Late Data Sets Research Articles

Constraints on f(T) cosmology with Pantheon+

ABSTRACT f(T) cosmology has shown promise in explaining aspects of cosmic evolution. In this work, we analyse constraints on leading models of f(T) gravity in the context of the recently released Pantheon+ data set, together with comparisons with previous releases. We also consider other late time data sets including cosmic chronometers and baryonic acoustic oscillation data. Our main result is that we find that the different f(T) models under investigation connect to a variety of Hubble constant, which may help alleviate the cosmic tension on this parameter.

Multiwavelength study of the luminous GRB 210619B observed with Fermi and ASIM

ABSTRACT We report on detailed multiwavelength observations and analysis of the very bright and long GRB 210619B, detected by the Atmosphere-Space Interactions Monitor installed on the International Space Station and the Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) on-board the Fermi mission. Our main goal is to understand the radiation mechanisms and jet composition of GRB 210619B. With a measured redshift of z = 1.937, we find that GRB 210619B falls within the 10 most luminous bursts observed by Fermi so far. The energy-resolved prompt emission light curve of GRB 210619B exhibits an extremely bright hard emission pulse followed by softer/longer emission pulses. The low-energy photon index (αpt) values obtained using the time-resolved spectral analysis of the burst suggest a transition between the thermal (during harder pulse) to non-thermal (during softer pulse) outflow. We examine the correlation between spectral parameters and find that both peak energy and αpt exhibit the flux tracking pattern. The late time broad-band photometric data set can be explained within the framework of the external forward shock model with νm < νc < νx (where νm, νc, and νx are the synchrotron peak, cooling-break, and X-ray frequencies, respectively) spectral regime supporting a rarely observed hard electron energy index (p < 2). We find moderate values of host extinction of E(B − V) = 0.14 ± 0.01 mag for the small magellanic cloud extinction law. In addition, we also report late-time optical observations with the 10.4 m Gran Telescopio de Canarias placing deep upper limits for the host galaxy (z = 1.937), favouring a faint, dwarf host for the burst.

International Migration and Net Nutrition in the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries: Evidence from Prison Records

In migration studies, immigrant health is a concern before, during, and after migration. This study uses a large late 19th and early 20th century data set of over 20 US prisons to assess migrant net nutrition. Native-born individuals were taller and had the lowest BMIs. International immigrants had lower BMIs and shorter statures. After controlling for other characteristics, native-born females had lower BMIs than men; however, foreign-born women’s’ BMIs were higher than domestic-born women. Females and males with darker complexions had greater BMIs than their counterparts with fairer complexions.

Observational tests of Gauss-Bonnet like dark energy model

The consistency of some dynamical dark energy models based on Gauss-Bonnet invariant, ${\cal G}$, is studied compared with cosmological observational tests. The investigated models are modified form of Gauss Bonnet dark energy, MGB-DE and two other versions which are interacting MGB and $n_0$MGB. The energy density of proposed models are combinations of powers of the Hubble rate, H, and its time derivative. To inquire the performance of MGB dark energy models, we have used data analyzing methods and numerical solutions, in both background and perturbed levels, based on recent observational data from SNIa, Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO), Hubble parameter, CMB data, and structure formation data surveys. Employing joint data sets and comparing the results to those of LCDM, show that all versions of MGB-DE predicts the expansion history and evolution of structures appropriately as well as $\Lambda$CDM. If we use pure late universe data set, we see that all models of MGB-DE are successful in recent epoch, and there is not any significant evidence against or in favor of $\Lambda$CDM, whereas for early universe, statistical results indicate a significantly better agreement for $\Lambda$CDM as compared to all versions of MGB-DE models.

Is normalized hindlimb length measurement in assessment of thyroid disruption in the amphibian metamorphosis assay relevant?

The amphibian metamorphosis assay represents an OECD Level 3 and EDSP Tier 1 ecotoxicity test assessing thyroid activity of chemicals in African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). To evaluate the effectiveness of snout-vent length (SVL) normalization of hindlimb length (HLL), correlation between the HLL and SVL or body weight was evaluated in the control groups of 10 individual studies from three laboratories. Two studies required separate analysis of the Nieuwkoop-Faber (NF) stage ≤60 and >60 animals creating a total of 12 data sets. On study day 7, significant positive correlation between HLL and SVL or body weight was observed in eight and seven of the 10 data sets, respectively (r=0.608-0.843 and 0.583-0.876). On study day 21, significant positive correlation between HLL and SVL or body weight was found in three and four of the 12 data sets, respectively (r=0.452, 0.480 and 0.553 and r=0.621, 0.546, 0.564 and 0.378). Significant positive correlation between HLL and SVL was found in three of five studies, including ≤NF stage 60 data (r=0.564, 0.546 and 0.621). In one of eight studies, including >NF stage 60 data, the positive correlation between HLL and body weight was determined (r=0.378). Negative or no correlation between HLL and SVL or body weight was found in the other late stage data sets. Therefore, use of SVL-normalized HLL to assess thyroid-mediated effects in X. laevis tadpoles is not warranted. HL stage relative to body stage should be considered.

The cardiac magnetic resonance sphericity index in the dilated cardiomyopathy: New diagnostic and prognostic marker

Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) plays an increasingly important role in the exploration and management of heart failure. The purpose of this study is to assess the diagnostic and prognostic value of left ventricular sphericity in dilated cardiomyopathy. We conducted a retrospective study including 132 patients: 44 diagnosed with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM+ group) and 88 control patients with normal ventricular function and volumes (DCM− group). All patients underwent a cardiac CMR with standardized clinical protocol: cine-acquisition in short axis, 4-chamber and long axis views and late enhancement data sets acquired 10 minutes after intravenous administration of extracellular gadolinium contrast agent. We determined the sphericity index (SI) = left ventricular short axis end-diastolic length/long axis end-diastolic length × 100. We calculated the sensitivity and specificity of SI as a diagnostic tool of dilated cardiomyopathy and determined its relation to occurrence of cardiac events defined as hospitalization or arrhythmia occurrence or death. In our study SI was inversely correlated with LVEF ( P < 0.001), and positively correlated with end-systolic LV volume ( P = 0.03). The mean SI in the DCM + group was 72.2 ± 7%. An SI ≤ 63.5% had a sensitivity = 90.9% and specificity = 92% in the prediction of dilated cardiomyopathy. Occurrence of a cardiac event was noted in 45% of patients and it was correlated to a high SI ( P < 0.001). Few studies have investigated the SI by CMR. Our study noted that SI was a good diagnostic marker reflecting cardiac dysfunction and prognostic predictor cardiac events occurrence.

Effect of Contrast Material on Radiation Dose in an Adult Cardiac Dual-Energy CT Using Retrospective ECG-Gating

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of contrast material and retrospective ECG-gating on radiation dose in an adult cardiac dual-energy computed tomography (DECT). Sixty-two patients underwent CT cardiac examination with a Somatom Definition Flash DECT using tube voltages of 100 kV without filter and 140 kV with a tin filter (mean effective mA s: arterial 72.39 and 62.94, venous 93.21 and 78.45, and late phase 134.5 and 118.2). The arterial and late phases were examined with retrospective ECG-gating, but gating was not used for the venous phase. Seventy milliliters (70 ml) iodinated contrast material (CM) was injected into the patient during examination. The effective doses (ED) were calculated from dose-length-product (DLP) and computed tomographic dose index volume (CTDIvol) using the latest k-factor (0.028). Pearson's correlation coefficient was used for statistical tests on continuous variables. Mean CTDIvol and DLP were lower in the late phase (10.15 ± 1.5 mGy and 202.9 ± 23 mGy cm) compared to the arterial phase (19.69 ± 3 mGy and 394 ± 90 mGy cm). Differences between the arterial and late phase were statistically significant (p = 0.005), and mean values for the late phase were 48.5% lower than mean values for the arterial phase. Mean CTDIvol and DLP were lower in venous (7.72 ± 1 mGy and 154.3 ± 17 mGy cm) compared to late phase (10.15 ± 1.5 mGy and 202.9 ± 23 mGy cm). The difference between venous and late phase was statistically significant (p < 0.001). The mean results for the venous phase were 24% lower than those for the late phase. This study shows that contrast material (CM) absorbs radiation significantly and increases dose by 48.5% in an adult cardiac dual-energy CT with retrospective ECG-gating. Care must be taken to determine the type, concentration, and volume of CM used for the scan. The dual-energy non-ECG-gated technique decreased radiation dose by 24% compared to the ECG-gated technique. ECG-gated cardiac examination should be limited to patients with strong clinical indications. SNR and HU increased with decreasing energy. The image noise values showed a negligible difference in the arterial and late phase datasets, and this did not affect the diagnostic quality of the image evaluation.

Late Devonian palaeomagnetism of the North Tien Shan, Kyrgyzstan: can secular variation vary on a short timescale?

We studied more than 80 lava flows from a ∼600-m-thick pile of Upper Devonian (Frasnian) basalts and andesites of the Aral Formation in the North Tien Shan (Kyrgyzstan, Central Asia). With the aid of stepwise thermal demagnetization, a high-temperature, dual-polarity component was reliably isolated from most flows. The primary origin of the high-temperature component is demonstrated by positive reversal, conglomerate and fold tests. The most prominent and intriguing feature of this Late Devonian data set involves a clear distinction in angular dispersion between the lower and upper parts of the studied section. A rather low concentration parameter (k = 13) and several directional anomalies characterize the lower section; in contrast, a much better grouping (k = 46) and a lack of directional outliers is observed for the dual-polarity vectors from the upper flow sequence of the formation. We analysed different mechanisms to account for this directional pattern and found that it is possible in just two ways. One is to assume that secular variation (SV) in the upper sequence is strongly underrepresented, and it is a coincidence that the mean directions of both polarities are statistically antipodal, and the corresponding concentration parameters are statistically equal. The other explanation is to hypothesize that the magnitude of SV can vary several-fold at the same palaeolatitude and over time intervals estimated as 105–106 yr. This is in sharp contrast with other models of SV, where this magnitude has been assumed to be rather time-independent (for a given latitude). Our hypothesis accounts for the observed irregularities in palaeomagnetic data, but makes attempts to establish a correlation between SV and other parameters (geographic latitude, reversal frequency, age, etc.) more difficult. We are aware, however, that more data are needed to refute or confirm it.

Shifts in the dominance between diatoms and cryptophytes during three late summers in the Bransfield Strait (Antarctic Peninsula)

Recent global warming reduces surface water salinity around the Antarctic Peninsula as a result of the glacial meltwater runoff, which increases the occurrence and abundance of certain phytoplankton groups, such as cryptophytes. The dominance of this particular group over diatoms affects grazers, such as Antarctic krill, which preferentially feed on diatoms. Using three late summer data sets from the Bransfield Strait (2008–2010), we observed variations in the dominant phytoplankton groups determined by HPLC/CHEMTAX pigment analysis and confirmed by microscopy. Results indicate that the dominance of diatoms, particularly in 2008 and 2009, was associated with a deeper upper mixed layer (UML), higher salinity and warmer sea surface temperature. In contrast, cryptophytes, which were dominant in 2010, were associated with a shallower UML, lower salinity and colder sea surface temperatures. The low diatom biomass observed in the summer of 2010 was associated with high nutrient concentration, particularly silicate, and low chlorophyll a (summer monthly average calculated from satellite images). The interannual variability here observed suggests a delayed seasonal succession cycle of phytoplankton in the summer of 2010 associated with a cold summer and a late ice retreat process in the region. This successional delay resulted in a notable decrease of primary producers’ biomass, which is likely to have impacted regional food web interactions. This study demonstrates the susceptibility of the Antarctic phytoplankton community structure to air temperature, which directly influences the timing of ice melting and consequently the magnitude of primary production and succession pattern of phytoplankton groups.

Detecting bunch withering disorder in date fruit by near infrared spectroscopy

This study introduces the application of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRs) to detect bunch withering disorder in date fruit (cv. Mazafati). The samples included intact as well as infected date fruits at different stages of ripening. Chemometric evaluation of the data was performed by soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA), partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and principal components analysis combined with artificial neural networks (PCA–ANN). The PLS-DA algorithm was able to provide models with the best classification performance, followed by SIMCA and then PCA–ANN. The maturity stage of samples influenced the performance of the classification methods. The classification accuracy for the late harvested samples was better than those harvested at normal time and the combined data set in all classification analyses. The total accuracies of 82%, 93% and 86%, respectively for normal, late and combined data sets demonstrate that NIRs with PLS-DA has a strong potential to detect the bunch withering disorder in date fruit.

Retroaortic left renal vein: multidetector computed tomography angiography findings and its clinical importance

To evaluate the appearance, type, frequency, and clinical importance of retroaortic left renal vein (RLRV) in patients examined with multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) angiography. A total of 1856 patients who underwent CT with urological symptoms (hematuria, flank and abdominal pain, left gonadal vein varicocele) (n = 889) or with symptoms other than urological ones (n = 967) were prospectively evaluated for the presence of RLRV. CT was performed with 110 ml of iodinated contrast material through the antecubital vein at a rate of 3.5 ml/s. Late arterial and early venous phase volumetric data sets were acquired at 30 and 65 s, respectively, from the start of the intravenous injection of contrast medium. In addition to axial images, multiplanar reconstructions (MPR), maximum-intensity projection (MIP), and three-dimensional volume-rendering (3D VR) images were used to assess left renal vein anomalies. Left renal vein anomalies were classified into four types according to their appearance: I) RLRV joining the inferior vena cava (IVC) in the orthotopic position; II) RLRV joining the IVC at level L4-L5; III) circumaortic or collar left renal vein; IV) RLRV joining the left common iliac vein. RLRV was detected in 68 (3.6%) of the 1856 patients, with 26, 22, 17, and three of types I, II, III, and IV, respectively. Forty-four of the 68 patients with RLRV (65%) were in the group with urological symptoms, while 24 patients (35%) were in the group without urological symptoms. Compression of the RLRV was found in 16 patients in the urological symptoms group, while compression was detected in only three patients in the other group. This difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The most common urological symptom was hematuria. The frequency of urological symptoms was higher in groups II and IV compared to the other groups. MDCT angiography with axial, MPR, MIP, and 3D VR images is effective in the detection of vascular renal anomalies such as RLRV. Diagnosing RLRV and differentiating it from other pathologic conditions causing hematuria is important in order to avoid complications during retroperitoneal surgery or interventional procedures.

Selective extinction of late Neogene bivalves on the temperate Pacific coast of South America

AbstractWe assessed selective extinction patterns in bivalves during a late Neogene mass extinction event observed along the temperate Pacific coast of South America. The analysis of 99 late Neogene and Quaternary fossil sites (recorded from 7°S to 55°S), yielding ∼2800 occurrences and 118 species, revealed an abrupt decline in Lyellian percentages during the late Neogene–Pleistocene, suggesting the existence of a mass extinction that decimated ∼66% of the original assemblage. Using the late Neogene data set (n= 59 species, 1346 occurrences), we tested whether the extinction was nonrandom according to taxonomic structure, life habit, geographic range, and body size. Our results showed that the number of higher taxa that went extinct was not different than expected by random. At first sight, extinction was selective only according to life habit and geographic range. Nevertheless, when phylogenetic effects were accounted for, body size also showed significant selectivity. In general, epifaunal, small-sized (after phylogenetic correction), and short-ranged species tended to have increased probability of extinction. This is verified by strong interactions between the variables herein analyzed, suggesting the existence of nonlinear effects on extinction chances. In the heavily decimated epifaunal forms, survival was not enhanced by widespread ranges or larger body sizes. Conversely, the widespread and large-sized infaunal forms tended to have lower probability of extinction. Overall, the ultimate extinction of late Neogene bivalve species along the Pacific coast of South America seems to have been determined by a complex interplay of ecological and historical (phylogenetic) effects.

Selective extinction of late Neogene bivalves on the temperate Pacific coast of South America

AbstractWe assessed selective extinction patterns in bivalves during a late Neogene mass extinction event observed along the temperate Pacific coast of South America. The analysis of 99 late Neogene and Quaternary fossil sites (recorded from 7°S to 55°S), yielding ∼2800 occurrences and 118 species, revealed an abrupt decline in Lyellian percentages during the late Neogene–Pleistocene, suggesting the existence of a mass extinction that decimated ∼66% of the original assemblage. Using the late Neogene data set (n = 59 species, 1346 occurrences), we tested whether the extinction was nonrandom according to taxonomic structure, life habit, geographic range, and body size. Our results showed that the number of higher taxa that went extinct was not different than expected by random. At first sight, extinction was selective only according to life habit and geographic range. Nevertheless, when phylogenetic effects were accounted for, body size also showed significant selectivity. In general, epifaunal, small-sized (after phylogenetic correction), and short-ranged species tended to have increased probability of extinction. This is verified by strong interactions between the variables herein analyzed, suggesting the existence of nonlinear effects on extinction chances. In the heavily decimated epifaunal forms, survival was not enhanced by widespread ranges or larger body sizes. Conversely, the widespread and large-sized infaunal forms tended to have lower probability of extinction. Overall, the ultimate extinction of late Neogene bivalve species along the Pacific coast of South America seems to have been determined by a complex interplay of ecological and historical (phylogenetic) effects.

Changes in the American Interventional Radiology Literature: Comparison over a 10-Year Time Period

To determine the changes that occurred regarding interventional radiologic research in the major American radiology journals between 1992-1993 and 2002-2003. Articles published in three major American radiology journals (Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, American Journal of Roentgenology, and Radiology) during two distinct 24-month time periods (1992-1993 and 2002-2003) were evaluated. All articles judged to be pertinent to the interventional radiologic community were included. Investigations included in journal subheadings other than "interventional" or "vascular radiology" were included if the emphasis of the article was on a vascular imaging modality or peripheral intervention. Exclusions included: case reports, technical reports, letters to the editor, breast interventions, and primary neurointerventions. Data were collected regarding the affiliations of the primary author (nationality, hospital type, department); primary category of interest of the investigation; funding information; and study design variables. Two-by-two chi-squared statistical analyses were performed comparing the variables from the early and late data sets. A total of 405 articles met the inclusion criteria for the early data set (1992-1993); 488 articles met the inclusion criteria for the late data set (2002-2003). Variables that demonstrated a statistically significant decrease from the early data set to the late data set included: articles in which the primary author was from a department of radiology (91.1% vs. 86.3%; p < 0.025); articles written by a primary author who was American (69.4% vs. 44.6%; p < 0.001); and articles with a primary category of investigation that had a nonvascular intervention focus (22.7% vs. 11.9%; p < 0.001). Variables that demonstrated a statistically significant increase from the early data set to the late data set included primary authors from Western Europe (18.0% vs. 30.1%; p < 0.001) and Asia (6.6% vs. 18.4%; p < 0.001), the primary field of investigation, with significant increases noted for primary cancer interventions (6.5% vs. 13.3%; p < 0.001), gynecologic interventions (0.2% vs. 4.5%; p < 0.001), stent-grafts (0 vs. 2.9%; p < 0.001), and spine interventions (0 vs. 1.8%; p < 0.01). Studies receiving funding also demonstrated a significant increase when comparing the early and late data sets (11.3% vs. 23.0%, respectively; p < 0.001). Articles published in the American radiologic literature have changed significantly over the past 10 years. Primary authors are more likely to be nonradiologists and less likely to be American. Investigations dealing primarily with nonvascular interventions are less common; however, some forms of intervention (particularly cancer interventions) are seen more frequently in the literature. The percentage of funded projects has more than doubled in the same time frame.

Applicability and resolving power of statistical tests for simultaneous extinction events in the fossil record

The recognition that past catastrophic events may have caused the simultaneous extinction of many taxa has prompted the development of statistical tests to determine the compatibility of the fossil record with such scenarios. Statistical tests necessitate simplifying assumptions, the most significant of which are continuous (as opposed to discrete) data in the sampling of the fossil record and random distribution of fossil occurrences because constant preservation potential and collecting intensity of fossils are assumed. The assumption of random distribution of fossil occurrences has been addressed quantitatively, but the continuity of data has not. The assumption of continuous data is not trivial, for although collecting may appear continuous, the resulting data are never strictly continuous because the stratigraphic positions of fossils are known with limited precision. For one test of simultaneous extinction, simulations demonstrate that the data behave in a less continuous manner as the occurrence rate increases, decreasing the reliability of the test at higher occurrence rates. Out of mathematical simplicity, nearly all tests use simultaneous extinction as the null hypothesis. However, even under ideal sampling circumstances, gradual extinctions that occurred over a sufficiently short stratigraphic interval are likely to be statistically indistinguishable from extinction occurring at a single horizon. Therefore, a range of gradual extinction scenarios will also be compatible with the fossil record even if the null hypothesis is not rejected. Because direct tests of gradual extinction scenarios have not yet been developed, simulations were used to determine the probability that an extinction occurring over a given stratigraphic distance with a given number of taxa will be statistically indistinguishable from extinction at a single horizon. The simulation results allow the test results to be used to define a range of extinction scenarios compatible with the fossil record. Finally, the simulation results were applied to two Late Cretaceous ammonite data sets. Although both data sets sufficiently approximate continuous sampling for the use of statistical tests, the method shows that the data are not always sufficient to rule out either stratigraphically simultaneous extinction or a literal reading of extinction rate as representing gradual or episodic extinction.

Paleomagnetism of the Late Triassic Petrified Forest Formation, Chinle Group, western United States: Further evidence of “large” rotation of the Colorado Plateau

Paleomagnetic poles and magnetostratigraphy were obtained from the late Carnian and early Norian Petrified Forest Formation. The remanent magnetization characteristics of this variegated claystones formation are correlated closely with stratal color; red strata display univectorial magnetizations directed to the origin of orthogonal axes plots between 300° and 630°C, whereas progressively greater overlap in magnetization component stabilities is exhibited by purple, blue, and green strata. Rock‐magnetic, petrographic, and microprobe investigations indicate that detrital titanohematite is the carrier of much of the characteristic magnetization, with a smaller contribution from magnetite in green and portions of the red strata. Eight magnetic polarity intervals were observed in three quarters of the formation (155 m) good correlation is observed with the coeval portion of the Newark Supergroup. Paleopoles from the late Carnian Blue Mesa and the early Norian Painted Desert Members of the Petrified Forest Formation are identical and agree well with other Chinle Group paleopoles from the Colorado Plateau; the tight cluster formed by all poles indicates that little or no apparent polar wander (APW) with respect to North America occurred during the Late Triassic (late Carnian through Rhaetian time). In addition, Chinle Group paleopoles derived from strata located on the North American (NA) craton also are tightly grouped and indicative of a paucity of significant APW through the Late Triassic. With that same observation from the coeval Newark Supergroup, three independent Late Triassic data sets from different tectonic settings in NA indicate minimal or no APW during more than 20 m.y. The combination of the vertebrate fauna and magnetostratigraphy within the Chinle Group provides a high degree of age control, allowing comparisons among coeval Colorado Plateau (CP) and NA craton paleopoles at about a 250–500 kyr level. CP Chinle Group paleopoles are displaced 9±3° clockwise from cratonic paleopoles. The Chinle Group is one of five sets of paleomagnetically sampled Mesozoic strata shown by magnetostratigraphy and/or biostratigraphy to have been deposited coevally on both the CP and the NA craton; paleopoles from the five sets indicate that CP paleopoles have been displaced a total of 10±3° relative to NA cratonic counterparts. Furthermore, the wealth of paleomagnetic and biostratigraphic data now available from both the Chinle and Newark strata demonstrates that nothing is sacred in NA tectonics: Newark Basin paleopoles are displaced 9±3° counterclockwise from western cratonic poles.

Effect of the plant raising environment, transplant weight and date of transplanting on the subsequent growth and development of leeks (Allium porrumL.) grown for early production

Leek transplant weight at planting was greater for a given period of growth at 23°C than at 9°C but was unaffected by nutrition. A single line fitted to all the data, using a time-scale based on ‘effective day-degrees’ (with a base of 4°C and an upper limit of 23°C) accounted for over 76% of the variance in transplant weight at planting. Plant weight at harvest was positively related to transplant weight and fitting straight lines to each of the early and late harvest data sets from all the experiments accounted for 75% of the variance in plant weight at harvest. There were no ‘carry-over’ effects of temperature or nutrition from the plant-raising phase other than those on transplant weight. It was calculated, using data from two of the experiments where transplanting date was a factor, that yields fell by between 0.4 to 1.61 ha“1 for each week’s delay in planting over the period early April to mid-June. This loss in yield could be compensated by planting larger plants; 300 g plants could be produced in early August by planting 0.6 g, 0.9 g and 1.7 g plants in mid-April, mid-May and early/mid-June, respectively. The number of plants with flower initials at harvest increased with an increase in transplant weight and exceeded 10% with transplants of 0.5 g fresh weight or more and, for comparable transplant weights, was substantially greater from plants raised at 9° than 12°C. Flower initials were present even in crops from plants raised at 23°C. Transplants raised at 9°C produced up to 30% bolters at harvest but bolters were almost completely absent in crops established from plants raised at 12°C, 18°C or 23°C. Small plants (<0.4 g fresh weight) with 2-3 visible true leaves responded to cold.

Integrated Formation Evaluation Data Base Combining MWD and Real-Time Surface Measurements with Conventional Logging Data: ABSTRACT

Formation evaluation has traditionally involved collecting information density over protracted time periods from drilling data, mud logging, intermediate logs, cores, final logs, drill-stem tests, and other reports. After drilling was completed, information was still not complete. Log and core analyses and geochemical and paleontological evaluations required weeks or even months to be added to the data record. Thus, formation evaluation was rarely timely enough to influence exploration drilling decisions. With measurements while drilling (MWD), a new source of quantitative data became available during the drilling process. Recently, several new sensors have been added to MWD systems, and traditional mud logging methods have been enhanced to provide correlative data sources and benchmark standards for the lithologic normalization of MWD data. These data can be integrated within a single well-site data base to provide effective formation evaluation while the drilling process continues. The data base may be so structured that later available data, such as wireline logs, can be input to confirm and refine real-time evaluations. Similarly, the data base may be primed with geophysical and geological prognoses prior to drilling. Several case histories show the effective real-time determination of true total and effective porosities, fluid saturations, and estimates of formation characteristicsmore » such as mineralogy and permeability. In each case, later wireline logs and/or fluid recovery results confirmed the real-time evaluation. Where departures between early and late data sets occur, the data variations result from changes in downhole conditions and can be used to enhance formation evaluation by adding a dynamic component.« less

Real-Time Formation Evaluation Using a Well-Site Data Management System to Integrate MWD, Surface Measurements, and Enhanced Mud Logging Data: ABSTRACT

With the advent of measurement while drilling (MWD), a new source of quantitative data became available during the drilling process. The availability of wireline log-type data while drilling has led to a need that traditional mud-logging methods be augmented and enhanced to provide more quantitative correlative data sources and benchmark standards for the lithologic normalization of MWD data. Together these data can be integrated within a single well-site data base to provide effective formation evaluation while the drilling process continues. The data base may be so structured that later available data, such as wireline logs, may be input to provide confirmation and refinement of real-time evaluations. Similarly, the data base may be primed with geophysical and geological pronoses prior to drilling. Case histories show the effective real-time determination of true total and effective porosities, fluid saturations, and estimates of formation characteristics, such as mineralogy and permeability. In each example, when departures between early and late data sets occur (e.g., wireline logs or formation tests), the data variation results from changes in downhole conditions, and the data can be used to enhance formation evaluation by adding a dynamic component.

Calibrating a Residential Location Model for Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia

The Disaggregated Residential Allocation Model (DRAM) is a modified Lowry derivative model which follows the Wilson entropy formulation. The model is a component of the Integrated Transportation and Land Use Package—ITLUP. As a part of ongoing work with DRAM, it has been calibrated for several US cities by use of conventional late twentieth-century data sets. Because of the work of the Philadelphia Social History Project a nineteenth-century data set for Philadelphia became available for use. This provided a unique opportunity to try calibrations of DRAM on this century-old data and thus attempt to validate the general structure of the model. The results of these calibrations suggest a rather high degree of descriptive validity and consistency with macro-behavioral theories of spatial allocation.