Fluoroquinolones: Action, Synthesis and Applications in Antimicrobial Therapy

Abstract

Abstract: In the late nineteenth century, diseases were assumed to be linked to the presence of microbes. The mortality rate dropped after the antiseptic approach was used. Good cleanliness and sanitation helped to drastically cut the death rate from infectious diseases. Antimicrobials were produced, and numerous pathogenic diseases were eradicated. Essential antibacterial drugs that are frequently utilized in clinical therapies include fluoroquinolones. Their synthetic pathway, action and therapeutic uses are described in this review. Their primary mechanism of action is the inhibition of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, which are essential enzymes involved in transcription and DNA replication. Fluorination is one of the important structural change that improves their efficacy and spectrum of activity against a variety of infections. To enhance pharmacokinetics, substituent modification, fluorination, and cyclization of heterocycles are used in synthesis. Advances in synthetic chemistry have produced compounds that exhibit increased activity and decreased resistance. Clinical applications include treating respiratory, urinary tract, cutaneous, and gastrointestinal diseases. These drugs also show activity like antitumor, wound healing, antimycobacterial, etc. This review aims to provide researchers and academicians a brief account about the bacterial action, synthesis and clinical applications in antimicrobial therapy.