Late School-aged Children Research Articles

중국 학령후기 아동이 지각한 어머니의 과보호와 학교적응 간의 관계: 아동의 기본심리욕구 만족 및 좌절의 이중 매개효과

Objective: This study examines the dual mediating effects of basic psychological needs satisfaction and frustration on the relationship between maternal overprotection as perceived by Chinese late school-age children and their school adjustment. Methods: The subjects encompassed 329 fifth to sixth grade children in city R, China. Pearson correlation and mediation analyses were performed on the collected data using Process macro (Model 4) in SPSS 25.0Results: First all major variables showed significant correlations with each other. Second, the analysis of the dual mediating effects revealed that the satisfaction of basic psychological needs mediated the relationship between maternal overprotection and school adjustment whereas frustration did not. Conclusions: Maternal overprotection and children's basic psychological needs are important in Chinese children’s school adjustment. Basic psychological needs satisfaction and frustration emerged as different mediating paths in the relationship between maternal overprotection and children's school adjustment.

동감 프로그램이 학령후기 아동의 자아존중감과 정서조절능력에 미치는 영향

Objects: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the Donggam Program on the self-esteem and emotion regulation ability of school-age children using a pretest-posttest experimental design. 
 Methods: A total of 101 late school-age children were assigned to two groups, the experimental group (n = 51) and control group (n = 50), by class unit. Late school-age children in the experimental group participated in the program for Emotions awakened by fairy tales and clear mind. After the end of the program, the differences between the pretest and posttest scores for self-esteem and emotion regulation ability were compared for both groups. 
 Results: Late school-age children in the experimental group showed significant improvements in their self-esteem and emotion regulation ability, whereas children in the control group showed a significant decrease from the pretest to the posttest scores. However, there was no significant difference in family self-esteem between the experimental group and the control group. 
 Conclusion: These findings suggest that the Donggam Program is effective in bringing about positive changes in the self-esteem and emotion regulation ability of late school-age children.

학령후기 아동의 신체상과 삶 만족도의 관계: 스포츠 활동 참여의 조절효과

학령후기 아동의 신체상과 삶 만족도의 관계: 스포츠 활동 참여의 조절효과

OSTEOPONTIN AS EFFECTIVE PROGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC MARKER OF BRONCHIAL ASTHMA IN CHILDREN

Bronchial asthma is one of the most common non-infectious diseases among children. According to the official statistics of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, the number of cases among Ukrainian children is about 5.61 per 1000 children. In recent years, more and more attention of specialists has been devoted to the study of inflammatory mediators such as osteopontin.
 Purpose of the study is to improve the prevention and treatment of bronchial asthma in children based on assessing prognostic levels of osteopontin.
 Materials and methods: 96 children aged 6 to 18 were examined. The diagnosis was verified according to the unified clinical protocol of primary and secondary medical care "Bronchial asthma in children" (order of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine dated October 8, 2013 No. 868). Assessment of osteopontin was carried out during remission by ELISA among 80 patients with bronchial asthma, the control group consisted of 16 healthy children. The study was conducted in adherence to human rights in accordance with prevailing legislation in Ukraine and aligns with international ethical standards. The results were analyzed utilizing non-parametric statistical methods through Microsoft Excel and IBM SPSS Statistics.
 Results and discussion. Boys constituted the majority of the subjects studied, comprising 73%. In the main group, all patients were diagnosed with a mixed form of asthma, categorized by severity as follows: intermittent - 30% (40), mild persistent - 31% (29), moderate persistent - 26% (21), and severe - 13% (10). Upon analyzing osteopontin levels based on age, within the bronchial asthma group, values were nearly identical between early and late school-age children (27.6 ng/ml and 27.7 ng/ml, respectively). In contrast, the control group exhibited different patterns: higher values in early school-age children at 10.6 ng/ml and 8.9 ng/ml in the high school group. Notably, the significantly elevated level of osteopontin in the main group at 27.6 ng/ml compared to the control group at 9.8 ng/ml warrants attention, suggesting that osteopontin could serve as a marker for the inflammatory process.
 Conclusions: Physiologically, the level of osteopontin is higher in children of early school age. Osteopontin is a marker of inflammation in BA in children, which is probably higher in patients of the main group and its level has no age difference. The level of osteopontin is directly proportional to the severity of the disease and can serve as its prognostic criterion. The higher the level of osteopontin, the more powerful anti-inflammatory therapy the patient may need.

어린 아동기 부정적 정서기질이 학령후기 아동의 공동체의식에 미치는 영향

This study was conducted to investigate the structural relationship among peer attachment, self-esteem, and early childhood temperament that affect the sense of community of late school-aged children. Data were used that collected from 1,397 children of the 6th grade of elementary school in the 13th year of the Panel Study on Korean Children (2020) and temperament survey data of the 5th year (2012). The data were analyzed by a structural equation model using AMOS 26.0. Negative emotional temperament in early childhood had a significant negative effect on the sense of community. In addition, peer attachment and self-esteem not only had a significant positive effect on the sense of community, but were also significant mediating factors in the relationship between temperament and the sense of community. Therefore, it is necessary to be considered the long-term effects of negative emotional temperament in early childhood, and programs to enhance peer attachment and self-esteem of children for promoting a sense of community in late school-age children.

Factors Associated with Smartphone Dependence of Late School-Aged Children: A Focus on Grit and Family Strengths

This study was to identify the factors influencing smartphone dependence among late schoolaged children, focusing on grit and family strengths.A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted with 218 children in grades 5 and 6 who were recruited from elementary schools in U and Y cities. The data were collected through self-reported questionnaires, including smartphone dependence, grit, family strengths and general characteristics, for the month of December 2019, just before the novel coronavirus pandemic after obtaining approval from IRB. The collected data were analyzed using multiple regression.Smartphone usage time, the main purpose of smartphone usage (game and social networking), and grit were identified as significant factors of smartphone dependence. This model explained 38% of the total variance showing the variable of grit with the greatest variance.A strategy to develop grit is needed to reduce smartphone dependence among late school-age children.

The development and effects of the logotherapy-based ego-identity improvement program with the application of group art activities in late school-aged children

The purpose of this study was to develop the logotherapy-based ego-identity improvement program through group art activities and to examine its effects. This program used concept synthesis. This program was exploited in accordance with the consultation and psychological education program development stages. Out of seven local children’s centers in 3 Cities, 37 children in the experimental group and 33 children in the control group agreed to participate. The data collection and the program adaptation were conducted between April 1, 2019, and September 30, 2019. The effect of the program was evaluated by t-test and repeated measures ANOVA. The researches show that the ego-identity of the experimental group (F=23.42, p<.001), the meaning of life (F=27.82, p<.001), the academic stress (F=14.14, p<.001), the stress symptoms (F=15.52, p<.001) had a significant difference between the measurement period and the group interaction. Resultingly, the logotherapy-based ego-identity improvement program was indicated to be effective in improving academic stress and stress symptoms and for enhancing ego-identity formation and the meaning of life among late school-aged children. Therefore, it is expected that this program will be applied as an efficient program for the betterment of ego-identity among late school-aged children in the community.

Interpersonal predictors of loneliness in Japanese children: variable- and person-centered approaches

BackgroundLoneliness in children has been a major topic of interest in both clinical and developmental psychology. Further studies to investigate predictors of loneliness are needed for educational practices.MethodsA total of 1088 late elementary school-aged children (48.81% boys, Mage = 10.35) participated in a 1-year longitudinal survey. We used hierarchical linear modeling and mover-stayer latent transition analysis.DiscussionFindings from the variable- and person- centered approaches suggested that less positive peer relations, higher victimization, and higher relational aggression are predictors of higher future loneliness. Meanwhile, both approaches did not reach an agreement concerning predictors to reduce loneliness. This result highlighted a utility of a combined approach and sounded an alarm for overreliance on the variable-centered approach dominating child research.ConclusionTo protect young children from loneliness, it will be more beneficial to prevent the development of loneliness rather than to apply interventions to reduce loneliness once established. Preventive practices need to be implemented to protect children from loneliness.

Factor Influencing the School Adjustment after COVID-19 among Late school-aged children: A Focus on Academic passion and Self-control

Factor Influencing the School Adjustment after COVID-19 among Late school-aged children: A Focus on Academic passion and Self-control

The Influence of Parental Self-Esteem on Late School-Aged Children's Media Device Addiction: The Mediating Effect of Marital Conflict and Children's Self-Esteem

This study aimed to examine the effect of parental self-esteem on late school-aged children's media device addiction by mediating marital conflict and children's self-esteem. This study used data from the 11th (2018) Panel Study on Korean Children. The participants consisted of 1,082 family triads (fathers, mothers, and children). Data were collected using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Marital Conflict Scale, and K-Internet Addiction Scale. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling with SPSS/WIN 27.0 and Mplus 8.7. The final model showed a good fit for the data. Children's media device addiction was directly related to mothers' self-esteem, mothers' marital conflict, and children's self-esteem. Fathers' self-esteem had a significant indirect effect on children's media device addiction by mediating both fathers' and mothers' marital conflict. In addition, mothers' self-esteem had a significant indirect effect on children's media device addiction by mediating mothers' marital conflict. The findings indicates that self-esteem and marital conflict for both fathers and mothers have a significant effect on children's media device addiction. It suggests that more attention might be given to fathers and mothers in developing interventions to prevent children's media device addiction.

Mutual Experiences of Japanese Parents and Their Children When Late School-Age Children Engage in Meal-Related Family Routines: A Qualitative Analysis of Parent and Child Dyads

Mutual Experiences of Japanese Parents and Their Children When Late School-Age Children Engage in Meal-Related Family Routines: A Qualitative Analysis of Parent and Child Dyads

The effect of peer relationship enhancement programs on the prevention of smartphone addiction among late school-age children in South Korea

PurposeThis study investigated the effectiveness of a peer relationship enhancement program in preventing smartphone addiction among late school-age children. Design and methodsThis study employed a non-equivalent control pretest-posttest design. The participants (the experimental and control groups comprised 27 and 25 participants, respectively) included late school-age children who were registered at eight community children's centers in a region in South Korea. The program comprised group-based play and art activities, spanning 12 sessions, each of which was 90 min long. The outcome variables were peer relationships, depression, self-control, and smartphone addiction. Data were collected through baseline, post-intervention, and follow-up assessments and analyzed through repeated measures analysis of variance (RM-ANOVA). ResultsThis program had a significant effect on peer relationships, depression, and smartphone addiction; however, no effect was found on self-control. ConclusionThe peer relationship enhancement program of this study was effective in preventing smartphone addiction by improving peer relationships and reducing depression in late school-age children. Practical implicationsThe peer relationship enhancement program can be utilized in various pediatric nursing settings to prevent smartphone addiction. Therefore, it contributes to the expansion of the field of pediatric nursing practices.

A Study on the Reliability and Validity of the Korean Health Literacy Instrument for Late School-Aged Children

This study aimed to develop and validate the Korean Health Literacy Instrument, which measures Korean late school-aged children’s understanding capacity. The construct’s concepts were drawn from the literature review and interviews with school nurses and teachers. A survey was then conducted in 552 fifth and sixth graders in nine elementary schools, from 1 to 9 May 2014. The KR-20 coefficient for reliability, difficulty index, discrimination index, item-total correlation, and known group technique for validity were performed. An exploratory factor analysis was performed to test the construct validity of the instrument and its unidimensionality. The results reveal that a two-factor structure was appropriate for the Korean school-age health literacy tool (root mean square error of approximation = 0.06, Comparative Fit Index = 0.96, and Tucker–Lewis Index = 0.95). From the remaining 16 items, the internal consistency reliability coefficient of this instrument was 0.85, and the criterion-related validity was 0.62 (p < 0.001). The Korean health literacy instrument for late school-aged children was suitable for screening individuals who have limited health literacy. Based on the findings of this study, future studies must continue to conduct empirical investigations on the Korean health literacy instrument for late school-aged children

The influence of mothers&amp;apos; health beliefs and attitudes on prevention of infectious diseases on preventive health behaviors of late school-aged children

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in preventive health behaviors of school-age children according to their mothers' health beliefs and attitudes toward the prevention of infectious diseases. Methods: This study was conducted with 121 pairs of 4th to 6th grade elementary school children and their mothers from October 13 to October 30, 2020. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive analysis, an independent t-test, a one-way ANOVA, Sheffé’s test, Pearson’s correlation coefficient analysis and a multiple linear regression.Result: The mean and SD of mother's health belief in preventing infectious diseases was 3.58±0.41, the mean and SD of mother's attitude toward preventing infectious diseases was 3.39±0.38, and the mean and SD of late school-age children's preventive health behavior was 3.52±0.37. The multiple linear regression results show that the children's vaccination behavior was influenced by their mothers’ perceived benefits in preventing infectious diseases. In addition, the child's vitamin C and vegetable consumption was influenced by the mother's perceived susceptibility in preventing infectious diseases, and the child's mask-wearing behavior was influenced by the mother's perceived seriousness in preventing infectious diseases. Conclusion: In order to improve the health behavior of school-aged children, programs or education are required to enhance the health beliefs and attitudes of their mothers, who were shown to affect the preventive health behavior of their children.

Do intrinsic brain functional networks predict working memory from childhood to adulthood?

Working memory (WM) is defined as the ability to maintain a representation online to guide goal‐directed behavior. Its capacity in early childhood predicts academic achievements in late childhood and its deficits are found in various neurodevelopmental disorders. We employed resting‐state fMRI (rs‐fMRI) of 468 participants aged from 4 to 55 years and connectome‐based predictive modeling (CPM) to explore the potential predictive power of intrinsic functional networks to WM in preschoolers, early and late school‐age children, adolescents, and adults. We defined intrinsic functional networks among brain regions identified by activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta‐analysis on existing WM functional studies (ALE‐based intrinsic functional networks) and intrinsic functional networks generated based on the whole brain (whole‐brain intrinsic functional networks). We employed the CPM on these networks to predict WM in each age group. The CPM using the ALE‐based and whole‐brain intrinsic functional networks predicted WM of individual adults, while the prediction power of the ALE‐based intrinsic functional networks was superior to that of the whole‐brain intrinsic functional networks. Nevertheless, the CPM using the whole‐brain but not the ALE‐based intrinsic functional networks predicted WM in adolescents. And, the CPM using neither the ALE‐based nor whole‐brain networks predicted WM in any of the children groups. Our findings showed the trend of the prediction power of the intrinsic functional networks to cognition in individuals from early childhood to adulthood.

Factors Affecting Health Behaviors in Late School-aged Children from Multicultural Families.

PurposeThis study was conducted to investigate factors affecting health behaviors in late school-aged children from multicultural families.MethodsThis study included 401 children (112 from multicultural families and 289 from non-multicultural backgrounds) in grades 4~6 in 11 elementary schools. Data on health behaviors and related factors (school adjustment, the mother-child relationship, self-efficacy, etc.) were collected from the children using self-reported questionnaires between May and June in 2019. The collected data were analyzed through a univariate analysis and multiple regression analysis.ResultsThe health behavior score of multicultural children was lower than that of non-multicultural children (t=3.32, p=.001). In multicultural children, school adjustment (β=.55, p<.001), mother-child relationship (β=.25, p=.001), and perceived health status (very healthy=1; β=.19, p=.011) were significant factors affecting their health behavior and explained 47.0% (F=30.93, p<.001) of the variance.ConclusionMulticultural late school-aged children are at risk to engage in a lower level of health behaviors than their non-multicultural counterparts. More attention should be paid to ways of improving multicultural children’s perceptions of their health status, maternal relationships, and school adjustment in order to promote health behaviors.

Structural Equation Model of Health Promotion Behaviors in Late School-aged Children: Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior

This study was conducted to investigate the factors affecting health promotion behaviors in late school-aged children by establishing a hypothetical model based on the planned behavior theory. From July 19 to August 31, 2017, 460 questionnaires were distributed to fifth and sixth graders at three elementary schools in Korea, of which 318 were ultimately analyzed. All the fit indices were shown to be appropriate, indicating satisfactory fit. In the final model, six of the nine paths included in the hypothetical model were supported. Specifically, perceived behavioral control had the most influence on intention, followed by subjective norms, self-esteem, and health knowledge. Intentions were the most influential factor for health-promoting behaviors, followed by self-esteem and health knowledge. Subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and self-esteem explained 57.6% of intention to engage in health promotion behaviors and 61.7% of variation in health promotion behaviors was explained by health knowledge, self-esteem and intention. The findings of this study provide support for a model that can be used to facilitate the practice of health promotion activities in children in the later years of school age.

Factors Influencing the Happiness of Late School-aged Children: A Focus on Family Strength and Self-control.

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to obtain research-based evidence on the relationships among general characteristics, family strength, self-control, and happiness among late school-aged children using a correlational research design.MethodsThe participants were 172 fifth- and sixth-grade students from two public elementary schools. Data were collected by employing structured questionnaires, including the Korean Family Strengths Scale for Strengthening Family II, a self-control scale, and a happiness scale. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 23.0.ResultsThe level of happiness of late school-aged students showed significant correlations with family strength (r=.78, p<.001), and self-control (r=.59, p<.001). Family strength had a significant positive correlation with self-control (r=.55, p<.001). The factors with a significant impact on participants’ happiness were family strength (β=.63, p<.001), self-control (β=.21, p<.001), exercise frequency, and self-perceived health. The total explanatory power of the model was 69%, and the explanatory power of family strength for the level of happiness was 61%, showing that the family strength was the most important factor that promoted happiness in late school-aged students.ConclusionThese findings imply that improving family strength is an important aspect of promoting happiness among late school-aged children. Interventions to strengthen late school-aged children’s self-control are also necessary.

학령후기 아동이 지각한 부모의 수용적 양육태도가 분노조절에 미치는 영향: 정서인식 명확성과 적응적 인지정서조절 전략의 매개효과 검증

학령후기 아동이 지각한 부모의 수용적 양육태도가 분노조절에 미치는 영향: 정서인식 명확성과 적응적 인지정서조절 전략의 매개효과 검증

Suicide and Youth: Risk Factors.

Suicide occurs more often in older than in younger people, but is still one of the leading causes of death in late childhood and adolescence worldwide. This not only results in a direct loss of many young lives, but also has disruptive psychosocial and adverse socio-economic effects. From the perspective of public mental health, suicide among young people is a main issue to address. Therefore we need good insight in the risk factors contributing to suicidal behavior in youth. This mini review gives a short overview of the most important risk factors for late school-age children and adolescents, as established by scientific research in this domain. Key risk factors found were: mental disorders, previous suicide attempts, specific personality characteristics, genetic loading and family processes in combination with triggering psychosocial stressors, exposure to inspiring models and availability of means of committing suicide. Further unraveling and knowledge of the complex interplay of these factors is highly relevant with regard to the development of effective prevention strategy plans for youth suicide.