Late Essays Research Articles

Жизнь и прозябание

<p>For several years, A.V. Suvorov has been doing mailing lists for like-minded colleagues and friends. Each of the letters is a scientific and journalistic text on philosophical, psychological, pedagogical, and life topics. A.V. Suvorov signed his letters "Hedgehog" - that's how he called himself, meaning not only prickly, but also the desire to isolate himself for a while, shrink, withdraw into himself from the world, so that he could then turn to him with something important. We bring to your attention his latest essay, or rather, the last revision of the text that he wrote almost a quarter of a century ago. The author reflects on how to overcome universal, collective and individual, personal nonsense as a way of existence. In his opinion, didactics is intended to provide a means of understanding existence.</p>

Como os suportes revista, jornal e internet impactam a produção do gênero discursivo reportagem

In ‘Speech Genres and Other Late Essays’ written between 1952 and 1953, Bakhtin defined discursive genres as stylistic, thematic, and compositional utterances that are relatively stable. However, this reflection was made in a pre-internet context, without considering the impacts that mediums such as paper, radio, television, or more recently, computers and mobile devices have on genres. According to Bertocchi, genres cannot be defined solely by their prototypical structure and theme since the medium can also generate new types of utterances. Supporting this line of reasoning, this article identified that, in journalism, the medium can interfere with the discursive genre used. Thus, the differences between website reportage (cyber-reportage), newspaper reportage, and magazine reportage were systematized. The reflections made here were based on the Bakhtin Circle and an unpublished interview with journalist Fernando de Barros, former editor of Folha de S. Paulo and former director of Piauí magazine.

‘Cracking the teacher’s code’ – an ethnographic study of students preparing for oral exams

ABSTRACT This paper explores students’ preparatory processes for high-stakes exams using Danish oral exams as an example. To graduate, students must convince two teacher-examiners as the state’s representatives that they deserve to pass. Average grades determine students’ admission into tertiary education. Fieldwork data following students transitioning from teaching to exams show students ‘cracking teachers’ codes’ instead of delivering the curriculum requirement of independent critical interpretations of text material. norms of subjects called ‘super-addressees’ (Bakhtin sss1986 [“The Problem of Speech Genres.” In Speech Genres and Other Late Essays, edited by Carol Emerson and Michael Holquist, 60–102. Austin: University of Texas Press]) are not transparent to students despite an almost symbiotic interrelationship between teaching and exams. Students identify ‘Fitting responses’ (Bitzer 1968 [“The Rhetorical Situation.” Philosophy & Rhetoric 1 (1): 1–14]) for exams by navigations named 1: Disciplinary seduction in a transparent exam system, 2: Physically observing the teacher’s reactions in an opaque exam system, or 3: Jotting down an encyclopaedia of teacher’s keywords. Researching students anticipating exams illuminates their notions of what it takes to succeed in education.

Materialism, Lebenskraft and the limits of science: metaphysical vitalism in post-Kantian scenarios

Kant's legacy in the history of life sciences has notoriously included a critique of the use of soul and ‘vital force’ ( Lebenskraft ). In this paper I focus on a less-known side of this legacy, i.e. Kant's late critique of vital materialism and its impact on nineteenth-century German science and philosophy. I show that Kant considered materialism as a kind of metaphysical hypothesis since the 1760s and pointed out that it was empirically impossible to distinguish it from different kinds of hypotheses (such as monadology). I focus on Kant's late essay on Samuel Sömmering (1796), arguing that the critical rejection of materialism and the notion of Lebenskraft belonged to an anti-reductive program for life sciences. I maintain that Kant's views influenced Alexander von Humboldt's turn concerning vitalism in the late 1790s and the anti-metaphysical and physicalist epistemology of Hermann von Helmholtz. I follow this Kantian legacy in the works of Friedrich Lange, Emil du Bois-Reymond and Erich Adickes. Finally, I argue that this tradition provides a vantage point to reconsider contemporary debates over materialism and panpsychism.

Redeeming Poetics

AbstractIn this essay, I argue that ‘poetics’—defined as ‘poet‐criticism’, a practitioner’s firsthand reflection on poetic composition (poiēsis) and verse technique (technē)—makes possible for philosophical theology something that has heretofore been overlooked. I contend that Martin Heidegger’s rendition of the poetic ‘afflatus’, which travesties technē variously as an eidetic, violent, and inauthentic aspect of poiēsis, has exerted an outsized influence on contemporary theology’s engagements with poetry. The upshot is a tendentious dualism between poiēsis and creatio, through which the interdisciplinary movement known as ‘theopoetics’ currently deconstructs the doctrine of creation ex nihilo. I show that the quietism of theopoetics is merely the reverse face of Heidegger’s residual voluntarism. The neglected late essays of the poet‐critic Geoffrey Hill demonstrate that mastery in verse technique, far from conforming to Heidegger’s caricature, entails an erotically motivated co‐operation between the poet and their medium. Hill’s poetics is shown to be consonant with the metaphysics of creation and theological anthropology expressed in the writings of Nicholas of Cusa. I ultimately defend the continued relevance of the analogy between human poiēsis and creatio ex nihilo by appealing to Cusanus’s exposition of technē as partaking in the triune co‐inherence of God.

Shakespeare and the Romantics

Shakespeare and the Romantics

Preschool children learn physics, biology, chemistry and forensic science knowledge with integrated teaching approaches

ABSTRACT This study investigates children’s science learning in a nursery in Turkey. The participating children (aged 5 and 6) are from a socio-economically disadvantaged community. This is an ethnographic study that includes participant observations and audio recordings of classroom interactions based on a long-term basis. It takes a socio-cultural approach and uses the concept of speech genre [Bakhtin, M. M. 1986. Speech Genres and Other Late Essays. Austin: University of Texas Press] to examine children’s science learning. The findings highlight the role of the teacher in learning scientific concepts. It shows that the experiments enable the children to test and investigate scientific concepts. It also problematises the role of the teacher in structuring science activities and classroom talk by suggesting that teachers need to be explicit when they introduce children to concepts, rather than leaving technical knowledge for children to make inferences.

Sobre ruidos y furias: un recorrido por la violencia del Novecientos europeo

La violencia es un fenómeno repudiado hoy en día por la cultura cívica y política de los países avanzados. Pero no siempre, ni hace mucho, fue así: durante buena parte del siglo XX y en casi todos los puntos geográficos del viejo continente, la violencia protagonizó las relaciones entre estados, entre naciones, entre grupos étnicos y entre clases sociales. La violencia, esa partera de la Historia en frase apócrifa atribuida a Karl Marx, se apoderó de las pasiones humanas y definió la forma en que se debían resolver las pugnas de hegemonía entre los distinto modelos de sistema —capitalismo, comunismo—, de gobierno —democracia, dictaduras— y de convivencia —nacionalismo, pluralismo—. Es al estudio de este hilo conductor de la historia reciente al que Julián Casanova ha dedicado su último ensayo

Camus’s Absurd and the Argument against Suicide

There are striking differences between Camus’s early and late philosophical essays, but Camus often claimed that his works were part of one consistent project. This paper argues that, although Camus had a significant change in his views on the consequences of the absurd, throughout his life he also had a common concern with the relation of the absurd to morality. Showing this requires us to clarify what Camus meant by the “absurd,” and identify at least three different uses of the term by Camus: lacking a purpose; lacking an explanation; and a tension between purpose and purposelessness. Clarifying the meaning of “absurd” allows one to show that Camus’s late argument against suicide, often dismissed as inadequate, is valid. This also illustrates the consistency of his concerns over time.

Pengembangan Assessment dalam Pembelajaran Daring untuk Mata Kuliah Pengukuran dan Instrumen

This research is motivated by the learning process carried out online because it is not possible to hold a face-to-face learning process or direct learning due to the current Covid-19 epidemic period. Assessment and evaluation of learning in conditions of social distancing and physical distancing can be applied on an online basis which is carried out at home using the remote assessment method. With the rapid development and advancement of technology today, the application of remote assessment is very possible and easier, especially with the existence of the internet network. Therefore, a 4-D development model is used where the results developed are products in the form of essay questions where this is to overcome existing problems so that the learning process can still be carried out. The research objective was to produce a product in the form of essay and oral test questions online on valid measurement courses and instruments. Based on the results of the study using the 4-D model by doing the validity test, it was found that the product in the form of essay questions developed that had been tested got valid results. The validity results were tested by three validators. From the results of the validity test developed, it can be concluded that with the development of the product in the form of the latest essay questions, it can improve the critical thinking ability of each student, and when suddenly there is a quiz given by the lecturer, students will be better prepared to do well and not complain.

A Late Nineteenth-Century Rabbinic Critique of the Status of Women in Judaism

Abstract This article aims to show that long before the famous debate over women’s suffrage (1918–25), women’s alienation from significant parts of Judaism was a fact that was obvious to those in the Orthodox community who were ready to admit it. To prove this, I discuss the late nineteenth-century essay Netiv Moshe: Maamar Mehkari 'al Mishpat haNashim baEmunah (A Scholarly Enquiry into the Case of Women in Religious Faith).1 This essay, written in Hungary by Mózes Salamon, the rabbi of a small provincial community, analyzes the gender problem in Judaism and reveals that the basic arguments of Jewish religious feminism had been expressed even before feminism as a movement came to terms with its objectives. This is the first scholarly analysis of this little known essay.

DERRIDA’S ANIMALISM

This article focuses on Jacques Derrida’s deconstructive re-elaboration of the tradition of mechanicism, from the Cartesian animal–machine to contemporary scientism. It shows that Derrida does not counter this tradition by resorting to the metaphysical presupposition of Freedom – as sovereign independence from the machine – which secures the traditional oppositions of Man and the Machine and of the biological and the psychical. Rather, since his interpretation of the cybernetic concept of programme, he had been concerned with a conception of machines that takes account of their hypercomplexity – that is, of the semiotic and grammatological element implicit in them. According to Derrida, this element provides us with the analogical and general code of the biological and the cultural and thus with the protocol for telling a nonhumanist and differential history of life. In particular, this article explains that the grammatological conception of the cybernetic programme undergirds the re-elaboration of the relation between the biological and the psychical as well as of the Cartesian legacy underpinning the modern thought of the Animal, which Derrida develops in his unpublished seminar La Vie la mort and in his late essays on animality, respectively.

“Physiological Kantianism” and the “organization of the mind”: a reconsideration

ABSTRACT In this paper, I reconsider the notion of “physiological Kantianism”, applied to Hermann von Helmholtz, Friedrich Lange and other philosophers and scientists of the late nineteenth century. From Hermann Cohen to contemporary scholarship, this designation has been usually referred to a mistaken “naturalization” of Kant’s original theory of knowledge in terms of organic structures and dispositions. I argue that, on the contrary, although Helmholtz and Lange indeed endorsed a kind of biological innatism, thus modifying to some extent Kant’s original perspective, their views of the physiology of mental processes coexisted with the recognition of the irreducibility of a priori forms and principles to concepts and laws of physiology. I show that this coexistence of transcendental philosophy and physiology was an elaboration that can be traced back to a neglected late essay by Kant himself and hence should be understood as a genuine element of Kant’s legacy.

Foucault on Correspondence as a Technique of the Self

This paper begins with a discussion of Foucault's examination of Seneca's epistles in his late essay, "Self Writing." I argue that Foucault offers an accurate and interesting account of the practices Seneca employs in his epistles pursuant to his art of living. This paper then considers Foucault's interpretation of Seneca's art of living as an aesthetics of existence. I argue that this interpretation is unsatisfactory, instead suggesting that Seneca's art of living is a plausible response to the problem of suffering. I close by arguing that such a conception of Seneca's art of living makes it relevant for present-day human beings, who, like Seneca, are subject to the problem of suffering.

Editor’s Welcome

Editor’s Welcome

American Literary Naturalism: Late Essays by Donald Pizer

American Literary Naturalism: Late Essays by Donald Pizer

Not Noticing, Infallibly: The Critical Liaisons of Henry James, French Decadence, and Honoré de Balzac

Henry James published nearly a hundred articles on French literature, yet he rarely commented on its decadent doyens. After several early essays on Charles Baudelaire and Théophile Gautier, he turned a public cold shoulder to their fin-de-siècle progeny. Scholarship on Jamesian decadence has thus remained largely separate from discussions of his French criticism. This essay brings together those traditions by linking James’s sidelining of figures like Joris-Karl Huysmans and Pierre Louÿs with his concomitant volte-face on Honoré de Balzac. James’s late essays, I argue, creatively misread Balzac as pseudo-decadent, transmuting him into a mediating object for James’s coy, critical liaisons.

Bartleby's remains

AbstractTaking issue with those readings of Melville's tale that are caught between the need to account for Bartleby and the need to account for the impossibility of the account, this article draws attention to the diverse ways in which ‘Bartleby, the Scrivener’ harbours a theory of transmission which troubles the function and promise of theory as such. It revisits some of the most influential interpretations of the text before turning to Foucault's ‘Thought of the outside’ and Derrida's late essay, ‘A certain impossible possibility of saying the event’. The nub of the argument is that in the current critical climate, which often seems bent on effecting the most economic relation between textual phenomena and normative orders of historical, cultural or social significance, the most pressing injunction is less to render Bartleby, or his famous ‘formula’, readable than to show how Melville's text preserves the radical originality of an event, giving us to think that which precedes every measure of equivalence and exceeds the equilibrium of exchange: what remains of language when it has been purged of sense.

The Universe We Think In by James V. Schall

Reviewed by: The Universe We Think In by James V. Schall Jude P. Dougherty SCHALL, James V. The Universe We Think In. Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press, 2019. ix + 208 pp. Paper, $24.95 James V. Schall was emeritus professor of government at Georgetown University, known to generations of students at Georgetown simply as Fr. Schall. Up until his death in April of this year, he continued to write with all the verve of a young man amazed by what is going on in the world, as the title of the book suggests. The Universe We Think In is a collection of fourteen essays, plus a conclusion that brings it all together. A late essay may be found in the April 2019 issue of the New Oxford Review, where he writes under the title "Mind the Gap, On the Presence and Absence of Things." The absence is modern philosophy's propensity to neglect the innate or purposeful direction of human life. Schall was formed in an intellectual tradition represented in the twentieth century by philosophers Jacques Maritain, Etienne Gilson, and Josef Pieper. A scholar of first rank, in the college classroom Schall was noted for bringing the abstract to earth and the abstruse to clarity. Given his omnivorous intellect there is hardly any contemporary issue of consequence that eluded his attention. He could quote Plato and Harold Berman of Harvard University on one page, and on the next, Charlie Brown and Lucy (comic strip characters created by the thoughtful Charles Schulz). In the spirit of Richard Weaver's Ideas Have Consequences (1948), Schall speaks of "the world we discover and the world we make." In the world we make we are not bound by any reality; we can make ourselves over into whatever we want to be. In such a polity, there is no accountability, no standard by which words and actions may be judged. "This is why classical metaphysics and Christian theology are so dangerous [to those who subscribe to this subjectivism] and are met with furious opposition." The multiculturalist's notion that all views of life are equally good and acceptable is a form of this subjectivism with its own consequences. A polity formed in such a light would have no interest in passing on the words and deeds of men who lived before. Schall expresses it this way: "To know who we are as a polity, we need to know what we have been and done. We need to know the record of great men and terrible tyrants, as well as the deeds and words of ordinary people." That is why we have monuments, poems, and written words. Chapter 7 is devoted to the nature of political philosophy. "Politics," Schall writes, "are concerned with human action and interaction insofar as men are organized together by custom and law to attain the common good." Politics, he finds, is a legitimate object of philosophical enquiry. "The academy is," he says, "or ought to be, a sphere in which not only politics but what is beyond politics can be freely and reasonably addressed. The good of any polity requires that it create a space for what is not just political." Only through a free and open discussion of ends does the politician come to understand the good of citizens who are to be ruled and guided by the policies he adopts, given the many options available. The temptation to tyranny lurks. If a party adopts a particular philosophy, "it then allows no purpose but itself." [End Page 809] The only way a polity can be held accountable for the acts of its leaders and citizens is if there is a standard by which all words and actions are to be measured. Aristotle tells us that politics is the highest practical science but not the highest science as such. Practical knowledge presupposes an end that is given to it, not one that is constructed or made by man. The highest science is metaphysics or ontology, whose proper object is the whole, all there is. Metaphysics opens one to the transcendent. It enables one to recognize a natural order, the immaterial component of human nature, and to speak...

경관과 환상 — 명대 후기 邊境筆記에 나타난 廣西 공간의 邊境

경관과 환상 — 명대 후기 邊境筆記에 나타난 廣西 공간의 邊境