Late Starter Research Articles

Friction stir welding and processing of pipes: a status report on joining, materials, and industry applications

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to compile a comprehensive status report on pipes/piping networks across different industrial sectors, along with specifications of materials and sizes, and showcase welding avenues. It further extends to highlight the promising friction stir welding as a single solid-state pipe welding procedure. This paper will enable all piping, welding and friction stir welding stakeholders to identify scope for their engagement in a single window. Design/methodology/approach The paper is a review paper, and it is mainly structured around sections on materials, sizes and standards for pipes in different sectors and the current welding practice for joining pipe and pipe connections; on the process and principle of friction stir welding (FSW) for pipes; identification of main welding process parameters for the FSW of pipes; effects of process parameters; and a well-carved-out concluding summary. Findings A well-carved-out concluding summary of extracts from thoroughly studied research is presented in a structured way in which the avenues for the engagement of FSW are identified. Research limitations/implications The implications of the research are far-reaching. The FSW is currently expanding very fast in the welding of flat surfaces and has evolved into a vast number of variants because of its advantages and versatility. The application of FSW is coming up late but catching up fast, and as a late starter, the outcomes of such a review paper may support stake holders to expand the application of this process from pipe welding to pipe manufacturing, cladding and other high-end applications. Because the process is inherently inclined towards automation, its throughput rate is high and it does not need any consumables, the ultimate benefit can be passed on to the industry in terms of financial gains. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the only review exclusively for the friction stir welding of pipes with a well-organized piping specification detailed about industrial sectors. The current pipe welding practice in each sector has been presented, and the avenues for engaging FSW have been highlighted. The FSW pipe process parameters are characteristically distinguished from the conventional FSW, and the effects of the process parameters have been presented. The summary is concise yet comprehensive and organized in a structured manner.

Kaveri River Water Dispute and Reduction in Crop Productivity in a Sample Village Depending on River Water for Irrigation

The essence of the Cauvery dispute is still a conflict of interest between a downstream state (Tamil Nadu) that has a long history of vast irrigated agriculture land and has in the process been making substantial use of Cauvery waters and an upstream state (Karnataka) that was a late starter in irrigation development. It has been making rapid progress and has the advantage of being an upper riparian with greater control over the waters. Frequent inadequate rainfall in Tamil Nadu every time to approach the Supreme Court asking for an immediate release of 30tmc feet by Karnataka to save the standing crops in Thanjavur delta. In keeping the above background of information about the two interstate problems, the Kaveri delta region is most affected during the past decades. Due to erratic monsoon season the delta which is solely depending on the Kaveri river water irrigation is another blow to the farmers. This has resulted the decrease in crop productivity and also majority of the land which was put to use for agricultural activities, now let on as uncultivated lands due to Kaveri river water for irrigation. The delta farmers and the agriculture worker are rendered without any agricultural activities and some of them who are exclusively depending on agriculture, like small farmers, have been suffered drastically for their day to day bread. The present research would highlight the loss of agricultural productivity from the past to the present, and how it has affected the granary of Tamil Nadu. For the purpose of the sample study a village namely Eachankottai, which is solely depending on the Kaveri river water for the irrigation purpose has been selected for the present study.

전석담 역사학의 숨은 ‘발원지’와 해방 전후 한국 사회경제사 인식 - 도호쿠제국대학 경제학과와 ‘시대구분론’을 중심으로 -

Jeon Seok-dam(全錫淡, 1916~?) was 22 years younger than Paek Nam-wun, and was a young new-generation scholar in colonized Joseon, engaged in studies of Marxist Socio-Economic History. In prior studies, the position he had over the issue of dividing periods, which distinguished himself from supporters of the usual ‘Five-Stage Scheme of Periodization’ theory, has always been considered to be unique. Examined in this article is how he shaped his own such stance through all the schools he attended. Instead of the Keijo Imperial University, he went to the high school in Japan and then attended the Dohoku Imperial University’s Department of Economy. He was the only Joseon graduate of this department. But when tension surrounding the department was heightened due to the Scandal of ‘Professors for the Peasants and Laborers Group’ that broke out in 1938, he moved over to the Post-graduate school of the Keijo Imperial University.<BR> His teacher Nakamura Kichiji(中村吉治) studied the history of Agricultural policies and Rural Agricultural society in the Early Edo Bakuhu period, with a focus on the Hopae(Household tablet) institution and the Oga Jaktong(Five-Household Registry) system. His other teacher, Uno Kozo(宇野弘蔵), presented the concept of ‘Underdeveloped partner in a relationship(後進),’ and tried to explain the problems that surfaced in Japan’s modernization process as a late starter, while attempting to overcome the existing view -a rather polarized one- which had only engaged in examining single states.<BR> Influenced and inspired by his own predecessors, Jeon Seok-dam argued that the Hopae institution and the Oga Jaktong system of the early Joseon period indeed had the effect of restraining the peasantry population. He also viewed that Japan succeeded in modernizing itself even with the handicap of starting late, while Joseon as a colonized country was eventually included in the Capitalist world order but still had a pretty underdeveloped industrial structure. However, he never directly quoted his teachers at Dohoku, and placed a bigger emphasis on the Capitalist nature of colonized Joseon only after finally landing in North Korea himself. His such stance seems to have been the result of adjusting to the academic atmosphere of the two Koreas, which may have forced him to embrace his mentors’ methodology yet (conveniently) omit proper recognition of them.

Does the age matter in acquiring second language?

It has been being debatable issue for very long time, the early starter verseus late starter in the second language acquisition. Some researchers assumed and found that the early starter can acquire language better than the late starter, because they are in the critical period. While, some researchers found that the late starter can acquire and perform the new language better than the early starter, because they have better ability in understanding some aspects of languages. Therefore, this current paper concerned to find any factors influence someone in acquiring the second language acquisition. This study involved nine International students who are studying in Hungary, they started learning and acquiring Hungarian language when they have passed their critical period. This current study found that the age is not the only main factor in acquiring the language, but there are some other factors, including the society, access to the language, attitude toward language, love, and friendship/relationship.

A historical review of general medicine

The first official general medicine was established in the United States, and society of general medicine established in 1947. After that the European and American countries began to study of general medicine and construct system. In 1966, the commonwealth launched the first global residency training program in general medicine.At present, many countries have formed a perfect general practitioner training system. In 1988, the concept of general medicine was introduced into China. In 1989, the Chinese Medical Association established the General Medicine Education Committee, marked the beginning of general medical education in China. In 1993, General Medicine Branch of Chinese Medical Association was set up, was a symbol of the birth of general medicine in China. Compared with some European and American countries, China's general medicine was a late starter, and the training of general practitioners has experienced the development of diversification, at present, it is in line with the international training mode.

A Conceptual Model to Measure the Impact of Consumer Behaviour on E-Retailing in India

21st century is the era of information technology. Be it social networking, banking, ticket booking or e-retailing, the presence of information technology is ubiquitous in our day-to-day affairs. IT has transcended the physical distance between the service providers and the service receivers. It has also provided the consumers the much needed convenience and offered them competitive price for various products and services. In this context, e-retailing has become a major shopping medium for customers specially the younger generations. The tech savvy young generation has taken to e-retailing like a fish takes to water. Even the older generations are becoming comfortable with the use of information technology for shopping purpose. India despite being a late starter, has become a major force in e-retailing and managed to achieve the tag of the fastest growing market in this category within a very short period. Apart from the home grown Flipkart, Snapdeal, Paytm, Shopclues, the largest e-tailer in the world Amazon has also made it into the country. Top retailers like Walmart and Alibaba have picked up major stakes in various e-tailers. The competition has become intense with large discounts and large assortment of products the order of the day. In this context, it has become essential for e-tailers to gauge the consumer behaviour to effectively target them. The present study is an effort to find out the various essential factors impacting e-retail purchase in India and develop a conceptual model for the same.

Integrated Design for Biomass Compression Molding Machine Based on CAD Technology

This paper explores the architecture of the complete biomass compression molding machine based on CAD technology. Here is one biomass fuel molding machine with low energy consumption, high yield, long service life, and high density of molded fuels, designed in the flat die roller forming mode as required by design tasks after transmission scheme and master parameters are defined, provided that the advantages and disadvantages of all types of molding machines are analyzed. This equipment will fill up the gaps of traditional models in terms of high development cost, unreasonable architecture design, and short service life of key components.As a huge energy consumption super-country, China suffers from the pressure from both brisk energy demand and the environmental concerns due to more and more fossil energy consumption. The biomass fuel processed using compression molding technology can help alleviate the energy shortage, improve the ecological environment, and establish a sustainable energy system. On this basis, China has been driving into the fast lane of economic and social development. As a late starter, China never involved the investigation on such biomass compression molding technology until the 1980s. In recent years, the piston compression molding machine (CMM) based on hot press molding principle and the ring-mode compression granulator based on viscosity-shear principle, respectively developed by Henan Agriculture University and Shandong University as pioneers in the field, have been typical models in the study. Few ever involved the flat-mode granulator (FMG). Here we take it as a study case, analyzes the available flat-mode CMMs, and eventually works out a type of more practical flat-mode granulator by integrating relevant design theories and application technologies.

Development Scenario of Education in Arunachal Pradesh and Comparative Study of Male Female Literacy

Literacy is essential for eradicating poverty and mental isolation, for cultivating peaceful and friendly relation and for permitting the free play of demographic process. Illiteracy, on the other hand, takes away from man his dignity, perpetuates ignorance, poverty and mental isolation, deters peaceful and friendly relations and free democratic process and hampers social advancement, economic growth and political maturity. Arunachal Pradesh is late starter in formal education. The actual opening era of education came in state after India became independent in 1947. The process of development was slow but steady because of many unfavourable factors like inaccessibility, lack of interest of administration, illiteracy and ignorance of local people and lack of communication etc. In Arunachal Pradesh till independence literacy rate was only less than 1 percent. In the succeeding five years plans, an increasing percentage of expenditure on education has given good result despite of formidable constraints. Present literacy rate of male is 73.69 and female is 59.57, male-female disparity is observe as 14.12. It is observed that good fruit of education in the state is achieved though the females are lagging behind the males.

Comparative Study on Chinese and Global OLED Industry Based on Patent Data

Against the background of intelligent manufacturing, the development of chip technology has been widely discussed by scholars. The Chinese chip industry is constantly hit upon in the international background, and the reasons behind this exploration are particularly important for the future development of chip technology in the country. To solve this problem, the paper chooses to study the typical OLED technology in the chip industry. This paper uses 14979 patent data of OLED technology, from 1900 to 2017, as the research object. Data are taken from the global patent statistics database (PATSTAT). From the perspective of the annual application numbers and main research content, it is concluded that Chinese OLED technology has been a late starter, with companies mainly choosing the road of importing equipment. OLED technology lacks specific direction in view of the mastered technical patents, and the related technology is mostly in the peripheral activities. Therefore, OLED technology cannot enter the core area of this field. In this paper, the leading technology identification model, based on a PageRank algorithm, is used to identify the leading technology in the global and domestic OLED patents, and we compare the patents’ holders. It is concluded that the Chinese OLED industry cannot occupy a favorable position on the international stage; some research institutes in China have R&D ability, but they lack production facilities. The development of industrialization restricts the sustainable development of related technologies. In view of the above results, this paper provides suggestions from the perspective of researchers, related enterprises, and government and patent protection agencies, in order to promote the development of the Chinese OLED industry and to play a referential role in the growth of China’s chip industry.

A European late starter: lessons from the history of reform in Irish health care.

The Irish health care system is unusual within Europe in not providing universal, equitable access to either primary or acute hospital care. The majority of the population pays out-of-pocket fees to access primary health care. Due to long waits for public hospital care, many purchase private health insurance, which facilitates faster access to public and private hospital services. The system has been the subject of much criticism and repeated reform attempts. Proposals in 2011 to develop a universal health care system, funded by Universal Health Insurance, were abandoned in 2015 largely due to cost concerns. Despite this experience, there remains strong political support for developing a universal health care system. By applying an historical institutionalist approach, the paper develops an understanding of why Ireland has been a European outlier. The aim of the paper is to identify and discuss issues that may arise in introducing a universal healthcare system to Ireland informed by an understanding of previous unsuccessful reform proposals. Challenges in system design faced by a late-starter country like Ireland, including overcoming stakeholder resistance, achieving clarity in the definition of universality and avoiding barriers to access, may be shared by countries whose universal systems have been compromised in the period of austerity.

The natural history of risky drinking and associated harms from adolescence to young adulthood: findings from the Australian Temperament Project.

We aimed to describe the natural history of heavy episodic drinking (HED) and associated harms from adolescence to young adulthood in a large Australian population cohort study. The Australian Temperament Project consists of mothers and babies (4-8 months) recruited from Infant Welfare Centres and followed every 2 to 4 years until age 28 years. Analyses were based on data from 1156 young people (497 male; 659 female) surveyed repeatedly at ages 16, 18, 20, 24 and 28 years. We used dual processes latent class growth analysis to estimate trajectories of HED and associated harms, employing a piecewise approach to model the hypothesized rise and subsequent fall across adolescence and the late twenties, respectively. We identified four sex-specific trajectories and observed little evidence of maturing-out across the twenties. In males, a normative pattern of increasing HED across the twenties with little related harm was observed (40% of the male sample). Early and late starter groups that peaked in harms at age 20 years with only minor attenuation in binging thereafter were also observed (6.1% and 35%, respectively). In females, a normative pattern of increasing, but moderate, HED with little related harm was observed (44% of the female sample). Early and late starter groups were also identified (18% and 17%, respectively); however, unlike males, the female late starter group showed a pattern of increasing HED and related harms. Continued patterns of risky alcohol use and related harms are apparent for both males and females across the twenties.

Exploring determinants of internationalisation: the case of late starters

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the determinants of internationalisation among late starters in the wine sector. Strategic implications for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in a young wine producing region are derived based on the findings.Design/methodology/approachData were collected through a quantitative survey among 38 wineries that are engaged in export activity in the Romagna wine producing area (Italy). Both multivariate analysis of cardinal company data through multiple and fractional regression models as well as nonparametric analysis of Likert-type survey elements were carried out.FindingsThe study identifies several determinants that affect the export intensity of businesses in the sample: Resources within the business turn out to be important, as well as the choice of distribution partners. Characteristics of exported goods were found to differ on comparing intra- and extra-EU exports.Practical implicationsCompetitiveness in the international marketplace is closely linked to the product quality, distribution network and productivity of a firm. Regional networks can help businesses to develop these factors, overcome export barriers and strengthen the competitiveness of a region as a whole.Originality/valueThis study investigated the determinants of internationalisation in a wine producing region which is considered a late starter of internationalisation in the wine industry and it is the first one spotlighting on a regional firm-level in the Italian wine industry.

Effect of Supplementing Saccharomyces cerevisiae into Low Quality Local-Based Feeds on Performance and Nutrient Digestibility of Late Starter Local Pigs

Effect of Supplementing Saccharomyces cerevisiae into Low Quality Local-Based Feeds on Performance and Nutrient Digestibility of Late Starter Local Pigs

Lack of Preventive Health Behaviors in the Early Forties: The Role of Earlier Trajectories of Cigarette Smoking From Adolescence to Adulthood

ABSTRACTObjective: To study the degree to which individuals in different trajectories of cigarette smoking from adolescence to the early forties are similar or different in terms of lack of preventive health behaviors (e.g., underuse of preventive health services, unhealthy eating habits) in early midlife. Methods: Participants came from a community-based random sample of residents in two upstate New York counties (N = 548). Data were collected from adolescence to early midlife (mean age = 43 years, standard deviation [SD] = 2.8) at seven time points. Using growth mixture modeling, we statistically identified the number of smoking trajectories. Logistic regression analysis was used to study the relationship between the probabilities of participants' smoking trajectory group membership and lack of preventive behaviors in early midlife. Results: Five trajectory groups of cigarette smokers were identified. With controls, as compared with the nonsmoker trajectory group, higher probabilities of belonging to the heavy/continuous smoker trajectory group and the late starter trajectory groups were significantly associated with a higher likelihood of lack of preventive health behaviors (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 3.49 and 4.02 respectively). In addition, as compared to the quitter/decreaser trajectory group, higher probabilities of belonging to the heavy/continuous smoker trajectory group and the late starter trajectory group were also significantly associated with a higher likelihood of lack of preventive health behaviors (AOR = 3.51 and 4.04 respectively). Conclusions: Intervention programs may consider focusing on heavy/continuous smokers and late starters in programs designed to promote adequate use of preventive health services and healthy general lifestyles in early midlife.

Partners, Institutions and International Currencies: The International Political Foundations for the Rise of the Renminbi

The use of an international currency is not just a natural market phenomenon; it relies heavily on international political foundations. The historical lessons of the four major international currencies—the pound, dollar, euro and yen—show that a strong partner network and a favorable international institutional environment are the two major political foundations for the formation of a stable international currency. The rise of the renminbi, as a late starter looking to become a major international currency, depends not only on the requisite economic conditions but on governmental diplomacy aimed at attracting more monetary cooperation partners and creating international institutions that support its worldwide use. This strategy reinforces the political foundations for the rise of the renminbi. Building a network of partners supporting the renminbi as an international currency and creating a system of international monetary institutions are the real tests of the issuing country’s political leadership. This political leadership capacity has three dimensions: public trust founded on reputation building; a centripetal force driven by provision of benefits; and coercive force applied through sanctions. Comparatively speaking, the renminbi is still in the early stage of its ascent, so the development of its political infrastructure should concentrate mainly on gaining public trust through reputation-building and employing centripetal force involving provision of benefits.

"Late starter's Tweet"-Better late than Never

"Late starter's Tweet"-Better late than Never

Rural Tourism : An Emerging Paradigm In Rural Entrepreneurship

Tourism has become a leading industry in the world and continues to grow rapidly, contributing essentially to economic growth and employment in many countries. Tourism as it looks today poses serious threats to the environment and considerable social and cultural challenges. Tourism can be an important contributor to the growth of an economy. Growth of tourism is a significant part of the global expression of new service economy. With the weakening of many other aspects of the economy, tourism is a new opportunity. India, though a late starter in tourism, is giving increasing priority to this sector. Tourism is one of the strategically important emerging sectors in Indian economy with tremendous potential to assist the process of sustainable rural development. Rural tourism has been a major concept under the new tourism paradigm wherein agro-based rural community and culture are treated to be the major components of the tourism market.

The Robustness of the Early and Late Start Typology of Criminal Behaviour in Major Mental Disorder: A Conceptual Replication

The purpose of this study was to examine whether the early and late start typology of criminal behaviour in major mental disorder can be generalized to different populations than evaluated to date and is replicable in two different countries. A Dutch forensic sample (Sample 1) consisted of 260 reports to the court with early start offenders (n = 62) and late start offenders (n = 198). A Canadian civil psychiatric sample (Sample 2) consisted of file information collected from 78 involuntarily hospitalized civil psychiatric patients with an early start group (n = 38) and a late start group (n = 40). In both samples, early and late starters were compared on different domains. Results showed that in general, early starters have a higher risk of having problems in different domains. There were also differences in the early and late start typology between the Dutch and Canadian samples. Our results partially support the early and late starter typology within two different samples. This study showed that early starters typically have a higher risk of problems in different domains. This highlights the importance of different risk management and treatment strategies for both the early start and the late start group.

MONETARY POLICY AND FINANCIAL SECTOR DEVELOPMENT

This paper reviews Singapore's monetary policy and financial development since independence, including the immediate challenges in the 1960s, the turbulent years of the 1970s with the collapse of the Bretton Woods fixed exchange rate system and the global oil shocks of 1973 and 1979, the introduction of a unique exchange rate-centered monetary policy in 1981, the Asian financial crisis of 1997–1998 and the global financial crisis of 2007–2009. Despite being a late starter (1971) and given a number of obstacles, not least the high degree of openness of the Singapore economy to trade and capital flows, the Monetary Authority of Singapore has built up a high degree of credibility within a relatively short space of time and delivered low and stable inflation. Although financial development has been "government made" rather than market-driven, proactive and sensible policies have built on Singapore's long history as a regional trading hub to turn Singapore into a premier financial center in terms of foreign exchange trading, offshore money market intermediation and asset management. Nonetheless, some challenges remain: How monetary policy can deal with asset price bubbles and deflationary pressures and steer a careful course to maintain price stability without jeopardizing Singapore's transitory restructuring process to achieve sustainable economic growth.

Factors that Influence Trajectories of Delinquency Throughout Adolescence.

Given that one of the most powerful predictors of adult crime is the presence of behavior problems in childhood and adolescence, there is a need to further understand factors that determine behavior patterns during this developmental stage. This study focuses on stressful life experiences such as exposure to delinquent peers, racial discrimination, as well as family characteristics such as parenting style and family transitions. Data come from four waves of the Family and Community Health Survey, an African-American sample. The present study investigates 354 males from this dataset. We utilize a group-based trajectory model to estimate the number and type of trajectories of delinquency. We then estimate multinomial regression models to predict trajectory group membership. The results indicated that there were four distinct groups of offenders (negligible delinquents; early starter/declining; late starter; and early starter/chronic offenders). We predicted group membership using both early predictors and measures of change in these predictors across the study period. The results indicated that individuals who experience greater racial discrimination (both early in childhood and throughout adolescence) are more likely to be in trajectory groups that begin offending early and persist through adolescence. Additionally, those respondents who reported having friends with greater delinquent behavior were more likely to be in groups that began their offending early in life and persisted when compared to groups who started later or desisted as they entered adulthood. The results contribute to developmental research and provide information that may be helpful in preventing adolescents from persisting in antisocial behavior as they enter adulthood.