Abstract The article explores the little-known history of Lithuanian immigrant children in the United States in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Between 1868 and 1914, approximately 500,000 Lithuanians left the Russian Empire for the United States, fleeing poverty and social and political unrest. This migration has attracted a considerable amount of research among scholars, but it has focused primarily on the migratory experiences of adults. This article begins by locating Lithuanian children in the history of the American migration. It then examines how children in American exile became “national property” and were transformed into objects of ethnic conflict both by members of the Lithuanian national movement in exile and in Lithuania. Finally, the article demonstrates how children responded to the nationalization process by broadening the monolithic understanding of ethnic belonging. The article seeks to show how the categories of childhood, nation-building, and migration were intertwined in the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Modern Arabic poetry represents a major turning point in the literary history of the Arab world. From the late nineteenth century onward, Arab poets began to challenge the rigidity of classical poetic forms and experimented with new themes, structures, and modes of expression. This process, commonly described as tajdeed (renewal), was not merely a formal transformation but a deep intellectual and cultural response to modern realities such as colonialism, political oppression, social change, and encounters with Western thought. This paper examines the major trends of renewal in modern Arabic poetry, focusing on the evolution from classical poetry to free verse and prose poetry, the transformation of poetic language and imagery, and the emergence of new thematic concerns. Through a historical and analytical approach, the study highlights the contributions of key poets such as Badr Shakir Al-Sayyab, Nazik al-Malaika, Nizar Qabbani, and Mahmud Darwish, demonstrating how modern Arabic poetry became a powerful medium for artistic innovation and socio-political expression.

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the life path, pedagogical views, and methodological system of Safaraly bay Valibayov, a prominent educator who played a significant role in the development of Azerbaijani pedagogical thought at the turn of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Emma Meurant’s death in 1890 at the age of 16 put her briefly but sensationally in New Zealand’s national news spotlight. Her suicide was described across New Zealand daily newspapers as an agonising death caused by her taking the poison “Rough on Rats”. Later, Emma’s death was explained by a coroner as influenced by her reading with sensational literature, which, he and a jury determined, had put her in a state of temporary insanity. They arrived at this finding after hearing the testimony of community and family members two days after Emma’s death. Sensationalism therefore reigned not only in the report of her death, but also in how it was explained – and, one might read, how that conclusion was drawn. This article examines the context of Emma Meurant’s death and its historical setting, to develop understanding of how sensationalism was understood, explained and acted out in late nineteenth century New Zealand through the coroner’s inquest and newspapers. It explores the record of interactions amongst those who were involved in the event of this death, and how they appeared to fashion their own positions in relation to their social standing, their connection with Emma, and their own perspectives on sensationalism.

In 1702 Florentine mathematician and engineer Vincenzo Viviani (1622-1703) signed the end of a 234-page manuscript that listed nearly 2000 titles of works in his library. The material spanned manuscripts, incunables, and print volumes published through 1702. Since Viviani had fashioned himself as the final student of Galileo Galilei (1564-1643), the manuscript was used in the late-nineteenth century as a source for re-identifying editions of books in Galileo’s library. Using the manuscript, the digital library of Viviani’s collection created by the Museo Galileo in 2021, and a tabularized edition of the manuscript, this article provides an overview of the library and explores the strengths of each type of source for learning more about Viviani’s books and for understanding him as both an intellectual and bibliophile. The authors argue that the comparative approach offers a way to access features of the collection that are not revealed by any representation in isolation, and we advocate for future web-based projects to integrate digital surrogates of the primary source material and make the underlying data available to facilitate this kind of research.

The Tuvans, who had previously been unfamiliar with the concept of surnames, first encountered this phenomenon during the passport registration campaigns of the 1940s. The surname structure among the Tuvans during the period of the Tuvan People’s Republic (TPR) was formed on the basis of the names of Tuvan clan groups and their subdivisions — that is, ethnonyms. Surnames of ethnonymic origin made it possible to identify individuals in relation to their clan affiliation. The Soviet-style passportization introduced various models for the formation of surnames. In addition to surnames derived from ethnonyms, it was also proposed to use Tuvan personal names as the basis for family names. All known designations of major clan groups from the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries became the foundation of family surnames and continue to function within the contemporary Tuvan surname system. However, in the current surname composition, the majority of bearers have surnames derived from personal names. A notable issue has been the disappearance of certain ethnonyms of clan and subclan groups from general use. It is assumed that some ethnonyms did not vanish entirely but were transformed into surnames that are mistakenly classified as being based on personal names. It is therefore possible that a portion of surnames considered to originate from personal names, in fact, have ethnonymic roots. Accordingly, this article attempts to examine specific contemporary surnames that appear to have developed from personal names in order to identify possible ethno-nymic elements within them.

The article examines the interpretation of religious theme in nineteenth- and early twentieth-cen- tury Western European and Azerbaijani literatures, drawing on the works of Prosper Mérimée, Jalil Mam- madguluzadeh, Ethel Lilian Voynich, and Mammad Said Ordubadi. At the center of this inquiry lies the question of how religious discourse is transformed amid the formation of new ethical systems and social consciousness, and how artistic forms respond to the crisis of traditional faith and the search for moral ori- entation beyond ecclesiastical dogma. The aim of this study is to identify the dimensions of interaction, similarity, and mutual influence between the poetics of Western European and Azerbaijani literatures in their engagement with religious themes. The research employs comparative, historical-literary, cultural-historical, and hermeneutic meth- ods. The findings demonstrate that in P. Mérimée’s The Woman Is a Devil, or The Temptation of St. An- thony (Une femme est un diable, ou La tentation de Saint Antoine) and J. Mammadguluzadeh’s The Dead (Ölülər), the religious theme manifests through the exploration of the motifs of genuine and feigned sanc- tity. In Mérimée, the inversion of the sacred and the profane shapes a poetics of individual-psychological conflict, wherein the motif of sin and temptation acquires a comic dimension. In Mammadguluzadeh’s The Dead, the exposure of false holiness and hypocrisy assumes a social dimension, expressed through a satir- ical and grotesque poetics. In E.L. Voynich’s The Gadfly and M.S. Ordubadi’s Foggy Tabriz (Dumanlı Təbriz), the collision between religious faith and revolutionary struggle attains a tragic-philosophical resonance. Through the fate of Ar- thur Burton, Voynich reveals an individual conflict between faith and revolution, between love for God and belief in humankind. Religious symbols are reinterpreted here through the lens of secular humanism, while the novel’s structure reproduces a Gospel-like paradigm of suffering and sacrifice. In Ordubadi’s Foggy Ta- briz, religious problematic unfolds within a socio-historical and national-historical framework: the Islamic tradition is portrayed as a realm in which the confrontation between dogma and reason becomes a driving force of the people’s spiritual awakening. The symbolism of fog, light, prayer, and lament acquires a philo- sophical significance, shaping a poetics of symbolic realism. The study concludes that in all four texts, the religious theme serves not a confessional but rather a philosophical and ethical function. The authors treat faith as an inner moral state distinct from outward ritual. Within the poetics of each work, religious motifs are reinterpreted as artistic expressions of spiritual quest: prayer becomes an act of conscience, sacrifice, a form of self-affirmation, and lament—a sign of historical memory. Thus, the article demonstrates that in the literature of the late nineteenth and early twentieth cen- turies, religious themes emerge as a field of artistic experimentation, wherein the genuine spirituality of the individual—one who seeks meaning beyond dogma, within the moral and ethical domain, yet retains an inner need for faith—is revealed.

Abstract Following the advent of psychiatry, neurology, and brain science in Japan during the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century, this new knowledge was rapidly disseminated throughout the network of Japanese Imperial Universities. It reached colonial Korea via the recently established Keijō Imperial University. However, medical knowledge was also deployed as a vehicle to propagate racist ideologies. In 1921, Japanese anatomist Kubo Takeshi made an unsubstantiated accusation against Korean students, claiming that they had stolen from his cranial collection. His accusation was underpinned by the assumption that the racial constitution of the accused was inferior, making them more prone to commit theft. The ‘Kubo incident’ provides an illustrative example of scientifically disguised discrimination. The aim of this paper is to elucidate the subtle racist implications of neuroanatomy and neuropathology. By circumventing visible physiognomy, the discovery of hidden features of the brain enabled a narrative fit to maintain racial hierarchies within a changing colonial regime, one that was increasingly consolidating power through assimilation rather than associative differentiation. This historical episode is once again linked to the name Kubo, but this time to a coincidental namesake: Kubo Kiyoji, professor of psychiatry and neurology at Keijō Imperial University. By focusing on Kubo Kiyoji, and various contributions to the Keijō Journal of Medicine and the Folia Psychiatrica et Neurologica Japonica , this paper uncovers discursive entanglements between the neuro-turn in medicine and colonial rule in the early–twentieth century Korea.

The article investigates the psychological evaluations (so-called Gemütszustandsuntersuchungen) that were used in legal interdiction proceedings at Berlin's district courts in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The evaluations were undertaken in order to help judges decide whether or not individuals-usually, but not always feeble-minded or mentally ill ones-should be placed under legal guardianship. The following themes are addressed: the evolving procedural statutes that governed the exercise of judicial discretion and the presentation of scientific evidence; the collaborative interaction of judges and forensic experts during the interrogations; the instability of written transcripts and recourse to bodily and behavioral attributes in the face of interrogative failure; and the heated political exchanges about the psy-disciplines and their role in the abrogation or abridgment of citizens' rights in Wilhelmine Berlin. The article will first survey the specific statutory context that framed guardianship cases in Berlin's district court (Amtsgericht). It will then summarize contemporary debates about reforms to procedural law and the administrative adjudication of those cases. Against this backdrop, the analysis will then turn to an examination of court transcripts of the interrogations in order to assess the practice and often contested standing of psy-experts in the courtrooms of Wilhelmine Berlin.

Abstract In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the French imperial network resulted in the creation of multiple migration routes between various French colonies and dependencies in Asia-Pacific region, thus reshaping mobility in the area. Although the French government actively promoted migration by organizing and subsidizing travel and establishing systems of indentured labor, recruitment operations were often carried out by coolie brokers, who became important social and political actors in labor relations. Analyzing and defining their contributions to the expansion of migrant networks within the French Empire remains crucial not only for colonial and post-colonial studies but also for understanding contemporary labor migrations in the Asia-Pacific. The term “mediating Coolies” refers to the organization of labor migrations —including recruitment, passage, management, repatriation or return— by a range of intermediaries, whether native, migrant or foreign, operating under various colonial labor regimes. This collection of articles examines different forms of “coolie” brokerage in France's Empire in Asia and seeks to address a gap in the scholarship on links between political and social contexts and transnational labor migration in the region. The articles compare specific recruitment practices of labor brokers across different migration regimes and assess the relationships between state structures and labor brokers within the French colonial system.

The history of lobster fishing in Beàrnaraigh na Hearadh (Berneray, Harris) reveals how Gaelic communities adapted to the socio-economic upheavals of the late nineteenth century, shaped by clearance, migration, and industrialization. This article explores the evolution of the lobster fishery from circa 1850 to 1930, drawing on under-utilized oral histories and Gaelic folklore from the Tobar an Dualchais online resource. These sources, often overlooked, provide valuable insight into the practices, challenges, and cultural significance of a localized, small-scale industry rooted in traditional ecological knowledge and skills. Unlike the industrialized fisheries of the time, the Beàrnaraigh lobster fishery began as a homegrown, small-scale enterprise using island-built boats powered by sail and oar. Fishermen relied on a sophisticated understanding of the marine environment, developed through experiential knowledge and honed by oral tradition. This intimate connection to the sea positioned the fishery as both an economic activity and a vital cultural expression. Technological advances, such as creels and marine engines and market systems gradually transformed the fishery, altering some traditional practices while demonstrating the community’s resilience and adaptability. By integrating oral history and historiography, the article deepens our understanding of the marine ecological heritage and cultural history of lobster fishing in Scotland’s Gàidhealtachd.

The article surveys encyclopedic publications that contain entries on Ivan Puluj (1845–1918), from the earliest references in 1898 to the present day. Special attention is given to the wide-ranging and interdisciplinary character of Puluj’s activity, which earned him international recognition. As a physicist, he is regarded among the most notable scientific figures of the late nineteenth century: his fundamental studies of cathode rays paved the way for the discovery of the electron and contributed to the emergence of X-ray science and early medical radiography. Puluj’s achievements in practical electrical engineering and invention are today represented in museums of science and technology across Europe and the United States. In the humanities, he is known as a translator of the Bible from classical languages into Ukrainian and as an advocate of education in the native language. Through numerous public essays and pamphlets, he defended the rights of the Ukrainian language and argued for the opening of a Ukrainian university in Lviv. In political writings published in German in Prague and Vienna at the beginning of the First World War, Puluj forcefully maintained that the establishment of an independent Ukrainian state was essential for peace and stability in Europe. The article also addresses widespread inaccuracies in printed and online sources concerning the life and work of Ivan Puluj, correcting them on the basis of documentary evidence.

ABSTRACT When Western nations began to create compulsory public education programs in the nineteenth century, they assumed a new responsibility for the health of schoolchildren. At the time, schools around the world were consistently blamed for damaging children's health through their corrupted air, bad lighting, and unsanitary conditions, usually the result of overcrowding, lack of proper ventilation, and inadequate or poorly placed windows. With the growth of mass education, physicians and educators became aware of the great dangers to children's bodies inherent in these schoolhouses and took steps to both generate and exchange information about childhood illnesses and to work with school architects to devise healthier indoor environments. Children's eyesight was considered to be particularly at risk. Anecdotal evidence indicated that eye strain from too much close reading in low light could damage a child’s eyes for life. The invention of the ophthalmoscope and establishment of ophthalmology as a discipline in the mid-1800s focused attention on the developmental aspects of eyesight, and the work of German physicians in particular tied classroom conditions to childhood eye disorders. Many physicians blamed children’s myopia on the design of school buildings, and a growing body of studies surveying thousands of students seemed to support their argument. This essay examines the Anglo-American discourse on schoolchildren's myopia and classroom lighting in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Utilizing the extensive literature from the educational, medical, and architectural discourses on children’s health, the paper will demonstrate how ideas about the etiology of myopia impacted the theory and practice of classroom design in America and Great Britain.

This article investigates rationalistic sectarian movements of a Protestant nature that gained prominence within the territory of Tobolsk province from the late nineteenth century through the early twentieth century. The study draws upon archival documents housed at the State Archive of Tobolsk as well as publications in the local ecclesiastical newspaper “Tobolskiye Eparkhialnyye Vedomosti” and works authored by representatives of Orthodox clergy. Analysis of these sources leads to several key conclusions. Firstly, it is observed that Protestant sects such as Stundists, Baptists, Mennonites, and Adventists began appearing on provincial soil towards the end of the nineteenth century. Secondly, the growth in numbers of adherents to these sects was significantly influenced by legislation enacted between 1905 and 1906 which introduced greater religious tolerance. Furthermore, the dissemination of foreign-derived rationalist doctrines emerged as an important trend in the evolution of Russian religious sectarianism during this period. A critical finding is highlighted regarding challenges faced by both provincial and diocesan authorities when attempting to categorize specific religious communities into distinct rationalist sectarian categories. These difficulties stemmed not only from the sheer diversity of theological interpretations but also from common practices among Stundists, Baptists, and Mennonites who frequently shifted allegiances across different denominations. Lastly, while new teachings rarely held broad appeal for indigenous Siberian populations, increases in sect membership were largely driven by migration patterns involving settlers relocating from European and southern regions of Russia.

ABSTRACT In the hinterland of Kolhan and Chotanagpur, followers of revered Adivasi leader Birsa Munda are known as Birsaites. Though Birsa died in colonial captivity in the late nineteenth century, Birsaites continue to uphold his teachings through Birsaite Dharam. Drawing on fieldwork, we analyse how Birsaite Dharam sustains collective identity and mobilises resistance. It explores key features of the Dharam, highlighting the conceptualisation of Birsa as a living embodiment who manifests as Avatars until Satjug—an era free of exploitation, marked by control over jal, jungle, aur jameen and reaffirmation of community ethos–is realised. The paper argues that Birsaite Dharam exhibits a complex of continuity, adaptation and everyday resistance while navigating the contemporary socio-political milieu, framing Dharamniti and Adhikar as entangled struggle. Religion thus functions as subtle yet enduring site of resistance, sustaining collective identity, reinforcing territorial claims, challenging power structures, resisting consumerism, negotiating neoliberal expansion, and mobilisation for social justice.

This article explores the struggle of British women to gain access to medical education and practice during the second half of the nineteenth century. It presents an analysis of documentary and narrative sources as well as contemporary scholarly literature. Central focus is given to the activities of Britain’s first female physicians. The reasons behind the development of women’s medicine are examined, along with its connection to the broader fight for women’s rights. Prejudices within Victorian society against female doctors are discussed. Florence Nightingale’s contribution to professionalizing nursing and validating women’s contributions to healthcare is highlighted. The role of the Women’s Medical Society and College established by J. Edmunds is analyzed, including the causes leading to their closure. Challenges faced by British women attempting to obtain a degree from Edinburgh University between 1869 and 1874 are addressed. Attention is also paid to the establishment of the London School of Medicine for Women, which became foundational for women’s medicine throughout the Empire. Key events include the Medical Act of 1876 that allowed women to legally practice medicine and the lifting of restrictions on female membership in the British Medical Association. Ultimately, it is concluded that through overcoming societal stereotypes and drawing support from progressive segments of society, this small group of pioneering British women demonstrated the necessity and importance of professional female medical care beyond traditional roles such as nurses or midwives.

ABSTRACT Australian women in the late nineteenth century wrote a surprisingly large amount of music, accounting for one-third of local composers of sheet music published during the 1890s by W.H. Paling, the main music publisher of the era. Written in the parlour music genre mainly for domestic enjoyment and social events, and principally waltzes, their music was popular with the public but received only faint praise from music critics. Most were ‘lady amateurs’ who published one or two pieces, were proficient pianists who performed at charity concerts and taught some music pupils. A few determined ‘New Women’, enabled by a good musical education and pushed by financial need, freed themselves from restrictive societal norms and forged careers as professional musicians and composers of popular and patriotic music for the nascent nation.

This article presents a critical survey of Jewish scholarly journals on Islamic and Oriental studies preserved in the Tun Ahmad Sarji Library (Perpustakaan Tun Ahmad Sarji, PTAS) at the Institute of Islamic Understanding Malaysia (IKIM). Drawing upon journals such as the Palestine Exploration Quarterly, Israel Exploration Journal, Journal of Semitic Studies, Journal of Palestine Studies, and American Jewish Archives Journal, the study offers both a bibliographical overview and a thematic assessment of the contributions of predominantly Jewish, non-Muslim scholars to the study of Islamic civilisation. These journals, many of which date from the late nineteenth to the mid-twentieth century, span a wide array of disciplines including archaeology, Semitic philology, historiography, religious studies, and cultural history. The article highlights the value of these journals not only as academic resources but also as instruments of inter-civilisational dialogue, shedding light on underexplored dimensions of Muslim history and intellectual heritage. By foregrounding this unique archival collection, this study highlights its relevance to the development of Islamic studies in Malaysia and advocates for its fuller integration into scholarly discourse within the region.

A unique episode in the transregional connections of Buddhism is illustrated through the figures of Ruan Ziyu (1079–1102) and Liang Cineng (1098–1116). Since at least the Song dynasty, Huineng (638–713), the Sixth Patriarch of Chan Buddhism, has been a revered figure in Guangdong province of China, resulting in the formation of numerous stories and legends. In the Sihui region, near the urban hub called Zhaoqing, Ruan and Liang emerged as notable disciples of Huineng, reputed to have had spiritual encounters with the Sixth Patriarch and attained Buddhahood. Known as the “Ruan Buddha” and the “Liang Buddha”, they were venerated by the Sihui people during times of droughts, turmoil, and health crisis. Over time, they became integral to Sihui identity and spread to Southeast and South Asia, particularly as people emigrated from the region in the late nineteenth century. This article examines the various stories about Ruan and Liang that circulated in Sihui and how the two buddhas have been venerated, without many links to Huineng or Buddhism, in Malaysia and India. It highlights the significance of local adaptations of Buddhist figures in transregional contexts.

Accounting practice inherited from the formal British profession took root in the late nineteenth century and became the dominant accounting tradition in South Africa. This development aligned with other geographies of British colonial settlement, but the trajectory in South Africa entrenched the chartered credentials. Intra-professional contestation from Britain played itself out in South Africa to entrench the domination of a single designation. The chartered accounting profession achieved exclusivity in professional closure using its designation. A second dimension of this development is the sustained political economy of the designation in South Africa. This article explains the institutionalisation of the state–profession nexus as it unfolded towards the complex configuration of the professional accounting landscape of the twenty-first century.