an abnormal bony bridge in the posterior arch of the atlas, which could possibly cause certain complications such as headache. Our goal was to assess the prevalence and size of PP on lateral cephalometric radiographs and its relationships with cervicogenic headache and migraine. This cross-sectional study was a descriptive-analytical type and was performed in Isfahan Azad Dental University. Lateral cephalometric radiographs of 150 patients referred to the radiology department were selected to assess the prevalence and size of the anomaly. A checklist was prepared to evaluate cervicogenic headache and migraine among patients. Our sample consisted of 97 females and 53 males with an age range between 5 and 56 years. The prevalence of PP was 21.3% (12% complete and 9.3% incomplete), and an insignificant difference was noted between the prevalence of complete and incomplete foramen (P > 0.05). The prevalence of foramen was higher in women (59.4%), but it was not significant. The mean width of complete foramen was 6.40 mm, and the mean heights in individuals with complete and incomplete foramen were 4.71 and 4.84 mm, respectively. Among patients with the anomaly, 43.8% had cervicogenic headache and 9.4% had migraine. There was a significant association between the presence of foramen and both types of headaches (P < 0.05). However, there was no significant correlation between the shape of anomaly and the presence of cervicogenic headache and migraine (P > 0.05). Our study showed a high prevalence of PP and its significant association with cervicogenic headache and migraine.

Analyzing the contribution of the dental components and abnormal habits in the development of dental open bite in growing children: A cross sectional study

Dental Open bite malocclusion could be caused by either aberrant dental development or abnormal oral habits. Aim: The current study aimed at analyzing the causative factors of dental open bite in a group of growing female subjects having normal vertical growth pattern. Materials and methods: Dental measurements were performed on lateral cephalometric radiographs and study models of 176 growing females with an age range of 9-12 years and average vertical skeletal growth pattern. They were divided into 2 equal groups; group 1 consisted of subjects with dental open bite and group 2 consisted of subjects with normal overbite. The existence of oral habits was also recorded for each patient in the 2 groups Results: The flattened curve of Spee and the proclination of the upper incisors were statistically higher in the open bite group. The ratios of occurrence of thumb sucking, tongue thrusting and mouth breathing habits in the open bite group were statistically higher than in the control group. Conclusions: The flattened curve of Spee, and the proclination of upper incisors, together with some oral habits should be cautiously addressed by the orthodontic clinician during the treatment planning process of open bite malocclusions. This could help in resolving the causative factor of the malocclusion.

Spatial changes in upper airway induced by change in head postures in horizontal, average and vertical growth pattern: A comparative lateral cephalometric study

Introduction: The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare the upper airway area on lateral cephalogram between vertical growth pattern and horizontal and average patterns. The airway was measured in three different head positions; the Natural Head Position (NHP), 20 degrees of extension and 20 degrees of flexion. Materials and Methods: 60 subjects were divided into two groups Group A which consisted of horizontally and average growing patients and Group B consisting of vertically growth pattern patients. Using a derived trapezoid the area of the nasopharyngeal airway covered by the trapezoid was calculated in lateral cephalogram. The trapezoid represented the upper airway. Results: At 20 degrees of extension the airway significantly increased more in Group A as compared to Group B. The difference between the two groups however was not statistically significant. Conclusion: In the present study we found that the airway in both groups was affected by 20 degrees flexion and 20 degrees extension of the neck. Hence, improving airway patency by changing head postures is beneficial to all types of craniofacial growth patterns. The results can as well be functional in improving the patency of the airway in individuals with obstructive breathing problems. Airway patency has its application in emergency management, E.N.T., surgery, anesthesia and many more branches other than Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics. Keywords: Lateral cephalogram, Growth pattern, Airway, Natural head position.

Facial average soft tissue depth variation based on skeletal classes in Indonesian adult population: A retrospective lateral cephalometric study.

To understand the influence of three types of skeletal classes (Class I, Class II and Class III) on midline average soft tissue depth (ASTD). Lateral cephalograms of 335 pre-treatment orthodontic patients were obtained from the archive of Radiology Clinic Universitas Padjadjaran Dental Hospital Bandung Indonesia. The linear measurements of 10 midline facial landmarks ASTD and angular measurement of ANB were extracted and analysed statistically. A database of ASTD grouped by skeletal classes, specific for the Indonesian population, within the South East Asian ancestry group was obtained. A generic pattern of deeper upper lip than lower lip in class III compared to class II and conversely, deeper lower lip than upper lip in class II compared to class III, was visible in both male and female groups.

Comparative evaluation of perioral soft tissue of skeletal normal Class I and Class II Division 1 subjects: A lateral cephalometric study

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate and compare shape variability of soft-tissue outline of skeletal Class II Division 1 patients with various vertical patterns (low, moderate, and high SN-MP angles) and skeletal normal Class I occlusion patients and to evaluate correlative skeletal and dental variables affecting soft-tissue thickness using cephalometric analysis. Materials and Methods: Sixty patients were selected with Class I normal occlusion and Class II Division 1 and divided into four groups based on horizontal and vertical skeletal pattern (SN-MP angles) on lateral cephalograms as Group I (normal occlusion), Group II-L (low angle Results: The skeletal Class II patients with a high mandibular plane angle had significantly greater values than the skeletal Class II patients with a low mandibular plane angle for basic lower lip thickness and lower lip length. The measurements in perioral soft-tissue thickness were correlated with an inclination of the upper and lower incisors along with facial depth and facial length in skeletal Class II Division 1 patients. Conclusion: Lip strain, lip thickness, and dental inclination must be evaluated based on various skeletal patterns for balanced perioral muscle activity.

Evaluation of Soft Tissue Measurements in Skeletal Class II Division I Malocclusion with Low Mandibular Plane Angel in Himachali Population: A Lateral Cephalometric Study

Evaluation of Soft Tissue Measurements in Skeletal Class II Division I Malocclusion with Low Mandibular Plane Angel in Himachali Population: A Lateral Cephalometric Study

Intrusive Arch versus Miniscrew-Supported Intrusion for Deep Bite Correction.

BACKGROUND:Intrusion of maxillary incisors is the treatment of choice to correct deep bite problem in gummy smile patients.AIM:The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness and efficiency of miniscrew-supported intrusion versus intrusion arch for treatment of deep bite.METHODS:The study sample consisted of 30 post pubertal patients (21 females and 9 males) with an age range from 17 to 29. They were divided into 2 groups (15 subjects in each group). Group 1 underwent maxillary incisor intrusion using miniscrews, and in group 2 intrusive arch was used. Pre and post-treatment lateral cephalometric x-rays and study models were made to evaluate the demo-skeletal effects. During the study period, no other intervention was attempted. Paired t-test was used to study the changes after treatment.RESULTS:The mean amount of overbite correction was 2.6 ± 0.8 (0.49 mm per month) in the miniscrew-supported intrusion group and 2.9 ± 0.8 (0.60 mm per month) in the intrusive arch group. No statistically significant difference was found in the extent of maxillary incisor intrusion between the two systems. The two intrusion systems were statistically different in the extent of incisor proclination, as an intrusive arch group tended to proline upper incisors more than miniscrews-supported intrusion group.CONCLUSION:Both systems successfully intruded the 4 maxillary incisors almost with no loss to the sagittal and vertical anchorage, although intrusive arch tended to proline upper incisors significantly.

Correlation between Subjective and Linear Measurements of The Palatal Airway on Lateral Cephalometric Radiography

Introduction: hypertrophied adenoid tissue is one of the most common health problems that occurs in childhood that results in many symptoms including 1. Nasal obstruction. 2. Mucoid, mucopurulent nasal discharge and postnasal discharge 3. Snoring and obstructive sleep apnea. 4. Recurrent acute otitis media (A.O.M). Objective: to evaluate the correlation between subjective and linear measurements of palatal airway on lateral cephalographs. Patients and Methods: Diagnostic lateral cephalometric imaging study that took place from March 2017, to July 2018. 200 Children with chronic mouth breathing (116 boys and 84 girls), with age range from 2 to 14 years, were enrolled in this study. Patients were grouped into three groups according to age: a- 2 - <6 years were 84 patients (42%). b- 6 - <10 years were 76 patients (38%). c- 10 – 14 years were 40 patients (20 %). Results: The age was inversely correlated with the grade of airway obstruction. The correlations between the palatal airway grading with the shortest adenoid distance (SAD) and the most convex adenoid distance (CAD) were r= -0.826 and r= -0.424, respectively, which is statistically significant. The relation between SAD and CAD was directly proportional to each other accounting for correspondence of evaluation in more than 50% of the population which is statistically significant. Conclusion: subjective grading of palatal airway obstruction correlates with the objective measurements of SAD and CAD. Although both methods are reliable in measurement particularly the more severe obstructions, SAD is a more favorable objective tool.

Age and Gender Determination Using Maxillary Sinus and Sella Turcica in Forensics-A Lateral Cephalometric Study

Age and Gender Determination Using Maxillary Sinus and Sella Turcica in Forensics-A Lateral Cephalometric Study

Length of anterior cranial base and Frankfort horizontal plane: A lateral cephalometric study in 11–16-year-old children

Cephalometric radiograph analysis, both linear and angular, are useful to diagnose and establish a treatment plan in cases of disharmony between dento-cranio-facial. The anterior cranial base, which is presented as a linear measurement of Sella Turcica to Nasion (S-N), and Frankfort horizontal plane (FHP) are two cephalometric reference planes to analyse the skeletal growth and development in children. This study included 202 cephalograms from 63 males and 139 females and divided into 11-13-year-old and >13-16-year-old groups. Both S-N and FHP were digitally analysed by measuring the length of certain points using cephalogram. The result showed the average length of S-N was higher in males compared with females at both age groups (p<0.005), while FHP length of males was higher than females at >13-16-year-old group (p<0.005). In conclusion, the S-N length was quite stable both in males and females older than 11-year-old, while FHP length may reach the peak of growth rate in males older than 13-year-old.

Lateral Cephalometric Study in Adult Bulgarians with Normal Occlusion.

Orthodontic treatment is effective when the facial and cephalometric characteristics of the ethnic background of patients are considered because the normal measurements for one group are not necessarily normal for another group. It is important to develop individual standards for each population. Different racial groups must be treated according to their own characteristics. The aim of this study was to establish a cephalometric standard of the cranial bases and jaw bases for Bulgarian population and to find the differences between males and females. The pilot study included 390 adult Bulgarians. Of these, 90 cases with intact dentitions, harmonious faces and Angle Class I occlusion who have not received orthodontic treatment, were purposefully selected. Lateral cephalometric radiographs of the selected subjects were taken. Six linear/angular measurements combining sagittal parameters selected form Steiner (ANB angular indicator), Schwarz (S-N, Ba-N, A1-PNS, Go- APMan linear indicators) and Jacobson (WITS-linear indicator) analysis were recorded. Student's t-test with 5% significance level was used for data analysis (means, standard deviations, maximum and minimum values) and to assess gender differences. A gender-based cephalometric analysis of indicators found that there are statistically significant differences. Only the ANB angular parameter did not show any statistically significant difference between genders. The cephalometric variables measured in this study were significantly different between the genders except for angle ANB, and they were higher in boys. The results of our study confirm previous research on the topic presented in specialized literature.

A lateral cephalometric and arch width Study between class II division 1 malocclusion and Class II division 2 malocclusion (A comparative study)

Background: the purpose of this retrospective study was to compare somecraniofacral cephalometric measurements and arch width dimensions betweensubjects with class II division 1 and class II division 2 malocclusion in Iraqipopulation.Materials and methods: 60 digital true lateral cephalometric radiographs 30 for classII division 1 and 30 for class II division 2 subjects (15 males, 15 females for eachgroup ) were selected from the files of the patients attending the orthodontic clinicin the college of dentistry, university of Baghdad with an over jet more than 6 mmand class II molar and canine relation. Also for each group a study model weretake to measure the arch width for both upper and lower arches. The inter molar,inter premolar and inter canine measurements were carried out on study models.The radio graphs were digitized by using the Auto CAD program in the personalcomputer all the data compared by independent t- test.Results and conclusions: For the dental arch width measurements the statisticallysignificant difference was found between the mandibular inter canine width andmaxillary inter molar width. The cephalometric results that class II division 1showed a retrognathic mandible, and this due to the difference in SNB anglebetween the two groups, the class II division 2 subjects had anterior position of themandible relative to the cranial base, more concave profile, great posterior faceheight, horizontal growth, the mandibular inclination is interiorly, more deep bite,and reduction in the mandibular inter canine width and maxillary inter molarwidth .

Assessment of Relation of Orofacial Structures with Pharynx among Males and Females: A Lateral Cephalometric Study.

Aim:This study aimed to determine the correlation between orofacial structure and oropharyngeal airway space.Materials and Methods:It comprised of 160 individuals aged 14–24 years (males: 80 and females: 80), in which digital lateral cephalograms were taken. Linear and cephalometric analyses were performed in all cases.Results:Ba–PNS, apw2–ppw2, hy–apw2, distance between tongue and posterior pharyngeal wall (t–ppw), and Hormion perpendicular and anterior nasal spine-posterior nasal spine (ANS-PNS) showed significant difference between males and females (P < 0.05). Other distances such as Ba–ad1, Ba–ad2, Ptm–ad1, Ptm–ad2, PNS–ppw1, and apw4–ppw4 were statistically nonsignificant (P > 0.05).Conclusion:Linear and cephalometric measurements showed that Ba–PNS, t–ppw, Hy–ppw2, distance between Ho perpendicular and ANS-PNS plane, and apw2–ppw2 were higher in males as compared to females. Lateral cephalograms are useful in orthodontics in performing tracings in individuals with a potential risk of malocclusion.

The association between soft palate shape and Need's ratio in various sagittal skeletal malocclusions: A digital lateral cephalometric study

Aim: The present study was aimed to investigate the variation of soft palate morphology and Need's ratio in various sagittal skeletal malocclusions. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 300 individuals (aged 15–25 years) who presented to the department of orthodontics for orthodontic treatment. The participants were divided into skeletal Class I, II, and III based on ANB angle on the lateral cephalogram. The soft palate morphology was examined and individuals were grouped into six types. The Need's ratio was calculated for all the participants by division of pharyngeal depth by soft palate length. The results were then subjected to statistical analysis to find the association between morphological variants of soft palate and skeletal malocclusions. Results: The most common type of soft palate was leaf shaped and the least common was S shaped. Leaf-shaped soft palate was the most common in males and rat tail-shaped soft palate was common in females. Individuals with skeletal Class I malocclusion were most frequently found to have leaf-shaped soft palate, skeletal Class II malocclusion had rat tail type, and skeletal Class III had leaf shape and crooked shape in equal proportions. Need's ratio was maximum in skeletal Class III and minimum in Class II malocclusions. Conclusions: There was a significant correlation between the variants of soft palate and the types of skeletal malocclusion in North Indian individuals. The knowledge of morphological variants of soft palate helps the clinician in etiological study of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, snoring, and other conditions.

Assessment of various shapes of Soft Palate-A Retrospective Lateral Cephalometric Study

Aim: The aim of our study is to investigate the morphological variants of the soft palate among patient seeking orthodontic treatment. Materials and methods: A retrospective study was carried out in the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Saveetha Dental College by analysing 100 lateral cephalometric radiographs of patients seeking orthodontic treatment from October 2016 to December 2016.The morphological variants of soft palate was assessed on Digital lateral Cephalometric radiograph and were allocated to one of the six patterns as described by You et al. Results: In our study, the frequency of rat tail shaped(type 2) soft palate(47%) was seen in highest proportion while butt like(type 3) soft palate(2%) was least in both the genders. Conclusion: The knowledge of morphological variants of the soft palate helps us to get a better understanding of velopharyngeal closure, structural and functional repair in cases of cleft palate and in the etiological study of obstructive sleep apnoea and snoring.