Later Phases Of Life Research Articles

Prevalence Reasons of Substance Abuse among Adolescent boys of an Underserved Rural Community of Southern Haryana: A Preliminary Study

Background: Early initiation of substance abuse is usually associated with a poor prognosis and a more seriousimpact on health, education, familial, or social relationships. Substance abuse may lead to behavioural problems,relationship difficulties and may cause disruption in studies, and even dropping out of school. This study aims toassess prevalence & reasons of substance abuse among adolescent boys (15-19 years) in rural areas of district Nuh.Materials and Methods: Adolescent boys in the age group of 15 -19 years formed the study population. Houseto-house survey was conducted in all the selected villages for data collection. A complete line listing of maleadolescents (15-19 years) was done in each village. Then study subjects were chosen by simple random sampling.A total of 300 respondent eligible study subjects were interviewed to collect information.Results: The prevalence of substance abuse among study subjects was found to be 42%. Tobacco abuse was 36.0%(n=108, both smokeless and smoked), followed by alcohol 2.33% (n=07), opioids & pharmaceutical products 1.33%each (n=4). Of total 126, substance abuser, 77.7% (n=98) have friends who were indulge in substance abuse. Othermajor reasons for substance abuse were to cheer-up (38.1%), and peer pressure (35.7%). 19.8% subjects startedabusing substance after drop in their academic performance.Conclusion: The burden of substance abuse was 42.0% among study subjects. It’s an alarming situation consideringrural area. As the findings pertain to adolescent boys in the age group of 15 -19 years, preventive strategies need tobe strengthened so as to curb this problem before it shows its deleterious effects in later phase of life.

Personalized Financial Planning Using Applied Genetics.

Forthcoming advances in geroscience will influence the health span of current and future generations and generate both challenges and opportunities for those approaching or reaching retirement ages. The resulting changes in the life course will influence those reaching stages in life that are commonly associated with retirement. How people plan for that later phase of life is critical-especially given that current approaches to planning are either nonexistent or outdated. In this review, we show how advances in applied genetics can yield valuable information for individuals that are facing the challenges and opportunities that will accompany anticipated advances in geroscience and their unique influence on the life span and health span of current and future generations.

Multigenerational epigenetic inheritance in human: the past, present and perspectives

Nowadays, a growing body of evidence suggests that the developmental programs of each individual could be modified. The acquired new phenotypic changes could be persistent throughout the individual's life and even transmitted to the next generation. While the exact mechanism for that preservation is not well understood yet, there are many evidences showing that epigenetic alterations, which are robust and dynamic in response to the influence of the environmental factors, could be responsible for that inheritance. A growing number of external factors such as social stress, environmental pollution and climate changes make adaptation to these environmental changes rather challenging. According to the Developmental Origin of Human Disease theory, formulated by David Barker, environmental conditions experienced during the first phases of development can have long term effects on later phases of life. This phenomenon is linked to the biological plasticity of development, which allows reprogramming of physiological functions in response to different stimuli. Consequently, in utero exposure to environmental pollutants can increase predisposition to different pathologies that can occur both in early and later phases of life not only in the living generation but also in subsequent ones. Here, we have summarised some findings in human epigenetic research studies performed for the past few years which address the question whether transgenerational effects observed in model organisms could also occur in humans.

Dietary and Environmental Risk Factors in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's Disease: A Semi-Quantitative Pilot Study.

Environmental influence and dietary variations are well-known risk factors for various diseases including neurodegenerative disorders. Preliminary evidence suggests that diet in early-life and living environment might influence the incidence of Parkinson's disease (PD) in later phase of life. There have been limited epidemiologic studies on this aspect especially in India. In this hospital-based case-control study, we intended to identify dietary and environmental risk factors of PD. Patients with PD (n = 105), Alzheimer's disease (AD) (n = 53) and healthy individuals (n = 81) were recruited. Dietary intake and environmental exposures were assessed using a validated Food-Frequency and Environmental Hazard Questionnaire. Their demographic details and living environment were also recorded using the same questionnaire. Pre-morbid consumption of carbohydrate and fat was significantly higher whereas dietary fiber and fruit content was significantly lesser in PD as compared to AD and healthy age-matched controls. Meat and milk intake was the highest among all the food groups in PD patients. Rural living and their habitation near water bodies were significantly more frequent in PD patients. We found that past intake of carbohydrate, fat, milk, and meat are associated with increased risk of PD. On the other hand, rural living and habitat near water bodies might be associated with incidence and severity of PD. Hence, preventive strategies related to dietary and environmental modulators in PD might be clinically useful in the future.

Effect of Heat Stress in Poultry and Its Mitigation

The major problem for huge economic loss in the poultry industry was stress and from different types of stressors; heat stress was a major one. In this developing era, poultry played an important role in almost economic gain of every country. But with changing climatic conditions it had become hard to maintain the temperature in poultry production system. Heat stress effects the overall performance of both layers and broiler in terms of meat quality, growth, egg quality and egg production. If these types of parameters start showing in poultry farms timely taken steps will save farm from huge economic loss. Scientists are using different methods and techniques to alleviate the devastating effects of heat stress in both economically important poultry sectors, layer and broiler. Providing birds with suitable environmental conditions like proper ventilation and stocking density helps minimize HS. Supplementation of feed additives also helps in reducing damaging effects of HS by improving performance and gut health. Scientists worldwide are trying to develop birds with high heat tolerating ability so that birds will perform well during high-temperature phase. Conditioning of birds with high temperature at early age also helps the birds to perform better in later phases of life. This article highlights major issues regarding to chicken health under HS condition and some techniques to perform well under stressed conditions.

Fertilitätsprotektion bei onkologischen Erkrankungen: State of the Art

With advances in the field of oncology, the long-term survival of women and men with cancer has continuously been improved. At the same time, due to social changes family planning has shifted into later phases of life. Therefore, the issue of fertility preservation in oncological diseases is becoming more and more relevant. In recent years and decades, various fertility-preserving techniques have been established, which can be offered to women and men with newly diagnosed cancer. In addition to a de-escalation of the systemic therapy and an organ-preserving surgical approach, these include medicinal ovarian suppression, cryopreservation of oocytes and cryopreservation of ovarian tissue for women and for men the cryopreservation of sperm and/or testicular tissue via testicular sperm extraction (TESE). This overview article presents the current state of the art of the various fertility-preserving techniques with their basic principles as well as the advantages and disadvantages. All premenopausal women with newly diagnosed cancer as well as all men with cancer who may wish to have children in the future should be counselled about fertility preservation in the context of a multiprofessional team.

Relationship between handgrip strength and self-reported functional difficulties among older Indian adults: The role of self-rated health.

Older individuals' handgrip strength is a predictor of functional health and their self-perceptions of health may influence functional health and disability. Hence, the study explored the associations between handgrip strength and self-reported functional difficulties in activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental ADL (IADL) among older adults. The study also explored the moderation and mediation effects of self-rated health (SRH) in those associations. Data for the study were drawn from the baseline survey of Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI, 2017-18). This study was conducted on respondents aged 60years and above with a total sample of 27,707 older adults (men-13,199 and women-14,508). The study assessed handgrip strength using a handheld Smedley's Hand Dynamometer with a cut-off of 19.5kg for males and 12.5kg for females. Moderated multivariable regression models and the Karlson-Holm-Breen (KHB) method adjusting for many confounders, were used to explore the moderation and mediation effects of SRH in the association of handgrip strength and functional difficulties. A proportion of 25.80% of men and 26.24% of women of our sample had weak grip strength. A large proportion of older persons experienced difficulty in ADL (23.77%) and IADL (48.36%) in the study. Older adults with weak handgrip strength had higher odds of suffering from functional difficulties in ADL [adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 1.34; 95% confidence interval (CI):1.14-1.57] and IADL [aOR: 1.38; 95%CI: 1.18-1.60] than older adults with strong handgrip. Older adults who had weak handgrip strength and poor SRH had higher odds of difficulty in ADL [aOR: 2.72; 95%CI: 1.61-3.22] and IADL [aOR: 1.87; CI: 1.28-2.74] compared to those with strong handgrip and good SRH. Further, the association between handgrip strength and functional health was mediated by SRH (percent effect mediated: 26% for ADL and 16.84% for IADL). The findings provide further evidence that handgrip strength is connected with the disabling process and moderating and mediating role of SRH in these associations suggest that enhancement of self-perceptions of health among older adults may help prevent ADL and IADL-related issues in the later phase of life.

Upregulation of Netrin-1 in the hippocampus mediates the formation of visceral hypersensitivity induced by maternal separation

Early adverse life events (EALs), such as maternal separation (MS), can cause visceral hypersensitivity, which is thought to be a key pathophysiological mechanism of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Previous studies mainly focused on EALs-induced visceral hypersensitivity in adulthood but did not consider that it may have occurred in the preadult period. We previously found that rats who experienced MS suffered from visceral hypersensitivity starting from the post-weaning period. Moreover, the hippocampus is considered to be critical in regulating the formation of visceral hypersensitivity induced by MS. But the underlying mechanisms throughout different life periods are unclear. In this study, behavioral tests, RNA-seq, lentiviral interference, and molecular biology techniques were applied to investigate the molecular mechanism in the hippocampus underlying MS-induced long-lasting visceral hypersensitivity. It was found that both visceral sensitivity and anxiety-like behaviors were significantly increased in MS rats in post-weaning, prepubertal, and adult periods, especially in the prepubertal period. Subsequently, RNA-seq targeting the hippocampus identified that the expression level of Netrin-1 was significantly increased in all periods, which was further confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot. Knocking-down hippocampal Netrin-1 in the post-weaning period by lentivirus interference alleviated visceral hypersensitivity and anxiety-like behaviors of MS rats in the later phase of life. In addition, deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC), instead of neogenin-1(Neo-1) or uncoordinated (UNC5), was proved to be the specific functional receptor of Netrin-1 in regulating visceral hypersensitivity, whose upregulation may result in the most severe symptoms in the prepubertal period. Furthermore, the activation of the Netrin-1/DCC pathway could enhance long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampus, probably via recruitment of the AMPA receptor subunit GluA1, which finally resulted in the formation of visceral hypersensitivity. These novel findings suggest that long-lasting over-expression of Netrin-1 can mediate visceral hypersensitivity and anxiety disorder from the post-weaning period to adulthood by activating DCC/GluA1 pathway in the hippocampus. Moreover, early intervention of Netrin-1 in the post-weaning period could lead to significant symptom relief afterward, which provides evidence that the Netrin-1/DCC/GluA1 signaling pathway may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of visceral hypersensitivity in clinics.

Social-emotional development in early life: what happens and how to optimize it

The Physical, metabolic, emotional, cognitive, and social development all begin to develop during early years of childhood.. Social and emotional competencies are increasingly recognized as critical for children's success, in school and in later phases of life into adulthood. According to new research, changes in the gastrointestinal tract's development during the early postnatal period can affect brain development and vice versa., collectively called the gut-brain axis. The gut microbiota has an impact on a variety of mental processes and phenomena, as well as being involved in the pathophysiology of a variety of mental and neurological diseases.. Insights in this area can be targeted through dietary treatments to improve cognitive outcomes in newborns by optimizing the link between the gastrointestinal system and the brain. Further, having a healthy and happy human life could be ensured by acquiring adequate and balance microbiota

Nutritional status of mid-day meal program on government and private school students: a comparative study

Background: Mid-day meal scheme is a school meal programme of the Government of India, designed to improve the nutritional status of school-age children. Malnourished children will not attain optimum potential for growth and development and this affects their physical capacity to work and physiological changes in the later phase of life. The food that we eat affects the nutritional status; hence the study was evaluated to find the nutritional status of the mid-day meal program in school going children.Methods: Total of 100 subjects were selected into 2 groups, 50 students from government schools and another 50 from private schools. Government school groups received mid-day meal scheme and private school students brought their personal lunch. Anthropometric and haemoglobin evaluation was done.Results: The study showed that mid-day meal effects on nutritional status and one meal gives a calorific value of 357.6 and there was a significant difference between the distribution of MUAC (CM) during pre and post nutritious period in government school students. There was no significant difference between the other anthropometric measurements like height, weight and TSFT and hemoglobin values.Conclusions: Study showed that mid-day meal affects nutritional status. A balanced freshly cooked meal in the noon is healthier and nutritious impacting the school children’s academic performance.

Role of Sneha kalpana (Oil based formulation) in the management of Vataja Prameha (Vata predominance Prameha) w.s.r. to Khadira-kramuka kashaya siddha taila

Diabetes mellitus is a fast-growing pandemic. In India, the urban population is more prone to disease rather than the rural Indian population. Dietary habits, faulty lifestyle, and urbanization leading to reduced physical exercise may be responsible to a large extent. Indian system of medicine, namely Ayurveda cited a disease entity named Prameha. It is a clinical syndrome that includes various clinical conditions like, obesity, pre-diabetes, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. The symptomatology, types, and sub-types mentioned in the context shows relevance with modern times rationale of free fatty acid and its role in peripheral insulin resistance. The article put an emphasis on those cases of chronic diabetes (DM type 2) which becomes insulin dependent in later phase of life and its coherence with Vatolwana prameha of kaphaja and pittaja variety(Kaphaja and Pittajaprameha with predominant Vata). This review article focuses on the Ayurvedic management of chronic insulin dependent type 2 diabetics. Various research papers indexed in Pubmed, SCOPUS, and Web of Science was deeply studied and cited appropriately in the article. The closest possible correlation of modern and Ayurveda principles and their relevance in the present time is tried to be drawn. The treatment protocol given in Ayurveda texts is scientific enough to be taken into consideration for making it as the first-line treatment of not only diabetes mellitus but also in the cases of obesity and metabolic syndrome.

Examining early and late onset of multimorbidity in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging.

The study objective was to understand characteristics and health outcomes of multimorbidity, distinguishing between multimorbidity onset in earlier and later phases of life among community-dwelling older adults in Canada. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using baseline data from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA). This analysis included 11,161 older adults who were between the ages of 65 and 85 years at baseline and who were living in community-based settings. Multimorbidity was defined using two cutpoints: two or more chronic conditions (MM2+) and three or more chronic conditions (MM3+). After calculating the age of diagnosis for eligible participants, "early multimorbidity" was defined as multiple chronic conditions diagnosed before 45 years of age, while "late multimorbidity" was defined as multiple chronic conditions diagnosed at or after 45 years of age. The five health outcomes explored were physical disability, social limitation, frailty level, perceived general health status, and perceived mental health status. Overall, the prevalence of MM2+ was 75.3% (95% CI: 74.3, 76.1) and the prevalence of MM3+ was 47.0% (95% CI: 46.0, 48.0). The majority of participants (both females and males) living with multimorbidity were categorized with late multimorbidity. Participants with early multimorbidity or both early and late multimorbidity had increased odds of physical disability, social limitation, increased frailty level, and negative perceived general and mental health. These patterns were detected for both MM2+ and MM3+. This study examined the impact of the timing of multimorbidity onset on five health outcomes. Our findings highlight the importance of clinical and public health interventions to prevent and manage the causes and consequences of multimorbidity, with particular focus on age of onset. Future longitudinal research should be done to further articulate the relationships between multimorbidity and these health outcomes over time.

Emotional Intelligence Among Secondary Students: Role of Gender and Type of School

In recent years emotional intelligence has gained immense importance especially in predicting the success and failure of an individual in his life. The one who has high level of emotional intelligence is found to be better in handling the situations of life than one who has low level of emotional intelligence. Children in the age group of 14-16 years pass through the phase of life which is considered to be crucial in determining the development of a later phase of life. This phase is considered by many as stress and storm. Therefore, it is imperative that they are able to handle and control their emotions as it has implications for their immediate and future life. The present study was conducted in the urban settings wherein 246 students from public and private-funded institutions participated. The result indicated that female students have higher emotional intelligence in comparison to their male counterparts whereas the type of school does not act as a significant factor in differentiating emotional intelligence.

IN-VITRO SCREENING OF THEAFLAVIN AND GINKGETIN ON A549 LUNG CANCER CELL LINE

Cancer is a complex, multi-gene, multi-step disease occurring as a result of a sequential accumulation of genetic and epigenetic changes. Death due to cancer rank second among all cause of death globally. Dysregulation of signaling pathway e.g. HGF/c-MET which were otherwise activated during embryonic development contributes to malignant transformation and metastasis in later phase of life. Phytochemicals due to their safety, low toxicity, and general availability are either taken as supplement or through dietary sources for cancer chemoprevention or supportive agent during the treatment of cancer. The present study therefore aim to screen in-silico inspired c-MET antagonist Theaflavin & Ginkgetin in-vitro on against A549 cell line along with their antiangiogenesis effect on chick embryo model.

An Ecological Study: The Causations, Consequences, and Combatants of Malnourishment in Sub Sahara Africa

Background: The study expatiates major causation and consequences of malnourishment in Sub Sahara Africa and concurrently explores the efficacy of salubrious nutriment effectual in complying health requisite of indigent populaces. Methods: An ecological study circumscribes about underprivilege African territories enduring deplorable conditions and health-related challenges. Selects twenty States resides in Sub Sahara Africa, employing nonrandom nonproportional quota sampling, each reveal critically on considered causations and consequences of malnourishment. Followingly delve efficacy of combatant of malnourishment, by contrasting five North African Territories, each chief producer of healthy nutriment, against the rest of Africa. All considered variables characterizing causation, consequences, and combatant assessed inconsideration to malnourishment. Study articulated considering primary and secondary sources available online. Perform statistical analysis using SPSS 16. Complete compilation phase lasts for four months extend from June to September 2019. Results: Populace internal and external mal exposure characterizing undernutrition proportion, adulterated water consumption, poor sanitation, ambience aerial perils, vehement UV-radiations, noise nuisance, constitute major causation of malnourishment in children under age 5. Subsequently, high proportion of childhood stunting or wasting determines negative correlation with adulthood intelligence quotient, productivity, and healthy life span. Whereas nations enrich in healthy nutriments embracing dates, honey or olive oil considerably precludes malnourishment, encounter relatively low incidence of stunting and wasting. Conclusion: Insalubrious internal and external mal exposures considerably reprehensible for continuous acclivity in prevalence of malnourishment. Increase incidence in early ages impel health diminution in later phases of life. Incorporation of healthy regimen likely to halt grueling trends and execute populace healthy profiles.

Self-perceived general health among community-dwelling Portuguese older adults: do men and women differ?

AbstractEvidence on how gender intersects with relevant social constructs in later phases of life is scarce. This investigation examined gender inequalities in perceived health status (self-perceived general health; SPGH) by Portuguese elderly community-dwellers while considering psycho-social and socio-demographic determinants. This study used data from a representative sample of community-dwellers aged ≥65 years (N = 920), who were enrolled in the Portuguese Elderly Nutritional Status Surveillance System (PEN-3S) project. Associations between SPGH and socio-demographic and psycho-social variables, functionality and self-reported morbidity were tested; indirect effects of relevant predictors on SPGH were also tested using a bootstrap method. Gender inequalities in health were found: women significantly rated their health worse than men; overall, participants rated their health as fair. Education, functional status, depression symptoms and self-reported morbidity significantly predicted SPGH among women, whereas only the latter two were associated with SPGH among men. For both genders, depression was the strongest predictor of SPGH. Mediation analyses detected indirect effects of cognitive function and loneliness feelings on SPGH among older adults. Results herein provide insights on the predictive role of psycho-social variables on SPGH and support the need for considering the context when addressing the correlates of SPGH among Portuguese older adults. Altogether, these findings might support cost-effective interventions targeting the most vulnerable groups of the population to inequalities in health and its predictors.

Risky sexual behaviours among adolescent undergraduate students in Nigeria: does social context of early adolescence matter?

Introductionadolescent undergraduate students engage in sexual acts that put them at risk of contracting Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and unwanted pregnancies. Even though the social context of early adolescence accounts for developmental changes in later phase of life, its impact on adolescents' risky sexual behaviour has not been extensively explored. In this study, we examined how the social context of early adolescence influenced adolescent's risky sexual behaviour in the university.Methodsqualitative data were collected from 24 adolescent undergraduate students of four universities in South-eastern Nigeria. Both males and females, within the age of 16-19 years were interviewed. The data were coded, managed with the use of Atlas.ti software and thematically analysed.Resultsthe findings indicated that risky sexual behaviours among adolescent undergraduate students are embedded in the quality of sex education by parents at early adolescence. As such, unprotected sex and multiple sexual partners were rampant among adolescents who were not exposed to quality sex education at early adolescence. Adolescents whose parents are religious and/or authoritative but did not teach sex education during early adolescence engaged in risky sexual behaviours in the university. Also, adolescent undergraduate students that were raised in rural areas indulged in unprotected sex because of limited access to sex education during early adolescence.Conclusionsocial context of early adolescence means a lot for adolescents' sexual experience in later phase of life. When parents provide their children the right information about sex, it can protect them from risky sexual behaviours as they grow older.

Excluded from the Good Life? An Ethical Approach to Conceptions of Active Ageing

Contesting previous deficit-oriented models of ageing by focusing on the resources and potential of older people, concepts of ‘successful’, ‘productive’, and ‘active ageing’ permeate social policy discourses and agendas in ageing societies. They not only represent descriptive categories capturing the changing realities of later phases of life, but also involve positive visions and prescriptive claims regarding old age. However, the evaluative and normative content of these visions and claims is hardly ever explicitly acknowledged, let alone theoretically discussed and justified. Therefore, such conceptions of ‘ageing well’ have been criticised for promoting biased policies that privilege or simply impose particular practices and lifestyles. This appears problematic as it can obstruct or even effectively foreclose equal chances of leading a good life at old age. Against this backdrop, our contribution aims to discuss current conceptions of active ageing from an ethical point of view. Starting from an analysis of policy discourses and their critique, we first examine the moral implications of prominent conceptions of active ageing, focusing on evaluative and normative premises. By employing philosophical approaches, we analyse these premises in light of a eudemonistic ethics of good life at old age and detect fixations, shortcomings, and blind spots. Finally, we discuss consequences for ethically informed active ageing research and policies, highlighting the interrelations between one-sided ideals of ageing well and social discrimination and exclusion.

Telomere Length and Depression Among Ex-Prisoners of War: The Role of Subjective Age.

Exposure to captivity increases the risk for multiple disturbances that may intensify during old age. In later phases of life, former-prisoners-of-war (ex-POWs) may suffer from depression as well as from accelerated aging, manifested in older subjective age and leukocyte telomere shortening. The current study assesses the link between these varied facets of increased vulnerability during old age and explores (a) the associations between subjective age and telomere length; (b) the mediating role of changes in subjective age over time within the associations between depression and telomere length. Eighty-eight ex-POWs were assessed prospectively 30 (T1), 35 (T2), and 45 (T3) years after the 1973 Israeli Yom-Kippur War. Depression was assessed at T1; subjective age was assessed at T2 and T3; and telomere length and control variables were assessed at T3. Older subjective age at T3 was associated with concurrent shorter telomeres, beyond the effect of chronological age. Change in subjective age between T2 and T3 mediated the relations between depression at T1 and shorter telomeres at T3 beyond the effects of control variables. Findings suggest that the detrimental ramifications of accelerated subjective age involve premature cellular senesces, and may explain the relation between depression and accelerated aging processes among trauma victims. Hence, clinical interventions may seek to address accelerated subjective age among trauma survivors who suffer from depression.

When kidneys get old: an essay on nephro-geriatrics.

Aging is a nearly universal phenomenon in biology only partially controlled by genetic endowment. Individuals and their organs age at varying rates. The kidneys manifest the aging process by steady loss of nephrons and a corresponding decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) beginning about age 30 years. The mechanisms responsible for this observation is are elusive. However, defining chronic kidney disease based on arbitrary, fixed thresholds of GFR in the later phases of life can be problematical as it may over-diagnosis CKD in the elderly. A modest, persisting reduction of GFR (around 45-59 ml/min/1.73m2) without abnormal proteinuria does not seem to confer much of an adverse effect on mortality and remaining life expectancy in older adults and the development of end-stage renal disease in such subjects is very uncommon. Old kidneys should not be equated with "diseased" kidneys.