Latent Phase Research Articles

Features of the pathogen and efficacy of drug-resistant tuberculosis treatment

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), nearly 10.6 million new cases of tuberculosis were detected in 2022, indicating an increase of 3.5 % from the reported 10.3 million in 2021. After the COVID-19 pandemic, the incidence of tuberculosis increased by 3.9 % from 2020 to 2022. According to the latest regulatory documents, multidrug-resistant pathogen is diagnosed when any bacteriologic or molecular genetic methods reveal drug resistance of M. Tuberculosis complex at least to isoniazid and rifampicin regardless of resistance to other antituberculosis drugs.With a wide range of virulence genes, the tuberculosis pathogen expresses genes in different phases of infection. Some genes are “switched on” in the early phases and are important for overcoming immune defenses and spreading the pathogen in the host, while others are important for survival in the latent phase. These characteristics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis determine the need for correct and adequate selection of therapy. The problem of diagnostics and treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis remains extremely urgent. Despite the introduction of new tests for rapid determination of drug susceptibility spectrum of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the problem of timely and adequate prescription of chemotherapy regimen remains. When selecting therapy, the problem of prescribing a combination of antituberculosis drugs with proven efficacy against M. tuberculosis remains. The need to assess the patient’s comorbid status, which affects the effectiveness of treatment and the occurrence of relapses, remains relevant.Despite the introduction of new tests for rapid determination of the drug susceptibility spectrum of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the problem of timely and adequate prescription of chemotherapy remains relevant. The problem of prescribing a combination of antituberculosis drugs with proven efficacy against M. tuberculosis remains in the selection of therapy. Currently, the introduction of bedaquiline in therapy regimens is important for improving the effectiveness of tuberculosis treatment. In addition, studies are underway to shorten the duration of therapy for MDR-TB and XDR-TB, which is particularly important for maintaining patient adherence to treatment.

Gambaran Kasus Rujukan Persalinan di Klinik Mitra Delima

Labor is a complex and crucial physiological process in a woman's life cycle. It not only marks the end of pregnancy, but also the beginning of a new life. A normal labor process is expected to run smoothly without any complications, both for the mother and baby. This study aims to determine the description of labor referral cases at the Mitra Delima Clinic in Pamarican District in 2024. The research method used is a descriptive approach to know and understand the picture of referral of maternity mothers. The sampling technique used total sampling technique with a sample of 61 respondents. Data analysis using univariate analysis. The results of the study were a small proportion of respondents diagnosed referrals to serotinus respondents as many as 21 respondents (34.4%), a small proportion of respondents diagnosed referrals to early rupture of membranes respondents as many as 16 respondents (26.2%), very few of the respondents diagnosed referrals to prolonged latent phase respondents as many as 14 respondents (23%) and very few of the respondents diagnosed referrals to severe preeclampsia respondents (PEB) as many as 10 respondents (34.4%).The results of the univariate analysis showed that most of the referral respondents were in accordance with the SOP as many as 35 respondents (57.4%) and some of the referral respondents were not in accordance with the SOP as many as 26 respondents (42.6%). And it can be concluded that the description of labor referral cases most of the referral respondents according to the SOP at the Delima Partner Clinic, Pamarican District 2024. Keywords : Case referral, delivery Source.

Active management of labour versus expectant management of primiparous women with a prolonged latent phase: a randomized trial

Active management of labour versus expectant management of primiparous women with a prolonged latent phase: a randomized trial

Molecular Mechanisms of Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (HHV8)-Related Lymphomagenesis

Approximately 15–20% of cancers are caused by viruses. Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), also known as human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8), is an oncogenic virus that is the etiologic agent of not only Kaposi sarcoma but also the lymphoproliferative disorders, primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and multicentric Castleman disease (MCD). KSHV can infect a broad tropism of cells, including B lymphocytes, wherein KSHV encodes specific viral proteins that can transform the cell. KSHV infection precedes the progression of PEL and MCD. KSHV establishes lifelong infection and has two phases of its lifecycle: latent and lytic. During the latent phase, viral genomes are maintained episomally with limited gene expression. Upon sporadic reactivation, the virus enters its replicative lytic phase to produce infectious virions. KSHV relies on its viral products to modulate host factors to evade immune detection or to co-opt their function for KSHV persistence. These manipulations dysregulate normal cell pathways to ensure cell survival and inhibit antiviral immune responses, which in turn, contribute to KSHV-associated malignancies. Here, we highlight the known molecular mechanisms of KSHV that promote lymphomagenesis and how these findings identify potential therapeutic targets for KSHV-associated lymphomas.

Lytic promoter activity during herpes simplex virus latency is dependent on genome location.

Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is a significant pathogen that establishes lifelong latent infections with intermittent episodes of resumed disease. In mouse models of HSV infection, sporadic low-level lytic gene expression has been detected during latency in the absence of reactivation events that lead to production of new viruses. This viral activity during latency has been reported using a sensitive Cre-marking model for several lytic gene promoters placed in one location in the HSV-1 genome. Here, we extend these findings in the same model by examining first, the activity of an ectopic lytic gene promoter in several places in the genome and second, whether any promoters might be active in their natural context. We found that Cre expression was detected during latency from ectopic and native promoters, but only in locations near the ends of the unique long genome segment. This location is significant because it is in close proximity to the region from which latency-associated transcripts (LATs) are derived. These results show that native HSV-1 lytic gene promoters can produce protein products during latency, but that this activity is only detectable when they are located close to the LAT locus.IMPORTANCEHSV is a significant human pathogen and the best studied model of mammalian virus latency. Traditionally, the active (lytic) and inactive (latent) phases of infection were considered to be distinct, but the notion of latency being entirely quiescent is evolving due to the detection of some lytic gene expression during latency. Here, we add to this literature by finding that the activity can be found for native lytic gene promoters as well as for constructs placed ectopically in the HSV genome. However, this activity was only detectable when these promoters were located close by a region known to be transcriptionally active during latency. These data have implications for our understanding of HSV gene regulation during latency and the extent to which transcriptionally active regions are insulated from adjacent parts of the viral genome.

Techno-economic optimization and feasibility of PCM-based seasonal thermal energy storage systems for district heating and cooling

Phase change materials (PCM) are an attractive seasonal thermal energy storage solution for load shifting due to relatively high energy density. Nevertheless, the choice of the right design parameters, such as storage size and phase-change temperature, is nontrivial, as these are tightly linked to the expected seasonal operation of the storage. This paper presents a combined design and operation optimization framework for sizing PCM-based seasonal thermal storage, which can capture dynamic behaviour of the storage in sensible and latent phases, and its impact on the efficiency of connected heat pumps and chillers. The proposed method, formulated as a mixed integer quadratically-constrained programming problem, was applied to a case study of heating-dominated district. It was found that the optimal PCM melting temperature equals to the heating demand supply temperature, thus removing the need of a heat pump to discharge the storage. The optimal operation of storage requires a full charging and discharging cycle of both latent and liquid phase. Higher CO2 emission price does not lead to a significant reduction of CO2 emissions, but the storage size does, leading to a higher heating coverage ratio of the storage, and consequently CO2 emissions and cost savings, which can be further enhanced with PV integration. The economic analysis indicates that, unless other benefits such as storage volume reduction are accounted for, PCM cost should drop by a factor 4 to make this solution economically viable for seasonal storage.

Combining bioinformatics and machine learning to identify diagnostic biomarkers of TB associated with immune cell infiltration

ObjectiveThe asymptomatic nature of tuberculosis (TB) during its latent phase, combined with limitations in current diagnostic methods, makes accurate diagnosis challenging. This study aims to identify TB diagnostic biomarkers by integrating gene expression screening with machine learning, evaluating their diagnostic potential and correlation with immune cell infiltration. MethodsWe analyzed GSE19435, GSE19444, and GSE54992 datasets to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). GO and KEGG enrichment characterized gene functions. Three machine learning algorithms identified potential biomarkers, validated with GSE83456, GSE62525, and RT-qPCR on clinical samples. Immune cell infiltration was analyzed and verified with blood data. Results249 DEGs were identified, with PDE7A and DOK3 emerging as potential biomarkers. RT-qPCR confirmed their expression, showing AUCs above 0.75 and a combined AUC of 0.926 for TB diagnosis. Immune infiltration analysis revealed strong correlations between PDE7A, DOK3, and immune cells. ConclusionPDE7A and DOK3 show strong diagnostic potential for TB, closely linked to immune cell infiltration, and may serve as promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

Risks Associated with Prolonged Latent Phase of Labor.

We sought to assess the impact of a prolonged latent phase (PLP) on maternal and neonatal morbidity. This is a secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study conducted 2010 to 2015 that included all term gravidas who reached active labor (6 cm). Primary outcomes were composite maternal morbidity (maternal fever, postpartum hemorrhage, transfusion, endometritis, and severe perineal lacerations) and composite neonatal morbidity (respiratory distress syndrome, mechanical ventilation, birth injury, seizures, hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, therapeutic hypothermia, or umbilical artery pH ≤ 7.1). Outcomes were compared between patients with and without PLP, defined as ≥90th percentile of labor duration between admission and active phase. Results were stratified by induction of labor (IOL) versus spontaneous labor. A stratified analysis was performed by mode of delivery. Multivariable logistic regression was used to adjust for confounders. In this cohort of 6,509 patients, 51% underwent IOL. A total of 650 patients had a PLP with a median length of 8.5 hours in spontaneous labor and 18.8 hours in IOL. Among patients with PLP, there was a significant increase in composite maternal morbidity with both IOL (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.36, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01, 1.84) and spontaneous labor (aOR: 1.49, 95% CI: 1.09, 2.04) and an increase in composite neonatal morbidity with spontaneous labor only (aOR: 1.57, 95% CI: 1.01, 2.45). Cesarean delivery occurred more often in PLP group (14.0 vs. 25.1%). Among patients who underwent cesarean delivery, PLP remained associated with increased odds of maternal morbidity compared with those with normal latent phase. PLP at or above the 90th percentile in patients who reach active labor is associated with increased risk of maternal morbidity that is not mediated by cesarean delivery. PLP in spontaneous labor is associated with increased neonatal morbidity. These data suggest that further research is needed to establish latent phase cutoffs that may be incorporated into labor management guidelines. · Latent labor ≥90th percentile is associated with increased maternal morbidity in induced and spontaneous labor.. · Latent labor ≥90th percentile in spontaneous but not induced labor is associated with increased neonatal morbidity.. · Cesarean delivery alone does not explain this increased maternal morbidity..

TianTan vaccinia virus-based EBV vaccines targeting both latent and lytic antigens elicits potent immunity against lethal EBV challenge in humanized mice

ABSTRACT Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection has been related to multiple epithelial cancers and lymphomas. Current efforts in developing a prophylactic EBV vaccine have focused on inducing neutralizing antibodies. However, given the lifelong and persistent nature of EBV infection following primary infection, it is rationalized that an ideal vaccine should elicit both humoral and cellular immune responses targeting multiple stages of the EBV lifecycle. This study used a DNA vector and a TianTan vaccinia virus to express key EBV antigens, including BZLF1, EBNA1, EBNA3B, and gH/gL, to generate multi-antigen vaccines. The multi-antigen vaccine expressing all four antigens and the multi-antigen vaccine expressing BZLF1, EBNA1, and EBNA3B showed comparable protection effects and prevented 100% and 80% of humanized mice, respectively, from EBV-induced fatal B cell lymphoma by activating BZLF1, EBNA1, and EBNA3B specific T cell. The vaccine expressing lytic protein BZLF1 elicited stronger T cell responses and conferred superior protection compared to vaccines targeting single latent EBNA1 or EBNA3B. The vaccine solely expressing gH/gL exhibited no T cell protective effects in our humanized mice model. Our study implicates the potential of EBV vaccines that induce potent cellular responses targeting both latent and lytic phases of the EBV life cycle in the prevention of EBV-induced B cell lymphoma.

The Impact of Shiatsu Massage on Labour Pain and Anxiety: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Labour pain experienced by women during childbirth can significantly affect the mother's psychological condition and birthing process. This study aimed to determine the effect of shiatsu massage on pain and anxiety during labour. This randomized controlled trial was conducted on 80 nulliparous pregnant women who gave birth in four low-risk maternity clinics in Samarinda, Indonesia, from February to May 2022. The women were randomized into intervention (N=40) and control (N=40) groups based on random allocation. Certified midwives performed shiatsu massages following standard protocols. Pain was assessed using the Numeric Rating Scale, and anxiety was assessed using the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Score at three times including before the intervention (T0), the latent phase (T1), and at transition phase (T2). The impact of the intervention was analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance by SPSS 26. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The intervention group showed a significant reduction in labour pain scores from 6.85±1.00 (T0) to 6.13±0.88 (T1) and 4.78±0.83 (T2) (P<0.001), while the control group showed an increase from 6.85±1.00 (T0) to 8.05±0.64 (T1) and 8.85±0.48 (T2) (P<0.001). Anxiety scores in the intervention group decreased from 28.53±4.41 (T0) to 26.15±3.59 (T1) and 20.65±2.69 (T2) (P<0.001), whereas the control group experienced an increase from 25.55±3.16 (T0) to 27.05±3.36 (T1) and 31.73±3.27 (T2) (P<0.001). The between-subject effects in time levels for labour pain and anxiety in the two study groups had a significant impact (P<0.001). Findings showed that shiatsu massage was effective and safe for relieving pain and reducing anxiety during childbirth of nulliparous women. This research suggests that shiatsu massage can be used as an effective alternative method to relieve pain and anxiety during labour in low risk pregnancies, particularly in settings with limited access to pharmaceutical analgesics.Trial Registration Number: IRCT20220317054316N1.

The predictive role of uterocervical angle in labor outcomes: a narrative review.

Uterocervical angle (UCA) is the angle between the anterior or posterior uterine wall and the cervical canal, and it has become an unique ultrasonographic marker in the recent years. The predictive role of the UCA in spontaneous preterm births (sPTB) has been examined by numerous authors, however few data are available on UCA as predictor of labor outcome at term of pregnancy. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to evaluate the effectiveness of transvaginal ultrasound measurement of UCA at term, and its clinical implications in obstetrics' practice. A literature search was conducted including all studies regarding the predictive role of ultrasonographic evaluation of the UCA on labor outcomes from 1990 to 2023. A narrative synthesis was subsequently performed dividing studies that considered posterior and anterior UCA. Five studies were included for the anterior UCA, and ten for the posterior UCA. UCA was then evaluated as predictor of prolonged latent phase and predictor of the onset and mode of delivery. It is likely that the combination of multiple cervical parameters, rather than UCA assessment alone, together with clinical information, can achieve higher levels of accuracy in predicting delivery outcomes. Future prospective studies are needed to define with greater certainty the role of UCA as a useful screening tool before laboring, but, until then, the use of UCA as a screening test to predict labor outcome should remain investigational.

EFFICACY OF LOWER BACK MASSAGE FOR IMPROVEMENT OF LABOR PAIN AND PATIENT SATISFACTION

Labor pain management is crucial to obstetric care, as it influences the labor experience and overall patient satisfaction. Non-pharmacological interventions like lower back massage have been suggested to alleviate labor pain, but their efficacy requires further evaluation. Objective: To assess the efficacy of lower back massage in improving labor pain and patient satisfaction among pregnant women during labor. Methods: A prospective, cross-sectional study was conducted in the Gynecology and Obstetrics Department of Nishtar Hospital, Multan. A total of 160 pregnant women with single fetuses at full term, cervical dilation of 4 cm or more, and expected to have spontaneous delivery were included. Participants were divided into two groups: the study group (n=80) received sacral massage for 30 minutes at the end of the latent, active, and transition phases during contractions, while the control group (n=80) received standard care. Pain during severe contractions was measured using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and patient satisfaction was rated on a scale from 1 to 10, with 10 being the most satisfactory. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed using appropriate tests, with significance at p&lt;0.05. Results: Significant differences were observed between the groups in VAS scores during labor phases. In the latent phase, mean VAS scores were 4.9 ± 1 in the study group and 6.8 ± 1.5 in the control group (p&lt;0.05). In the active phase, scores were 7.1 ± 2.0 and 9.4 ± 1.4, respectively (p&lt;0.05). During the transition phase, the study group had a lower VAS score of 7.2 ± 3.2 compared to 9.5 ± 2.8 in the control group (p&lt;0.05). The mean satisfaction score was significantly higher in the study group (9 ± 0.9) compared to the control group (7.4 ± 1) (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: Lower back massage significantly reduces labor pain and enhances patient satisfaction during labor. Massage in standard obstetric care is recommended to improve maternal comfort and labor outcomes.

Quantum Dot-Based Nanosensors for In Vitro Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Despite the existing effective treatment methods, tuberculosis (TB) is the second most deadly infectious disease, its carriers in the latent and active phases accounting for more than 20% of the world population. An effective method for controlling TB and reducing TB mortality is regular population screening aimed at diagnosing the latent form of TB and taking preventive and curative measures. Numerous methods allow diagnosing TB by directly detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) biomarkers, including M.tb DNA, proteins, and specific metabolites or antibodies produced by the host immune system in response to M.tb. PCR, ELISA, immunofluorescence and immunochemical analyses, flow cytometry, and other methods allow the detection of M.tb biomarkers or the host immune response to M.tb by recording the optical signal from fluorescent or colorimetric dyes that are components of the diagnostic systems. Current research in biosensors is aimed at increasing the sensitivity of detection, a promising approach being the use of fluorescent quantum dots as brighter and more photostable optical tags. Here, we review current methods for the detection of M.tb biomarkers using quantum dot-based nanosensors and summarize data on the M.tb biomarkers whose detection can be made considerably more sensitive by using these sensors.

Highly Repetitive Genome of Coniella granati (syn. Pilidiella granati), the Causal Agent of Pomegranate Fruit Rot, Encodes a Minimalistic Proteome with a Streamlined Arsenal of Effector Proteins.

This study describes the first genome sequence and analysis of Coniella granati, a fungal pathogen with a broad host range, which is responsible for postharvest crown rot, shoot blight, and canker diseases in pomegranates. C. granati is a geographically widespread pathogen which has been reported across Europe, Asia, the Americas, and Africa. Our analysis revealed a 46.8 Mb genome with features characteristic of hemibiotrophic fungi. Approximately one third of its genome was compartmentalised within 'AT-rich' regions exhibiting a low GC content (30 to 45%). These regions primarily comprised transposable elements that are repeated at a high frequency and interspersed throughout the genome. Transcriptome-supported gene annotation of the C. granati genome revealed a streamlined proteome, mirroring similar observations in other pathogens with a latent phase. The genome encoded a relatively compact set of 9568 protein-coding genes with a remarkable 95% having assigned functional annotations. Despite this streamlined nature, a set of 40 cysteine-rich candidate secreted effector-like proteins (CSEPs) was predicted as well as a gene cluster involved in the synthesis of a pomegranate-associated toxin. These potential virulence factors were predominantly located near repeat-rich and AT-rich regions, suggesting that the pathogen evades host defences through Repeat-Induced Point mutation (RIP)-mediated pseudogenisation. Furthermore, 23 of these CSEPs exhibited homology to known effector and pathogenicity genes found in other hemibiotrophic pathogens. The study establishes a foundational resource for the study of the genetic makeup of C. granati, paving the way for future research on its pathogenicity mechanisms and the development of targeted control strategies to safeguard pomegranate production.

Magnetohydrodynamic double diffusion natural convection of power-law Non-Newtonian Nano-Encapsulated phase change materials in a trapezoidal enclosure

PurposeThe present numerical investigation examines the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) double diffusion natural convection of power-law non-Newtonian nano-encapsulated phase change materials (NEPCMs) in a trapezoidal cavity.Design/methodology/approachThe governing Navier-Stokes, energy and concentration equations based on the Cartesian curvilinear coordinates are solved using the collocated grid arrangement’s finite volume method. The in-house FORTRAN code is validated with the different benchmark problems. The NEPCM nanoparticles consist of a core-shell structure with Phase Change Material (PCM) at the core. The enclosure, shaped as a trapezoidal hollow, features a warmed (Th) left wall and a cold (Tc) right wall. Various parameters are considered, including the power law index (0.6 ≤ n ≤ 1.4), Hartmann number (0 ≤ Ha ≤ 30), Rayleigh number (104 ≤ Ra ≤ 105) and fixed variables such as buoyancy ratio (Br = 0.8), Prandtl number (Pr = 6.2), Lewis number (Le = 5), fusion temperature (Θf = 0.5) and volume fraction (ϕ = 0.04).FindingsThe findings indicate a decrease in local Nusselt (Nu) and Sherwood (Sh) numbers with increasing Hartmann numbers (Ha). Additionally, for a shear-thinning fluid (n = 0.6) results in the maximum local Nu and Sh values. As the Rayleigh number (Ra) increases from 104 to 105, the structured vortex in the streamline pattern is disturbed. Furthermore, for different Ra values, an increase in n from 0.6 to 1.4 leads to a 67.43% to 76.88% decrease in average Nu and a 70% to 77% decrease in average Sh.Research limitations/implicationsThis research is for two-dimensioal laminar flow only.Practical implicationsPCMs represent a class of practical substances that behave as a function of temperature and have the innate ability to absorb, release and store heated energy in the form of hidden fusion enthalpy, or heat. They are valuable in these systems as they can store significant energy at a relatively constant temperature through their latent heat phase change.Originality/valueAs per the literature review and the authors’ understanding, an examination has never been conducted on MHD double diffusion natural convection of power-law non-Newtonian NEPCMs within a trapezoidal enclosure. The current work is innovative since it combines NEPCMs with the effect of magnetic field Double diffusion Natural Convection of power-law non-Newtonian NEPCMs in a Trapezoidal enclosure. This outcome can be used to improve thermal management in energy storage systems, increasing safety and effectiveness.

Role of Divalent Cations in Infections in Host-Pathogen Interaction.

With increasing numbers of patients worldwide diagnosed with diabetes mellitus, renal disease, and iatrogenic immune deficiencies, an increased understanding of the role of electrolyte interactions in mitigating pathogen virulence is necessary. The levels of divalent cations affect host susceptibility and pathogen survival in persons with relative immune insufficiency. For instance, when host cellular levels of calcium are high compared to magnesium, this relationship contributes to insulin resistance and triples the risk of clinical tuberculosis. The movement of divalent cations within intracellular spaces contributes to the host defense, causing apoptosis or autophagy of the pathogen. The control of divalent cation flow is dependent in part upon the mammalian natural resistance-associated macrophage protein (NRAMP) in the host. Survival of pathogens such as M tuberculosis within the bronchoalveolar macrophage is also dependent upon NRAMP. Pathogens evolve mutations to control the movement of calcium through external and internal channels. The host NRAMP as a metal transporter competes for divalent cations with the pathogen NRAMP in M tuberculosis (whether in latent, dormant, or active phase). This review paper summarizes mechanisms of pathogen offense and patient defense using inflow and efflux through divalent cation channels under the influence of parathyroid hormone vitamin D and calcitonin.

Kinetics study on inhibiting battery thermal runaway using an inorganic phase change material with a super high thermochemical storage capacity

Lithium-ion batteries are susceptible to fires and explosions due to thermal runaway, a serious safety hazard. This study explores the potential of using hydrated inorganic salt (TCM40) composite phase change materials to prevent thermal runaway in battery packs. TCM40 composites stand out due to their exceptional thermochemical heat storage capacity, which allows them to effectively absorb excess heat during runaway events. The research investigates how thermal conductivity, thermal storage capacity, and cell spacing influence the propagation of thermal runaway. The findings demonstrate that TCM40 composites, with a thermal storage density exceeding 1000 kJ/kg, are significantly more effective in preventing thermal runaway compared to traditional latent heat storage phase change materials with lower capacities. To gain a comprehensive understanding of thermal runaway mitigation, a combined thermal management model was developed. This model integrates a battery thermal runaway model with a kinetic model describing the decomposition of TCM40 composites. The analysis reveals that the high heat absorption capability of TCM40 composites minimizes heat transfer to neighboring cells during thermal runaway. Furthermore, the model provides valuable insights into the synergistic effects of thermal conductivity and heat storage capacity on runaway propagation. This knowledge can be directly applied to design safer battery packs, even for compact configurations where cell spacing is less than 2 mm. This study offers significant advancements in both thermal protection materials and design strategies for lithium-ion battery packs. These advancements have the potential to significantly improve battery system safety and minimize the risk of explosions.

Impact of fetal spine alignment according to maternal lateralization during early labor on maternal comfort and birth outcomes: A prospective cohort study in Kelantan, Malaysia.

Maternal positioning during labor significantly influences maternal comfort. This study aims to identify the preferred maternal lateral position during the latent phase and examine the impact of alignment between maternal lateralization and fetal spine positioning during the active phase of the first stage of labor on maternal comfort. Pregnant women in the first stage of labor beyond 37 weeks of gestation were recruited over six months from March to August 2020 for this prospective cohort study at Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia. Eligible individuals were randomly allocated to align with the fetal spine (n=180) or oppose it (n=180). Fetal spine positions were confirmed via transabdominal ultrasound. Maternal mean comfort scores were assessed using the established Maternal Comfort Assessment Tool. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS version 27, with a p<0.05 considered significant. There was a significant association between the preferred maternal position during the latent phase and concordance with the same maternal lateralization-fetal spine alignment (p<0.001). Higher mean comfort scores were observed when the maternal lateral position matched the fetal spine alignment during the active phase of labor. There was a significant association of normal CTG tracings when the maternal position was aligned with the fetal spine (p<0.001). Parturients preferred lying in alignment with the fetal spine lateralization during the latent phase. This position also offers increased comfort during the active phase of labor. It highlights the importance of considering maternal-fetal alignment as a critical factor in intrapartum care.

Therapeutic Rest as an Intervention in Early Labor: A Literature Review.

The latent phase of labor poses a challenge for pregnant patients due to the limited options available for pain relief and management. Therapeutic rest, an intervention involving medication administration during this phase, has shown promise in addressing prelabor discomfort and anxiety. To emphasize the significance of therapeutic rest during early labor, describe methods of administering this intervention, review data on efficacy and maternal/fetal outcomes, and determine appropriate criteria and timing of utilization. Articles were obtained from a thorough PubMed literature search; relevant articles were reviewed. Studies have shown that delaying admission to active labor benefits maternal and fetal outcomes. Pregnant patients admitted in the latent phase are at greater risk for obstetric interventions and have heightened emotional challenges. However, administering therapeutic rest during this phase has shown promising outcomes without significantly increasing the risks of adverse events. Randomized controlled trials are needed to evaluate the efficacy of therapeutic rest on subsequent admission rates for patients in active labor. Therapeutic rest offers a favorable approach to managing pain and discomfort in early labor. Although there are criteria and contraindications, the interventions have shown effectiveness without substantial adverse effects, providing a potential outpatient management strategy for the latent phase of labor. This review offers insight into potential interventions and outcomes for managing the latent stage of labor in pregnant patients.

Maternal and Perinatal outcomes in nulliparous Kashmiri women who present in latent phase versus active phase of labour

Maternal and Perinatal outcomes in nulliparous Kashmiri women who present in latent phase versus active phase of labour