Lateral Aperture Research Articles

Wall pressure control of a 3D cavity with lateral apertures and wall proximity

Wall pressure control of a 3D cavity with lateral apertures and wall proximity

A computational model for lipid-anchored polysaccharide export by the outer membrane protein GfcD

Many bacteria are protected by different types of polysaccharide capsules, structures formed of long repetitive glycan chains that are sometimes free and sometimes anchored to the outer membrane via lipid tails. One type, called group 4 capsule, results from the expression of the gfcABCDE-etp-etk operon in Escherichia coli. Of the proteins encoded in this operon, GfcE is thought to provide the export pore for free polysaccharide chains, but none of the proteins has been implicated in the export of chains carrying a lipid anchor. For this function, GfcD has been a focus of attention as the only outer membrane β-barrel encoded in the operon. AlphaFold predicts two β-barrel domains in GfcD, a canonical N-terminal one of 12 strands and an unusual C-terminal one of 13 strands, which features a large lateral aperture between strands β1 and β13. This immediately suggests a lateral exit gate for hydrophobic molecules into the membrane, analogous to the one proposed for the lipopolysaccharide export pore LptD. Here, we report an unsteered molecular dynamics study of GfcD embedded in the bacterial outer membrane, with the common polysaccharide anchor, lipid A, inserted in the pore of the C-terminal barrel. Our results show that the lateral aperture does not collapse during simulations and membrane lipids nevertheless do not penetrate the barrel but the lipid chains of the lipid A molecule readily exit into the membrane.

Intervertebral Canals and Intracanal Ligaments as New Terms in Terminologia anatomica.

This study addresses the cervical part of the vertebral column. Clinical pictures of dystrophic diseases of the cervical part of the vertebral column do not always correspond only to the morphological changes-they may be represented by connective tissue formation and nerve and vessel compression. To find out the possible reason, this morphometric study of the cervical part of the vertebral column in 40 cadavers was performed. CT scans were performed on 17 cadaveric material specimens. A total of 12 histological samples of connective tissue structures located in intervertebral canals (IC) were studied. One such formation, an intracanal ligament (IL) located in the IC, was found. Today, there is no term "intervertebral canal", nor is there a detailed description of the intervertebral canal in the cervical part of the vertebral column. Cervical intervertebral canals make up five pairs in segments C2-C7. On cadavers, the IC lateral and medial apertures were 0.9-1.5 cm and 0.5-0.9 cm, correspondingly. According to our histological study, the connective tissue structures in the IC are ligaments-IL. According to the presence of these ligaments, ICs were classified into three types. Complete regional anatomy characterization of the IC of the cervical part of the vertebral column with a description of its constituent anatomical elements was provided. The findings demonstrate the need to include the terms "intervertebral canal" and "intervertebral ligament" in the Terminologia anatomica.

Proton Rejection in the Measurements of High Energy Electrons and Positrons Detected from Lateral Aperture of the GAMMA-400 Gamma-Ray Telescope

Proton Rejection in the Measurements of High Energy Electrons and Positrons Detected from Lateral Aperture of the GAMMA-400 Gamma-Ray Telescope

Lip posture of high and high-mid vowels in Hnaring Lutuv

Lutuv is an under-documented South Central Tibeto-Burman language which is reported to contain six high monophthongs /i, y, ɨ, ʉ, Ɯ, u/ and four diphthongal vowels with high onsets /ie̯, yə̯, uɔ̯, Ɯə̯/ (Bohnert etal., 2022). No articulatory work on Lutuv exists to date, but impressionistic observations suggest that while the contrast between /i, y/ and /u, Ɯ/ is one of rounding (as implied by their IPA transcriptions), the contrast between /ɨ, ʉ/ is instead one of lip spreading. In addition, /ʉ/ seems to involve a degree of frication from labiodental contact. To further investigate these observations, the current paper utilizes facial landmark recognition through OpenFace 2.0 (Baltrusaitis et al., 2018) to analyze the lip posture of these vowels, measuring horizontal, vertical, and lateral lip aperture over the duration of each vowel produced by one native speaker in a curated word list. These measurements are compared both within and across pairs to determine (1) the articulatory characteristics of Lutuv rounding contrasts, and (2) whether the central high vowels display these characteristics. These data complement existing acoustic analyses and provide a more detailed understanding of the articulation of a typologically rare contrast.

Retention of devoiced vowels in Tokyo Japanese: Evidence from lip articulation

In Tokyo Japanese, high vowels /i/ and /u/ are frequently devoiced when they are surrounded by voiceless obstruents. Controversy remains over whether vowel gestures in devoiced vowels are retained or instead deleted. Both static (Iwasaki et al., 2020) and dynamic (Iwasaki et al., 2022) ultrasound data have indicated that vowel-specific lingual gestures can persist even when vowels are devoiced. This study focuses on the lip articulation of devoiced vowels by examining lateral lip aperture, where lower values index a greater degree of the rounding of vowels. Native speakers of Tokyo Japanese produced nonce word pairs with the form of /C1VC2V2toko/. V1 was either /i/ or /u/. C1 and C2 were either voiced or voiceless, which determined the voicing of V1. Lateral lip aperture during the first mora was calculated by identifying facial landmarks using OpenFace 2.0 (Baltrusaitis et al., 2018), and compared across vowel quality (/i/ vs./u/) and vowel voicing (devoiced vs. voiced). Preliminary results show that lateral lip aperture is larger for /i/ than for /u/ in both devoiced and voiced environments, indicating that these vowels maintain their labial specifications even when devoiced, providing additional evidence that devoiced vowels can retain their articulatory gestures.

Capabilities of the GAMMA-400 gamma-ray telescope to detect gamma-ray bursts from lateral directions

• The GAMMA-400 gamma-ray telescope performance for lateral aperture. • Detection of GRB from the lateral aperture in the energy range from ∼ 10 to ∼ 100 MeV. • The problem of connection between high- and low-energy gamma-ray emissions of GRBs. The currently developing space-based gamma-ray telescope GAMMA-400 will measure the gamma-ray and electron + positron fluxes using the main top-down aperture in the energy range from ∼ 20 MeV to several TeV in a highly elliptic orbit (without shading the telescope by the Earth and outside the radiation belts) continuously for a long time. The instrument will provide fundamentally new data on discrete gamma-ray sources, gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), sources and propagation of Galactic cosmic rays and signatures of dark matter due to its unique angular and energy resolutions in the wide energy range. The gamma-ray telescope consists of the anticoincidence system (AC), the converter-tracker (C), the time-of-flight system (S1 and S2), the position-sensitive and electromagnetic calorimeters (CC1 and CC2), scintillation detectors (S3 and S4) located above and behind the CC2 calorimeter and lateral detectors (LD) located around the CC2 calorimeter. In this paper, the capabilities of the GAMMA-400 gamma-ray telescope to measure fluxes of GRBs from lateral directions of CC2 are analyzed using Monte-Carlo simulations. The analysis is based on off-line second-level trigger construction using signals from S3, CC2, S4 and LD detectors. For checking the numerical algorithm the data from space-based GBM and LAT instruments of the Fermi experiment are used, namely, three long bursts: GRB 080916C, GRB 090902B, GRB 090926A and one short burst GRB 090510A. The obtained results allow us to conclude that from lateral directions the GAMMA-400 space-based gamma-ray telescope will reliably measure the spectra of bright GRBs in the energy range from ∼ 10 to ∼ 100 MeV with the on-axis effective area of about 0.13 m 2 for each of the four sides of CC2 and total field of view of about 6 sr.

Improvement in sampling and modulation of multiplexing with temporal shuttering of adaptable apertures in a brain-dedicated multi-pinhole SPECT system

We are developing a multi-detector pinhole-based stationary brain-dedicated SPECT system: AdaptiSPECT-C. In this work, we introduced a new design prototype with multiple adaptable pinhole apertures for each detector to modulate the multiplexing by employing temporal shuttering of apertures. Temporal shuttering of apertures over the scan time provides the AdaptiSPECT-C with the capability of multiple-frame acquisition. We investigated, through analytic simulation, the impact of projection multiplexing on image quality using several digital phantoms and a customized anthropomorphic phantom emulating brain perfusion clinical distribution. The 105 pinholes in the collimator of the system were categorized into central, axial, and lateral apertures. We generated, through simulation, collimators of different multiplexing levels. Several data acquisition schemes were also created by changing the imaging time share of the acquisition frames. Sensitivity increased by 35% compared to the single-pinhole-per-detector base configuration of the AdaptiSPECT-C when using the central, axial, and lateral apertures with equal acquisition time shares within a triple-frame scheme with a high multiplexing scenario. Axial and angular sampling of the base configuration was enhanced by adding the axial and lateral apertures. We showed that the temporal shuttering of apertures can be exploited, trading the sensitivity, to modulate the multiplexing and to acquire a set of non-multiplexed non-truncated projections. Our results suggested that reconstruction benefited from utilizing both non-multiplexed projections and projections with modulated multiplexing resulting in a noticeably reduction in the multiplexing-induced image artefacts. Contrast recovery factor improved by 20% (9%) compared to the base configuration for a Defrise (hot-rod) phantom study when the central and axial (lateral) apertures with equal time shares were combined. The results revealed that, as an overall trend at each simulated multiplexing level, lowest normalized root-mean-square errors for the brain gray-matter regions were achieved with the combined usage of the central apertures and axial/lateral apertures.

Capabilities of the GAMMA-400 gamma-ray telescope for lateral aperture

The future GAMMA-400 γ-ray telescope will provide fundamentally new data on discrete sources and spectra of γ-ray emissions and electrons + positrons due to its unique angular and energy resolutions in the wide energy range from 20 MeV up to several TeV. The γ-ray telescope consists of the anticoincidence system (AC), the converter-tracker (C), the time-of-flight system (S1 and S2), the position-sensitive and electromagnetic calorimeters (CC1 and CC2), the scintillation detectors of the calorimeter (S3 and S4) and lateral anticoincidence detectors of the calorimeter (LD). To extend the GAMMA-400 capabilities to measure γ-ray bursts, Monte-Carlo simulations were performed for lateral aperture of the one of the versions of GAMMA-400. Second-level trigger based on signals from CC2, LD, S3, and S4 allows us to detect γ-ray bursts in the energy range of ~10-300 MeV with high effective area about 1 m2.

Key Clinical Concepts from Multi-Institutional Experience with Dedicated Fixed Low-Energy Proton Ocular Beamlines

Proton beam treatment for ocular tumors has been well established with dedicated eye beamlines internationally. Given the emergence of universal, high-energy, non-fixed beamline options, we share key practices for uveal melanoma (UM) treatment planning and delivery. We focus particularly on practical clinical and physics concepts to minimize important ocular side effects. Practices were studied from two well-established international dedicated proton ocular institutions with very longstanding facilities, both using fixed, low-energy, ocular beamlines to treat eye tumors only. Since the 1970s and 1980s until now, the respective cyclotrons produce 67.5 and 60.0 MeV proton beams (range up to 3 cm). In total 5927 ocular patients, 93% with UM, have been treated. Standard UM dose is 56 Gray Equivalent (GyE) and 57.2 GyE, respectively, delivered in 4 fractions. Planning and delivery procedures were analyzed as a bi-institutional effort to communicate key concepts to newer developing proton centers. Normal eye tissue sparing is related to critical beam characteristics provided in the setting of low-energy dedicated eye beamlines. Both centers offer a very sharp dose fall off (distal ∼1 mm and lateral ∼1.1-1.6 mm), high dose homogeneity, excellent range precision and short treatment time (∼0.5-2 minutes). Planned doses to critical ocular structures are independent predictors of ocular complications such as vision loss and neovascular glaucoma, including the following parameters: 28 GyE to macula [P<.0001], optic nerve [P<0.0004], lens [P<.0001], and ciliary body [P<.0001]. A systematic tumor/critical structure dose evaluation is used to optimize treatment parameters, i.e. lateral margin, distal range, gaze angle, and aperture shape. New high-energy non-dedicated beam designs, which degrade energy to deliver ocular treatment, may require significant beam adjustment and treatment planning procedures to achieve adequate characteristics. Regarding UM dose, a common regimen is 60 GyE in 4 fractions globally. Unrandomized early retrospective data shows lower local tumor control with 48 GyE (P = 0.02). Critical structures including the retina, lacrimal gland, cornea, tear ducts, lids, bony orbit, and limbal stem cells are methodically evaluated to minimize side effects. Eyelid toxicity is reduced by institutional retraction techniques or treatment through closed lids. Experienced international specialty proton ocular centers with dedicated, low-energy, fixed eyelines, provide important practical concepts for consideration by developing centers to optimize high-energy universal beamline designs for eye treatments. As new centers with different beam designs emerge globally, key clinical and treatment planning/delivery practices will need to be applied, particularly to reduce potential normal tissue toxicity for ocular patients.

A High-Granularity Digital Tracking Calorimeter Optimized for Proton CT

A typical proton CT (pCT) detector comprises a tracking system, used to measure the proton position before and after the imaged object, and an energy/range detector to measure the residual proton range after crossing the object. The Bergen pCT collaboration was established to design and build a prototype pCT scanner with a high granularity digital tracking calorimeter (DTC) used as both tracking and energy/range detector. In this work the conceptual design and the layout of the mechanical and electronics implementation, along with a Monte Carlo (MC) simulation of the new pCT system are reported. The DTC is a multilayer structure with a lateral aperture of 27 cm × 15 cm, made of 41 detector/absorber sandwich layers (calorimeter), with aluminum (3.5 mm) used both as absorber and carrier, and 2 additional layers used as tracking system (rear trackers) positioned downstream of the imaged object; no tracking upstream the object is included. The rear tracker’s structure only differs from the calorimeter layers for the carrier made of ~200 μm carbon fleece and carbon paper (carbon-Epoxy sandwich), to minimize scattering. Each sensitive layer consists of 108 ALPIDE chip sensors (developed for ALICE, CERN) bonded on a polyimide flex and subsequently bonded to a larger flexible printed circuit board. Beam tests tailored to the pCT operation have been performed using high-energetic (50–220 MeV/u) proton and ion beams at the Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT) in Germany. These tests proved the ALPIDE response independent of occupancy and proportional to the particle energy deposition, making the distinction of different ion tracks possible. The read-out electronics is able to handle enough data to acquire a single 2D image in few seconds making the system fast enough to be used in a clinical environment. For the reconstructed images in the modeled MC simulation, the water equivalent path length error is lower than 2 mm, and the relative stopping power accuracy is better than 0.4%. Thanks to its ability to detect different types of radiation and its specific design, the pCT scanner can be employed for additional online applications during the treatment, such as in-situ proton range verification.

Aperture elongation of the femoral tunnel on the lateral cortex in anatomical double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using the outside-in technique.

In anatomical anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery using the outside-in technique, the aperture of the femoral lateral cortex may become elliptical.Retrospective cross-sectional studyTo evaluate the extent of elliptical eccentricity in lateral apertures relative to aperture positioning and clinical failure rate in anatomical anterior cruciate ligament double-bundle reconstruction using outside-in technique.In 75 patients, the aperture elongation factor was defined as the ratio of the major axis of the elliptical aperture to the drill size. Using the lateral epicondyle as a reference point, the lateral femur was divided into sections by distance and angle, and the minimum area was evaluated to assess the relationship between the elongation factor and aperture position of the lateral cortex for each bundle. The incidence and associated clinical performance regarding cortical button migration were also investigated.Aperture elongation factors were 120.2 ± 13.3% and 120.0 ± 16.3% on the anteromedial (AM) and posterolateral (PL) sides, respectively. Femoral tunnel elongation was smallest when the entry point axis were both between 30 to 60° and distance was between 10 to 20 mm and 0 to 10 mm on the AM and PL sides, respectively. During the postoperative follow-up period, intra-tunnel migration was confirmed in 4 of 75 cases (5.3%). Fixation failure neither affected clinical scores nor knee laxity.Areas of minimum elongation for each bundle on both AM and PL sides were found anteroproximally to the lateral epicondyle and positioned near each other. Elongation did not directly affect the clinical outcome.Level of evidence grade: prognostic level III

Abstract OT3-07-01: Efficacy of magnetic resonance-guided high intensity focused ultrasound for the ablation of breast cancer

Abstract Background: Over the past decades, breast cancer treatment has evolved from extensive disfiguring surgery to less invasive procedures. In patients with small localized tumors breast conserving therapy (BCT) has become the standard of care. However, surgery still involves risks associated with general anesthesia and complications such as bleeding, infection and suboptimal cosmetic results. Conversely, Magnetic Resonance-guided High intensity Focused Ultrasound (MR-HIFU) ablation of breast cancer is an entirely non-invasive procedure that can be performed under procedural sedation and analgesia (PSA). With MR-HIFU, a focused ultrasound beam penetrates through soft tissues and causes localized heating (55-70°C) of a target. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used for target-identification and real-time temperature-monitoring (MR thermometry). In a previous phase I study in ten breast cancer patients, tumors were deliberately partially ablated and safety and accuracy of a dedicated MR-HIFU breast system (Profound Medical) was shown.1,2 This system’s lateral sonication approach and wide aperture reduce the risk of heating heart, lungs and skin to a minimum.3 In the current study we aim to demonstrate that complete breast tumor ablation with MR-HIFU is feasible. Trial design: Single-arm phase II study in patients with primary breast cancer. We will use a dedicated MR-HIFU breast system (Profound Medical) to ablate breast tumors before BCT or mastectomy, in a treat-and-resect protocol. We will perform MRI before MR-HIFU, during the MR HIFU session and one week after to evaluate radiologic response. Primary endpoint is efficacy, assessed by percentages of necrotic and residual viable tumor. Secondary endpoint is safety, assessed by adverse events and cosmetic changes. Descriptive statistics will be used. Eligibility criteria Non-pregnant, non-lactating women ≥18 years of age, weighing &amp;lt; 90 kg, who have: histologically proven invasive breast cancer, cT1-2 N0-2 Mx, subtypes invasive ductal carcinoma or invasive carcinoma ‘not otherwise specified’ / ‘no special type’ a tumor in reach of the HIFU beams, diameter ≤ 3.0 cm and distance ≥1.5 cm to skin, nipple and pectoral wall WHO-Performance Score ≤2 a body size fitting in the MR bore and the ability to lie in prone position no prior treatment with neoadjuvant chemotherapy in the past 3 months no prior radiotherapy, thermal therapy or surgery in the targeted breast no contraindications to PSA, MRI or MRI contrast agents no conditions that may interfere with MR-HIFU such as a pacemaker, scar tissue, breast prosthesis or surgical clips no extensive intraductal components, determined on biopsy Additionally, patients may be excluded when the risk of adjuvant over- or undertreatment (due to performing Bloom and Richardson grading on the tumor biopsy) is considered too high. Target accrual 10 patients (present: 0, IRB approval obtained) Conclusion In this phase II trial we aim to show the feasibility of complete tumor ablation of breast cancer with a dedicated MR-HIFU breast system. This approach could lead to a non-invasive treatment alternative for selected patients with primary breast cancer. References 1Merckel 2016, Eur Radiol; 2Deckers 2015, Phys Med Biol; 3Merckel 2013, Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol; Acknowledgements Financial support of Center for Translational Molecular Medicine and Vrienden UMC Utrecht. Profound Medical provides non-financial support. Contact information Josanne de Maar, j.s.demaar@umcutrecht.nl ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02407613 Citation Format: Josanne Sophia de Maar, Roel Deckers, Lambertus Wilhelmus Bartels, Thijs van Dalen, Joost van Gorp, Paul J van Diest, Arjen J Witkamp, H. H.B. Vaessen, Maria NicoleGerardineJohanna Aleida Braat, Chrit Moonen. Efficacy of magnetic resonance-guided high intensity focused ultrasound for the ablation of breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2019 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2019 Dec 10-14; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(4 Suppl):Abstract nr OT3-07-01.

Spare Roof Technique: A New Technique for Hump Removal-The Step-by-Step Guide.

Humpectomy is one of the most common steps in reduction rhinoplasty among Caucasian patients. The most widespread procedures to address hump removal are both the "en bloc humpectomy" (with reconstruction of the middle third with spreader grafts) and the "split hump technique" (with confection of spreader flaps). The spare roof technique, for rhinoplasty reduction, has been developed over the past 4 years. In this technique, the upper lateral cartilages are completely preserved-even the hidden part under the caudal aspect of the nasal bones. It consists of five main steps: step 1, the upper lateral cartilages are released from the dorsal aspect of the nasal septum; step 2, a 1-mm strip of the dorsal septum is taken in each movement as required; step 3, ostectomy of the caudal aspect of nasal bones, keeping the upper lateral cartilages intact and releasing the "lateral" (left and right) pyriform aperture ligament; step 4, classic medial and lateral osteotomies (closing the open bony roof); and step 5, suturing the upper lateral cartilages to the dorsal septum and thus avoiding the natural spring effect. The outcomes of the first 100 patients have been validated by a prospective, interventional, and longitudinal study performed on patients undergoing primary rhinoplasty by means of the spare roof technique. This study confirms that the spare roof technique significantly improved patient quality of life regarding nose function and appearance. It is a reliable technique that can help deliver consistently good results in Caucasian and Mediterranean patients with a dorsal hump seeking rhinoplasty.

Gammas and Charged Particles Identification in Lateral and Additional Apertures of GAMMA-400

The GAMMA-400 (Gamma Astronomical Multifunctional Modular Apparatus) will be a new generation satellite gamma-observatory. The gamma-ray telescope GAMMA-400 consists of the anticoincidence system (top and lateral sections—ACtop and AClat), the converter-tracker (C), the time-of-flight system TOF (two sections S1 and S2), the position-sensitive and electromagnetic calorimeters (CC1 and CC2), the scintillation detectors of the calorimeter (S3 and S4) and lateral anticoincidence detectors of the calorimeter LD. Two apertures used for observation of transient events do not require the best angular resolution as for the gamma-ray bursts and solar flares from both upper and lateral directions. Additional aperture allows the particle registering from upper direction, which do not interact with converter-tracker and do not form a TOF signal. The lateral aperture allows registering of γ-quanta in perpendicular direction with respect to main axis of GAMMA-400 due to CC2, LD, S3, and S4. The thickness of CC2 in this direction is ∼44 X0 and this allows detection of gammas, electrons and positrons with energies up to 10 TeV. The results of calculation of the fractal dimension of temporal profiles of additional aperture prototype of GAMMA-400 during its calibration using secondary positron beam of the synchrotron C-25P “PAKHRA” of Lebedev Physical Institute confirm the absence of any correlation between the AC and CC1 characteristics and correspondence of additional aperture background to Poisson statistics or Erlang one with shape parameter up to 10.

Comparative developmental anatomy of ovary and fruit in Brazilian Velloziaceae

Abstract Morpho-anatomical studies of fruits are scarce in monocotyledons and particularly for the Brazilian species of Velloziaceae, a small family of monocots characteristic of the campo rupestre vegetation of Brazil. The main fruit types found in Velloziaceae are poricidal and loculicidal capsules, but capsule morphology is variable, which has led to discrepancies regarding fruit descriptions and terminology. In this study, we aimed to analyse fruit development in Brazilian Velloziaceae to obtain a better understanding of capsule dehiscence and to elucidate and describe in detail the fruit types occurring in the family. Based on our results, we discuss the terminology used to describe capsules of some species, e.g. capsules of Vellozia minima and V. epidendroides, previously classified as poricidal, should be called apical loculicidal, as they form three slits on the uppermost part of each carpel that are prevented from extending downwards by the precocious lignification of the pericarp. Capsules of Barbacenia purpurea, B. riparia and B. plantaginea have been classified using various terms, but they fit the definition of fissuricidal capsule and should be classified as such. We also propose an improved analysis for the character ‘fruit type’, previously used in phylogenetic reconstructions of Velloziaceae. We changed some states following the fruit reclassification proposed here and added a new state, ‘capsule opening through lateral irregular aperture’, to the character. Additionally, eight new phylogenetic characters derived from ovary and fruit characteristics are suggested.

The Infraorbital Foramen Location in the Perinatal Maxilla: Implications for Infraorbital Nerve Block

Bilateral infraorbital nerve block is performed in infants for the management of pain after cleft‐lip repair. The procedure involves the injection of anesthetic near the emergence of the infraorbital nerves in the face at the infraorbital foramen. In adults, infraorbital foramen location is oftentimes estimated via measurements from the lateral nasal aperture and the infraorbital margin; however, these measurements have not been described in the perinatal population. Therefore, this study assesses the distances from the lateral nasal aperture and the infraorbital margin to the infraorbital foramen in 66 fetal and infantile maxillae ranging from 5 months intrauterine development to 15 months postnatal development. The best‐fit linear model for IOF location is with regard to the distance from the lateral nasal aperture to the IOF. The model is given by the formula Distance = 0.1747 × Age (in developmental months) + 4.4433 and has an r2 value of 0.6145. Linear modeling with respect to the distance from the infraorbital margin to the IOF however was poor with regard to goodness‐of‐fit (r2 = 0.1636). The distance from the infraorbital foramen at 5 months intrauterine age was 2.9mm while, at one year post‐natal was 3.4mm (difference = 0.5mm) and therefore represents little change in maxillary growth in that dimension. On the other hand distance from the lateral aperture at 5 months development was 5.3 mm and at one year was 7.6mm (difference = 2.3mm). The results of this study suggest that the IOF location can be approximated, particularly with regard to the distance from the lateral aperture as a function of age. The results of the study will help to optimize infraorbital nerve block in young patients recovering from cleft‐lip surgery.Support or Funding InformationWV Research Challenge Fund [HEPC.dsr.17.06]This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Additional aperture detectors of gamma-telescope GAMMA-400 calibrations on synchrotron “PAKHRA”: possibility of temporal profiles fractal analysis

GAMMA-400 (Gamma Astronomical Multifunctional Modular Apparatus) will be the new generation satellite gamma-observatory. The gamma-ray telescope GAMMA-400 consists of anticoincidence system (top and lateral sections - ACtop and AClat), the converter-tracker (C), time-of-flight system (two sections S1 and S2), position-sensitive calorimeter CC1, electromagnetic calorimeter CC2, scintillation detectors of the calorimeter (S3 and S4) and lateral detectors of the calorimeter LD.Three apertures provide events registration both from upper and lateral directions. The main aperture provides the best angular (all double (X, Y) tracking coordinate detectors layers information analysis) and energy resolution (energy deposition in the all detectors studying). The main aperture created firstly due to converter-tracker (C): gammas converted in tungsten conversion foils are registered. Triggers in the main aperture will be formed using information about particle direction provided by time of flight system and presence of charged particles or backsplash signal formed according to analysis of energy deposition in combination of both layers anticoincidence systems ACtop and AClat individual detectors. Other two apertures used for observation of transient events do not require best angular resolution as gamma-ray bursts and solar flares both from upper and lateral directions. Additional aperture allows particles registering from upper direction, which don’t interact with converter-tracker and don’t formed TOF signal. Particles detection in additional aperture starts with signal of CC1 fast discriminators in anticoincidence with TOF. Energy band for gammas registration in this aperture is similar to the main one. In the lateral aperture low energy (0.2-100 MeV) photons classified by using simple anticoincidence signals from the individual detectors of LD and CC2. Higher energies γ-quanta (E>100 MeV) recognized using energy deposition analysis in the individual detectors of S3, S4, LD and CC2. Prototype of additional aperture functioning of GAMMA-400 contains two detectors. One of them AC/LD prototype based on BC-408 scintillator with dimensions of 128x10x1 cm3. Other is CC1 prototype composed of CsI(Tl) crystal with dimensions of 33x5x2 cm3. The positron beam with energies 100-300 MeV was used for calibration of prototypes of GAMMA-400 detectors on synchrotron “PAKHRA”. We calculate fractal dimension of temporal profiles measured during calibrations of AC/LD and CC1 prototypes. Preliminary results are 1.50±0.05 and 1.48±0.08 correspondingly. This is similar to Poisson statistics or Erlang one with coefficient up to 10.

Well-preserved fenestrate bryozoans in Mississippian building stones, Utrecht, The Netherlands

Unusually well-preserved fenestrate bryozoans have been identified in Mississippian (Lower Carboniferous) building stones in Utrecht, the Netherlands. Specimens in adjacent properties presumably came from the same horizon, presumably from Belgium. Although scant internal morphological detail can be discerned, the general arrangement of the meshwork, together with the disposition of autozooecia, show affinities with Rectifenestella Morozova, which has straight-sided fenestrules into which lateral autozooecial apertures do not extend. This may be the first detailed record of bryozoans from the Mississippian building stones of the Netherlands.

Design of a 3D Printed Immobilization Device for Radiation Therapy of Experimental Tumors in Mice

Transplantable murine tumor models are critical for radiobiological studies of proton and photon radiation, and immobilization devices are essential for accurate tumor (often <1 cm) targeting in these models. We utilized three-dimensional (3D) printing technology to design and produce an immobilization device for this purpose. All procedures were approved by the institutional animal care committee. CT imaging of a C57BL/6 mouse was performed, and the Blender software package was used to generate a surface contour. A clamshell device was designed with a negative impression of the animal surface contour, and a lateral aperture for flank tumors. A brass block was affixed to reduce beam penumbra. The device was printed from polylactic acid polymer using an Ultimaker 2 3D printer and tested on a mouse harboring a subcutaneous flank tumor (EL4 Thymoma). Tumor motion was tracked in the x, y, and z planes using video monitoring over 15 minutes. Animals (n=3) were safely immobilized with no signs of trauma or distress. Minimal tumor movement was observed in the x, y, and z planes. Proton and photon treatment plans were generated using Eclipse software, demonstrating uniform targeting of the tumor with <10% of the prescribed dose delivered to the abdominal or thoracic cavity. We present the rapid and cost-effective design and production of an immobilization device using 3D printing for the treatment of experimental murine tumors with photon or proton beam radiotherapy.